多枝杆菌多糖免疫调节作用的临床应用研究

分枝杆菌多糖（ＭＰＳ）是由非致病性分枝杆菌中提取的多糖成分制成的一种免疫调节剂。作者报道ＭＰＳ在临床试用中的免疫调节效果。用于８５例术后化疗的肿瘤患者能明显提高白细胞水平和保护细胞免疫功能（Ｐ〈０．０５￣０．０１）；用于６７例乙型肝炎患者及ＨＢＶ携带者，ＨＢｅＡｇ的阴转率为４７．８％；用于３１例反复呼吸道感染易感儿，可明显提高其ＣＤ４细胞数和ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值（Ｐ〈０．０１）。上述结果提示，ＭＰＳ     

结核杆菌HSP70在耻垢分枝杆菌中的表达及其免疫原性研究

目的在重组分枝杆菌中表达编码人结核杆菌（ＴＢ）热休克蛋白７０（ＨＳＰ７０）的ＤｎａＫ基因，并观察其对小鼠的免疫效应。方法采用基因工程和免疫学技术将ＤｎａＫ基因及其两侧的表达调控区一起从质粒ｐＭＴ－７０中切出，经末端修饰后装入大肠杆菌－分枝杆菌穿梭质粒ｐＢＣＧ－２０００中，构建成新的重组质粒ｐＢＣＧ－ＴＢ７０，并用以转化耻垢分枝杆菌及大肠杆菌，用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测表达的ＨＳＰ７０；以重组耻垢分枝杆菌分别经皮下及腹腔免疫小鼠，用淋巴细胞刺激指数（ＳＩ）反映细胞增殖能力，以ＮＯ法检测巨噬细胞吞噬活性，并检测血清中特异性抗ＴＢＨＳＰ７０的抗体。结果ＴＢＨＳＰ７０能在分枝杆菌中表达，表达量占菌体总蛋白量的１０％，不能在大肠杆菌中表达；重组耻垢分枝杆菌以１０６ＣＦＵ的剂量经皮下免疫小鼠后，可使小鼠脾淋巴细胞刺激指数（ＳＩ）和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），并能刺激机体产生特异性抗ＴＢＨＳＰ７０的抗体，腹腔免疫激发的抗体滴度较皮下免疫为低，而ＳＩ无明显改变。结论构建的表达质粒ｐＢＣＧ－ＴＢ７０能在耻垢分枝杆菌中表达ＨＳＰ７０，该重组菌具有较强的免疫原性。     

分枝杆菌多糖免疫调节作用的临床应用研究

分枝杆菌多糖（Ｍｙｃｏbａｃｔｅｒｉａｌ ｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ，ＭＰＳ） 是由非致病性分枝杆菌中提取的多糖成分制成的一种免疫调节剂。作者报道ＭＰＳ在临床试用中的免疫调节效果。用于８５例术后化疗的肿瘤患者能明显提高白细胞水平和保护细胞免疫功能（Ｐ）＜０．０５～０．０１）；用于６７例乙型肝炎患者及ＨＮＶ携带者，ＨＢｅＡｇ的阴转率为４７．８％；用于３１例反复呼吸道感染易感儿，可明显提高其ＣＤ４细胞数和ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值（Ｐ＜０．０１）。上述结果提示，ＭＰＳ可能适用于化疗患者的白细胞回升、慢性乙型肝炎的治疗及提高低下的免疫功能。     

分枝杆菌多糖对小鼠骨髓造血祖细胞GM—CPU的影响

对分枝杆菌多糖促进小鼠骨髓造血祖细胞形成ＧＭ－ＣＦ的量效关系进行了实验研究。结果表明，给予不同剂量的ＭＰＳ使ＧＭ－ＣＰＵ提高的水平在一定剂量范围内（０．６￣１．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）随剂量增加而升高，剂量大于１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ时不再继续升高。共进行３批试验，重复性好（Ｐ〉０．０５），说明ＭＰＳ的升白作用具有一定的量效关系。     

