新型城镇化中农村老年人心理健康影响因素

目的:了解新型城镇化中农村老年人心理健康的影响因素。方法:采用自编老年人基本情况问卷和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对山东某三地市新型城镇化中278名农村老年人进行问卷调查,运用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行t检验、方差分析。结果:1新型城镇化中农村老年人心理健康总分(130.03±24.88);2性别、慢性病、年龄、居住形式、月收入、子女状况、子女看望次数、子女对重大决定的支持度在心理健康上的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中,性别在老年人在躯体化、敌对、恐怖、偏执和其他5个维度上的差异有统计学意义(t=5.014,2.666,-5.258,2.595,-4.671;P0.05);慢性病在老年人的躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病性、其他和总分维度上的差异有统计学意义(t=7.05,4.96,6.66,8.30,8.98,5.87,6.45,7.37,9.03;P0.05);年龄在躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性、其他和总分上的差异有统计学意义(F=3.254,8.613,3.600,7.220,3.655,4.35,4.065,4.688,4.445;P0.05);居住形式在躯体化、偏执、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、强迫症状和总分上的差异有统计学意义(F=4.658,4.689,3.351,3.233,6.400,3.126,4.296,4.400;P0.05);月收入在躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑上的差异有统计学意义(F=4.131,4.313,7.313,3.30,3.596;P0.05);子女看望次数在躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁、偏执和总分上的差异有统计学意义(F=4.525,6.044,7.115,4.920,3.13;P0.05);子女对重大决定的支持度在躯体化、强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、恐怖、其他和总分上的差异有统计学意义(F=3.360,3.156,4.697,4.569,3.52,9.561,5.123;P0.05)。结论:新型城镇化中农村老年人心理健康水平适中,性别、年龄、居住安排、月收入、子女状况、子女看望次数、子女对老人重大决定的支持度、慢性病等因素会影响其心理健康水平。     

社区老年人社会支持对其认知功能的影响

目的:探讨社会支持对社区老年人认知功能的影响.方法:采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、简易精神状态评定量表(MMSE)对成都地区286名60岁及以上的社区老年人的社会支持及认知功能进行调查.结果:老年人认知功能总平均为(23.91±4.38)分.不同性别与受教育程度的老年人在认知功能上均差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).老年人社会支持总分平均为(38.41±8.94)分.高中低3组社会支持水平的老年人在认知功能上的定向力、记忆力、注意力和计算能力、回忆、语言能力比较(F=23.97,7.73,9.69,3.14,13.65;P＜0.05)差异均有统计学意义:社会支持水平越高,老年人的认知功能也越好.进一步的回归分析结果显示,在控制年龄的基础上,主观支持1仍然能显著预测老年人的认知功能(β=0.28,t=3.87,P＜0.001).结论:社会支持是老年人认知功能的重要保护性因素,加强社会主持有助于改善老年人认知功能.     

老年人孤独感及其团体心理辅导的干预作用

目的调查老年人孤独感现状并探索团体心理辅导对老年人孤独感的干预作用,为降低老年人孤独感提供一套可行的实施方案。方法采用孤独感自评量表(UCLA)对240名老年人进行调查,从敬老院选取30名适宜参加团体辅导的老年人随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组接受5次结构式团体辅导。用孤独量表和社会支持量表评估团体辅导前后的效果。结果敬老院老人、单身、65岁以上、小学及以下文化、无信仰的老人体验到的孤独感显著高于居住在农村和城市、有配偶、60~65岁、初中及高中文化、有信仰的老人(F=107.357,t=4.628,t=-3.137,F=23.293,t=15.994,P0.01)。团体辅导前后老年人的孤独感(t=7.462,P0.01)和社会支持(t=-8.795,P0.01)存在显著差异。结论居住地、婚姻状况、年龄、受教育程度和有无信仰是影响老年人孤独感的因素;团体心理辅导可以有效改善敬老院老人的孤独感,提高老年人的社会支持水平。     