女贞子多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞IL-2诱生的调节作用

目前，研究天然中药治疗肿瘤和慢性肝炎等疑难疾病颇受重视，尤其对多糖成分及其功能的研究是引人注目的研究领域之一。本文观察女贞子多糖刺激小鼠淋巴细胞产生淋巴因子白介素２（ＩＬ２）实验，借以探讨女贞子多糖的免疫调节机理。１　材料和方法１－１　实验动物和材料　实验动物为６～８周龄ＩＣＲ雄性小鼠，由浙江省实验动物中心提供；ＩＬ２依赖株和ＩＬ２标准品由浙江省中医学院提供；ＭＴＴ为Ｓｉｇｍａ产品；刀豆球蛋白ＣｏｎＡ为中科院生物化学所提供。１－２　女贞子多糖（ＦＬＬＰＳ）提取和纯化　参照文献方法［１，２］…     

分枝杆菌多糖对小鼠骨髓造血祖细胞GMCFU的影响

对分枝杆菌多糖（Ｍｙｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ，ＭＰＳ）促进小鼠骨髓造血祖细胞形成ＧＭＣＦＵ的量效关系进行了实验研究。结果表明，给予不同剂量的ＭＰＳ使ＧＭＣＦＵ提高的水平在一定剂量范围内（０．６～１．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）随剂量增加而升高，剂量大于１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ时不再继续升高。共进行３批试验，重复性好（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明ＭＰＳ的升白作用具有一定的量效关系     

T-AK细胞和IL-2脂质体联合硒酸酯多糖抗白血病效应的研究

目的研究抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体与ＩＬ－２共同诱导的Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体（Ｌ－ＩＬ－２）联合硒酸酯多糖（ＫＳＣ）对Ｌ１２１０小鼠白血病的治疗作用。方法用ＤＢＡ／２小鼠建立Ｌ１２１０白血病模型，正常小鼠脾细胞诱生制备Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞，按设计方案转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体，ＫＳＣ灌胃，检测ＮＫ细胞活性、脾淋巴细胞增殖活性和ＩＬ－２诱生水平，观察荷瘤小鼠生存期。结果Ｌ１２１０白血病小鼠的免疫功能急剧降低，生存期为１６．４３±１．９２天；转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞（５×１０６）和Ｌ－ＩＬ－２（１０４Ｕ／ｋｇ）能部分逆转白血病小鼠低下的细胞免疫功能，生存期延长（２４．７８±３．９４天），并有１４．３％小鼠长期存活；ＫＳＣ（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对Ｔ－ＡＫ／Ｌ－ＩＬ－２的抗白血病作用有明显的增强效应，荷瘤小鼠细胞免疫功能进一步增强，生命延长率、长期存活率分别提高３６％和９９．９％。结论硒酸酯多糖具有生物反应调节剂（ＢＲＭ）样作用；以应用Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体为主体，硒酸酯多糖为辅佐的生物治疗方案对白血病小鼠具有显著的免疫抑瘤作用     

云芝多糖增强巨噬细胞M-CSF的表达与分泌

为揭示云芝多糖作用与巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦ表达与分泌的关系,采用活性测定、斑点杂交等方法,将云芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦ表达及分泌的影响进行了探讨。结果显示,腹腔注射云芝多糖可以提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中的Ｍ－ＣＳＦ活性,并使巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦｍ ＲＮＡ的含量增加;应用ｍ ＲＮＡ 合成抑制剂及蛋白合成抑制剂的研究发现,ａｃｔｉｎｏｍ ｙｃｉｎ Ｄ及ｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｉｍ ｉｄｅ均能阻断云芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦｍ ＲＮＡ的诱导     

当归多糖体外免疫调节作用的实验研究

当归多糖（ＡＳＰ）单独对小鼠脾淋巴细胞有明显促进增殖作用，促进增殖刺激指数最大为１７．５０，并且与ＣｏｎＡ、ＬＰＳ有协同促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖作用当归多糖单独对小鼠胸腺细胞无促进增殖作用，但对由亚适剂量ＣｏｎＡ活化的小鼠胸腺细胞有明显促进增殖作用。此外，当归多糖体外可对抗氢化可的松对小鼠胸腺细胞增殖抑制作用。     

磨菇多糖对小鼠S180肉瘤抗瘤效应的初步研究

研究了磨菇多糖（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎａｎ）抑制肿瘤生长和免疫调节作用，结果表明：磨菇多糖对小鼠肉瘤Ｓ１８０有较强的抑瘤作用，在体内可明显促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化率，增强小鼠ＮＫ细胞活性和腹腔巨噬细胞的杀伤活性，提示磨菇多糖可刺激机体免疫系统，激发机体的抗肿瘤机制，具有明显的抗肿瘤效应。     

附子多糖与阿霉素长循环热敏脂质体的抗肿瘤作用及其机制探讨

目的:观察附子多糖(MPS)与阿霉素(ADM)长循环热敏脂质体(ALTSL)联合靶向治疗荷肝癌H22小鼠的作用,并探讨其抗肿瘤作用机制。方法:以荷瘤小鼠的瘤重为指标,观察药物的抗肿瘤活性。以荷瘤小鼠的存活天数计算生命延长率。以乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞的杀伤活性。以MTT比色法检测淋巴细胞的转化率。以流式细胞术检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡及p53、Fas、FasL和caspase-3的表达。用RT-PCR法测定IL-2mRNA及IL-12mRNA的表达。制作病理切片观察肿瘤、心、肝、肾脏的组织学变化,探讨抗肿瘤机制。结果:MPS ALTSL联合治疗对肿瘤的抑制作用比单一ALTSL靶向治疗更为显著,抑瘤率达80.4%,并可显著延长荷瘤小鼠的存活时间(P<0.01)。与对照组和ADM组比较,ALTSL可使NK细胞的杀伤活性显著增加,而MPS ALTSL则可使NK细胞的杀伤活性和淋巴细胞转化率进一步提高(P<0.01)。应用ALTSL可使脾细胞中IL-2mRNA和IL-12mRNA的表达明显增高;而MPS ALTSL则可使他们的表达进一步增强。病理切片的结果显示,热敏脂质体配合肿瘤局部加热,可使肿瘤细胞凝固坏死。联合应用MPS,可见肿瘤组织中出现大量的淋巴细胞浸润。结论:ALTSL能提高化疗药物ADM的抗肿瘤效果,并降低其心肺毒性,保护机体的免疫功能。MPS ALTSL能进一步诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,激活并促进T细胞转化和NK细胞的杀伤活性,增强机体的免疫功能,发挥抗肿瘤的协同作用。     

IL-23与IL-12诱导NK细胞功能的异同及机制初探

目的探讨细胞因子IL-23与IL-12对NK细胞功能的影响及可能的机制。方法密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)或磁珠纯化NK细胞,不刺激或用IL-23或IL-12刺激,用流式细胞术和ELISA法检测NK细胞产生IFN-γ的情况;以K562或Jurkat细胞作为靶细胞,用流式细胞术检测NK细胞的杀伤功能并分析NK细胞在不同的刺激条件下杀伤相关分子的表达情况及pSTAT的表达情况。结果与未刺激组相比,IL-23和IL-12均可以诱导NK细胞呈剂量和时间依赖方式产生IFN-γ;但IL-12而非IL-23可以增强NK细胞对靶细胞K562或Jurkat细胞的杀伤功能。进一步研究表明,IL-12而非IL-23可以诱导杀伤相关分子TRAIL及CD107a/b的表达。此外,IL-12诱导NK细胞表达更高水平的pSTAT4,而IL-23诱导NK细胞表达更高水平的pSTAT3。结论与IL-12相比,IL-23亦可以诱导NK细胞产生细胞因子但不能增强NK细胞的杀伤功能,IL-23不能诱导杀伤相关分子TRAIL及CD107a/b的表达,IL-23可以诱导低水平的pSTAT4但高水平的pSTAT3的表达。     

Interleukin-7 and interleukin-12 have different effects in rescue of depressed cellular immunity: comparison of malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions.

The present study attempts to determine the role of interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-12 in recovering the functions of the lymphocytes of malignant effusion, in terms of cytokine production, proliferation, and cytolytic activity, compared with lymphocytes from tuberculous pleural effusion. Effusion-associated lymphocytes (EAL) were isolated from tuberculous (tEAL) and malignant (mEAL) pleural effusions. The EAL proliferate response was measured after 3 days in culture. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and cytotoxicity against K-562 cells or autologous tumor cells were assessed after 6 days in culture. It was found that the mEAL had depressed proliferation, IFN-gamma production, and cytolytic activity, as compared with tEAL. Stimulation with IL-12 plus IL-2, but not with IL-7 plus IL-2, fully restored the IFN-gamma production of mEAL to that of tEAL levels. In contrast, the proliferate response of mEAL was enhanced significantly more with IL-7 plus IL-2 than with IL-12 plus IL-2. Both the IL-7 plus IL-2 and IL-12 plus IL-2 stimulation of mEAL showed a significant increase in cytolytic activity against autologous tumor cells, although the cytolytic activity against K-562 cells did not increase. These results suggest that tEAL had a higher cellular activity than mEAL. This depressed cellular function of mEAL could be reversed with cytokines. However, different cytokines had different effects on mEAL; for example, IL-7 had a better effect in the stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation compared with IL-12, which had a better effect in driving the lymphocytes to the T helper 1 (TH1) pathway and a higher IFN-gamma production. Both IL-7 and IL-12, in the presence of IL-2, can restore the immunosuppressed cytolytic activity of the lymphocytes of malignant pleural effusion against autologous tumor.     