城市空巢老人的社会支持及其与心理健康状况的关系

目的:探讨城市空巢老人的社会支持及其与心理健康状况的关系.方法:采用自编的老年人社会支持评定问卷和老年人心理健康状况测查问卷测查1646名老人(空巢1250人,非空等396人).结果:从支持的对象看,相对空巢老人得到的子女支持多于绝对空巢老人和无子女老人(14.0±2.8/12.5±3.0、3.0±0.0),但小于非空巢老人(14.7±2.7)(F(3,1642)=585.527,P=0.000);绝对空巢老人得到的亲朋支持最多(16.1±5.6,F(3,1642)=3.606,P=0.013),但和非空巢老人(16.1±5.5)差异无统计学显著性;无子女老人得到的团体组织支持较非空巢、相对空巢、绝对空巢老人均高(7.5±3.2/5.8±3.3、5.5±3.1、6.2±3.0,F(3,1642)=13.861,P=0.000).从支持的内容和对支持的利用度看,无子女老人评分均小于相对空巢老人、绝对空巢老人和非空巢老人(如实际支持得分分别为:13.6±4.4、18.2±5.1、18.2±4.8、18.7±5.0,F=31.609,P=0.000).配偶支持男性评分大于女性(12.2±4.9/10.2±5.3,t=-6.774,P=0.000),亲朋支持女性评分大于男性(15.7±5.0/15.1±5.6,t=2.244,P=0.025).除配偶支持和子女支持外,社会支持各因子评分年龄差异显著,高龄组得分较低.回归分析结果显示子女支持、配偶支持、情感支持和对支持的利用度影响城市空巢老人的心理健康状况(β=-0.103～-0.199).结论:不同家庭结构的城市空巢老人的社会支持存在差异,社会支持影响城市空巢老人的心理健康状况.     

离退休老年人心理健康状况与社会支持的关系评估

目的:研究离退休老年人的心理健康状况及社会支持情况,并分析二者的相关性。方法:本次研究选取2013年4月-2014年6月在青岛疗养院中心进行疗养或体检的205名老年人作为研究对象,收集一般资料,评估心理健康水平及社会支持程度。结果:不同年龄(F=2.655,P0.05)、婚姻状况(t=1.991,P0.05)、居住状况(t=2.335,P0.05)、健康自评状况(F=3.063,P0.05)和子女关系(t=2.236,P0.05)对老年人心理健康存在显著的影响;不同年龄(F=3.187,P0.05)、文化程度(F=5.189,P0.05)、婚姻状况(t=1.983,P0.05)、健康自评状况(F=3.97,P0.05)和子女关系(t=2.749,P0.05)对老年人的社会支持得分存在显著影响。主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度等3个维度及支持总分与老年人的抑郁、焦虑、强迫及敌对等具有明显的相关性。结论:构建有效的社会支持体系,从主观、客观和支持利用度的转化等角度加强对老年人的关心能够有效的提升老年人的心理健康水平,缓解抑郁、焦虑等症状的发生。     

贫困地区老年人幸福感指数及其影响因素

目的:探讨贫困地区老年人的幸福感指数及其影响因素.方法:以360名湖南省贫困地区老年人为研究对象,以自编老年人一般资料调查表和幸福感指数量表为测量工具,进行Logistic回归分析和路径分析等.结果:360位老年人平均幸福感指数9.9±2.8;经t检验和方差分析有统计学意义(P＜0.05)的指标中有受教育程度(B=0.870)、经济收入(p=0.402)、兴趣爱好(β=0.833)和社会支持(β=0.774.)进入Logistic回归分析方程(x2=40.277,P=0.000);路径分析显示直接影响幸福感指数的指标为经济收入(β=0.262)和兴趣爱好(β=0.099),年龄、受教育程度、性别通过影响收入、兴趣爱好而间接地影响幸福感指数.结论:在湖南贫困地区,经济收入与老年人幸福感直接相关,幸福感最突出的表现是有兴趣爱好.     

孤独感、领悟社会支持对老人心理健康的影响

目的:探讨孤独感、领悟社会支持与老年人心理健康之间的关系。方法:使用孤独感量表、领悟社会支持量表及一般健康量表对天津某社区抽取320名老人进行问卷调查,其中有效数据309份。结果:老人的孤独感在性别(t=2.00,P0.05)、受教育程度上存在差异[F(5,303)=3.46,P0.01],领悟社会支持在受教育程度上存在差异[F(5,303)=3.40,P0.05],老人的一般健康在性别(t=2.54,P0.05)、受教育程度上存在差异[F(5,303)=2.65,P0.05]。老人的孤独感与领悟社会支持、心理健康之间存在显著相关;老人的孤独感可以显著预测心理健康。结论:减少老人的孤独感水平能有效地提高其心理健康水平。     

服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感关系

目的:本文旨在研究服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感的关系。方法:以肖水源的社会支持评定量表和LuLuo的中国人幸福感量表为工具,对285名服刑人员施测。结果:不同刑期的服刑人员在主观幸福感上差异显著(F=3.130,P0.05),受教育程度不同的服刑人员在主观幸福感上差异显著(F=5.357,P0.05);社会支持和主观幸福感呈显著的正相关(r=0.605,P0.001);社会支持的不同方面对主观幸福感及其维度的预测力是不同的。结论:服刑人员的社会支持与主观幸福感密切相关。加强对服刑人员的教育改造和主观支持有利于提高服刑人员的主观幸福感和改造的积极性。     

男性戒毒劳教人员社会支持状况调查

目的 通过与普通成年男性的比较,分析男性戒毒劳教人员的社会支持状况.方法 采用社会支持评定量表进行测评.结果 ①在客观支持度,社会支持利用度和社会支持总分上,男性戒毒劳教人员的得分与普通成年人相比具有极其显著的差异(t=-6.47,-9.55,-6.39;P＜0.001),在主观支持度上,男性戒毒劳教人员的得分与普通成年人相比具有显著差异(t=-2.42,P＜0.05);②不同婚姻状况的男性戒毒劳教人员在支持总分(F=3.185,P＜0.05)、客观支持度(F=4.424,P＜0.01)上存在显著差异;③不同工作状况的男性戒毒劳教人员在支持总分(F=4.195,P＜.05)、客观支持度(F=5.017,P＜.01)、主观支持度(F=3.226,P＜0.05)上存在显著差异;④男性戒毒劳教人员的受教育水平和工作状况在社会支持总分、客观支持度、主观支持度上交互作用显著(∧=0.920,P＜0.01);⑤男性戒毒劳教人员的婚姻状况和工作状况在客观社会支持度上交互作用显著(∧=0.905,P＜0.01).结论 男性戎毒劳教人员的社会支持状况较差,婚姻、工作等对男性戒毒劳教人员的社会支持存在影响.     

民族地区农村老年人心理健康状况及其影响因素研究

目的了解民族地区农村老年人心理健康现状,探究民族地区农村老年人心理健康影响因素。方法本研究采用访谈和测量法对150多位民族地区农村老年人心理健康状况及其影响因素进行研究。运用SPSS17.0统计软件对收集的数据进行处理分析。结果①民族地区农村老年人躯体化(t=3.563,P<0.01)、强迫症(t=2.348,P<0.05)、抑郁(t=5.255,P<0.01)、焦虑(t=4.817,P<0.01)、敌对(t=2.630,P<0.05)、恐怖(t=2.321,P<0.05)、偏执(t=2.928,P<0.01)、精神性病(t=2.989,P<0.01)因子得分与城镇老年人存在显著的差异;②民族地区老年人社会支持的获得呈年龄上的阶段性特征;③民族地区老年人的受教育程度与心理健康总分显著相关(r=-0.441,P<0.01)、年龄与精神性病因子显著相关(r=0.306,P<0.05),另外来自家人的支持与心理健康关系密切。结论①民族地区农村老年人心理健康状况较差;②受教育程度、年龄等人口学变量以及社会支持是民族地区农村老年人心理健康的重要影响因素。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.