In vivo immunopotentiating activity of thymopentin in aging humans: modulation of IL-2 receptor expression

The effect of thymopentin treatment was investigated in immunocompromised elderly subjects. Thymopentin was able to increase IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor expression, as assessed on PHA-activated blasts by percentage of Tac-positive cells and response to exogenous IL-2. After treatment, an increased precursor frequency, estimated by limiting dilution analysis, of PHA-responding lymphocytes was observed in two out of six subjects tested. In vitro experiments with thymopentin show that the drug was able to enhance blastogenesis by PHA of elderly lymphocytes but not of adult cells. These results indicate that (a) the increased IL-2 synthesis/IL-2 receptor expression may be the crucial mechanism of the immunopotentiating activity of the drug in elderly subjects and (b) an increased intrinsic T-cell responsiveness seems to be responsible for this immunopotentiating activity, although an increase in the size of the responsive T-cell pool could not be excluded.     

Lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria enhances polyclonal B cell activation and exacerbates nephritis in MRL/lpr mice.

Depletion of B cells in mice bearing the lymphoproliferation (lpr) gene reduces lymphoproliferation and polyclonal B cell activation (PBA) and attenuates mononuclear cell vasculitis. We sought to verify whether the obverse was true, i.e. whether enhancement of B cell activity might exacerbate the nephritis of MRL/lpr (MRL) mice, a lupus-prone strain. The experimental approach was designed to address three questions: whether naturally occurring PBA in MRL mice could be further enhanced; whether enhanced PBA would exacerbate nephritis; and whether the mechanism of nephritis exacerbation involved interference with mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) function. To enhance B cell activity, we injected MRL mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, a potent B cell activator. To determine whether nephritis was exacerbated, we performed immunopathologic studies and tests of renal function. To verify whether nephritis exacerbation involved impairment of MPS function, we probed the kinetics of immune complex removal from the circulation, their uptake by the liver and spleen, and their localization in kidney tissue. The results indicate that in MRL mice: (i) spontaneous PBA can be enhanced by LPS; (ii) enhancement of PBA by LPS exacerbates nephritis; and (iii) the MPS is already saturated, presumably due to excessive production of endogenous immune complexes. Thus, further increase in immune complex formation due to enhanced PBA by LPS results in increased localization of immune complexes in kidneys and exacerbated nephritis.     

癌迪针剂对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究癌迪针剂对肿瘤的作用效果及其抗肿瘤免疫效应机制。方法:选用H22肝癌荷瘤小鼠注射癌迪针剂7天后,观察荷瘤小鼠肿瘤抑制率、胸腺、脾脏指数、淋巴细胞转化功能、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、TNF活性、IL-2及血清IFNα-水平。结果:癌迪针剂可明显抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长;能提高荷瘤小鼠的淋巴细胞转化功能;可增强巨噬细胞吞噬活性和TNF活性;能提高IL-2和IFNα-水平。结论:癌迪针剂能明显抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长,增强机体的免疫功能。     

霍乱毒素对淋巴细胞活化增殖的影响及其机制

研究探讨霍乱毒素（ＣＴＸ）对淋巴细胞活化、增殖的影响及可能的作用机制。研究结果表明，　　ＣＴＸ可显著升高静息ＰＢＭＣ和／或ＣＤ３单抗激活的琳巴细胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平，该效应与ＣＴＸ抑制淋巴细胞增殖和ＩＬ－２的作用密切相关；　　ＡＣ激活剂Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ通过升高细胞内ｃＡＭｐ水平，对于ＣＤ３单抗激活的淋巴细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用；ＣＴＸ不能干扰ＩＬ－２依赖株ＣＴＬＬ细胞的增殖效应，也不影响ＣＴＬＬ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平。实验结果提示，ＣＴＸ敏感的Ｇ蛋白亚类参与了ＣＤ３单抗对淋巴细胞活化的调节，ＣＴＸ的抑制作用与其升高细胞内ｃＡＭｐ水平有关。     

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) counteracts the inhibiting effect of monocytes on natural killer (NK) cells.

GM-CSF is known to accelerate haematopoietic recovery following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In addition, it may restore and enhance both granulocyte and monocyte functions. Stimulation of monocyte functions may induce a direct or an indirect anti-leukaemic activity due to an increase of cellular cytotoxicity and production of cytokines which may result in a reduction of the relapse rate after BMT. NK cells may play a crucial role in this activity. Therefore we studied the influence of monocytes on NK activity in combination with GM-CSF. Lymphocytes and monocytes were isolated from buffy coats of healthy individuals by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). NK activity was exerted by CD3-CD56+ cell populations and could be enhanced by IL-2 incubation overnight. Incubation of CD3-CD56+ cells with GM-CSF in the presence or absence of IL-2 hardly influenced NK activity of the lymphocyte population. Low amounts of monocytes enhanced NK activity. NK activity in lymphocyte population in the presence of equivalent numbers of monocytes with or without IL-2 was strongly decreased irrespective of the effector:target ratio (ETR). This appeared not to result from sterical hindrance effects of the present number of cells. However, addition of GM-CSF abrogated the inhibition of NK activity by monocytes in the presence of IL-2. In monocyte fractions neither IL-2 nor GM-CSF yielded NK activity. Our findings indicate that GM-CSF can affect NK activity by counteracting the suppressing effects of monocytes, and hence may improve the outcome after BMT.     

IL-33 amplifies both Th1- and Th2-type responses through its activity on human basophils, allergen-reactive Th2 cells, iNKT and NK cells

IL-33 is an IL-1 family member recently identified as the ligand for T1/ST2 (ST2), a member of the IL-1 receptor family. ST2 is stably expressed on mast cells and T(h)2 effector T cells and its function has been studied in the context of T(h)2-associated inflammation. Indeed, IL-33 induces T(h)2 cytokines from mast cells and polarized mouse T cells and leads to pulmonary and mucosal T(h)2 inflammation when administered in vivo. To better understand how this pathway modulates inflammatory responses, we examined the activity of IL-33 on a variety of human immune cells. Human blood-derived basophils expressed high levels of ST2 receptor and responded to IL-33 by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Next, utilizing a human T(h)2-polarized T cell culture system derived from allergic donor blood cells, we found that IL-33 was able to enhance antigen-dependent and -independent T cell responses, including IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-gamma production. IL-33 activity was also tested on V alpha 24-positive human invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. In the presence of alpha-galactosylceramide antigen presentation, IL-33 dose dependently enhanced iNKT production of several cytokines, including both IL-4 and IFN-gamma. IL-33 also directly induced IFN-gamma production from both iNKT and human NK cells via cooperation with IL-12. Taken together, these results indicate that in addition to its activity on human mast cells, IL-33 is capable of activating human basophils, polarized T cells, iNKT and NK cells. Moreover, the nature of the responses elicited by IL-33 suggests that this axis may amplify both T(h)1- and T(h)2-oriented immune responses.     

IL-10 enhances NK cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and production of IFN-gamma when combined with IL-18.

Previous studies have shown that IL-10 inhibits the accessory cell functions required for production of IFN-gamma by T cells and NK cells. Our results show that although IL-10 did not induce the production of IFN-gamma by NK cells, it did enhance the ability of IL-18 to stimulate NK cell production of IFN-gamma. In addition, IL-10 augmented NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity when combined with IL-18. However, IL-10 did not affect the ability of IL-12 to stimulate NK cells to produce IFN-gamma or proliferate, but there was an additive effect with IL-12 to increase NK cell cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, the type I IFN, whose receptors (R) are related to the IL-10R, also enhanced the effects of IL-18 on NK cell production of IFN-gamma and NK cell cytotoxicity. The ability of IL-10 to elevate the production of IFN-gamma appeared to be specific for NK cells since IL-10 had no effect on the production of IFN-gamma by Th1 clones stimulated with IL-18 or IL-12 in the presence of a monoclonal antibody specific for CD3. These latter results correlated with lower mRNA levels for the alpha and beta chains of the IL-10R in Th1 cells than observed in NK cells. Thus, the ability of IL-10 and IL-18 to up-regulate NK cell function, but not Th1 cell activity, appears to be based on expression of the IL-10R.