男性暴力型违法犯罪青少年的愤怒情绪特征与父母教养方式对照研究

目的:分析男性青少年暴力罪犯的愤怒情绪特点,并探讨其同父母教养方式之间的关系.方法:采用儿童青少年状态一特质愤怒表达问卷(STAEI-CA)、父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对3组男性青少年:62名暴力犯罪者、55名非暴力犯罪者和100名普通高中生进行对照研究.结果:暴力犯罪组在特质愤怒、状态愤怒、愤怒外投分量表上得分更高,愤怒控制分较低.两组犯罪青少年在父母养育方式上表现出低情感温暖和高拒绝否认的特点.暴力犯罪组愤怒情绪特点与其父母教养方式存在显著相关.结论:青少年犯罪,尤其是暴力犯罪者的愤怒情绪水平较高.并且在愤怒情绪的表达与控制方面存在缺陷.而这些特点可能与不良的家庭环境有关.     

犯罪青少年父母养育方式及与自身文化程度的关系

目的　探讨犯罪青少年父母养育方式及与父母文化程度的关系。方法　采用父母养育方式评价量表 (EMBU)和父母文化程度问卷 (自制 )对犯罪青少年 2 40人和正常青少年 2 40人进行了集体测查和对照研究 ,并对父母养育方式与文化程度的关系进行了分析。结果　犯罪青少年父母情感温暖与理解 (FF1和 MF1 )明显低于对照组 ,而父母惩罚严厉 (FF2和MF4)、父母过分偏爱 (FF4和 MF5 )和父亲拒绝否认 (FF5 )明显高于对照组 ;父母养育方式与其受教育程度关系密切 ,高文化程度的父母给予子女高情感温暖、理解 ,低文化程度的父母对子女高惩罚严厉 ,高拒绝否认和过分偏爱。结论　犯罪青少年父母养育方式存在较多缺陷 ,父母文化程度过低是造成其养育方式失当的一个重要原因。     

父母养育方式与犯罪青少年个性特征相关研究

目的分析犯罪青少年父母养育方式与其个性特征之间的关系,以便指导广大儿童青少年的父母采取正确的养育方法,促进青少年的身心健康。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）和艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）对随机抽取的160名男性犯罪青少年和170名在校高中男生进行研究。结果①两组青少年的父母亲教养方式在情感温暖理解（FA1,MA1）、惩罚、严厉（FA2,MA4）、拒绝、否认（FA5）和过度保护（FA6,MA2）等主因素方面差异都呈现极显著水平（P〈0.01）;②犯罪青少年与对照组在个性特征上,除内外向（E）维度差异不明显以外,特别是在精神质（P）和神经质（N）两个维度上差异达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）;③父母亲在情感温暖理解（FA1,MA1）和拒绝、否认（FA5,MA3）和惩罚、严厉（FA2,MA4）等教养方式的主因素与青少年个性特征之间关系极显著（P〈0.01）。结论犯罪青少年的父母与对照组青少年的父母在教养方式上差异极显著,且各主因素与犯罪青少年个性特征之间关系非常显著。     

基于小波包节律和支持向量机的警戒低觉醒脑电信号识别方法

平乏、单调的监控作业容易使作业人员觉醒水平下降,为提高监控工作的绩效,需识别及唤醒低觉醒状态,因此本文提出以脑电信号(EEG)为研究对象的低觉醒状态识别方法。运用小波包变换分解警戒作业人员的EEG信号,获取EEG信号中的δ、θ、α、β等节律成分;结合各节律计算相对能量和高低频能量比参数等特征,组成低觉醒状态识别的特征向量,并使用支持向量机对模拟警戒作业中的低觉醒状态进行了识别。实验结果显示,本文方法能够很好地区分警戒作业中的低觉醒状态和觉醒状态,识别率高。与其它分析方法相比,该方法能够有效地识别警戒作业中的低觉醒状态,能够为低觉醒状态的唤醒机制提供技术支持。     

男性犯罪青少年的生活事件、社会支持和应对方式的对照研究

目的对犯罪青少年的生活事件、社会支持和应对方式进行对比研究,从而为预防青少年犯罪提供一定的理论依据。方法从成都市某少教所抽取49名年龄在14~17周岁的男性犯罪青少年作为犯罪组,并从成都市某职高抽取44名学生作为对照组,在年龄、性别方面与犯罪组相匹配。用青少年一般情况问卷(自编)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和特质应对方式量表(TCSQ)对两组青少年进行问卷调查。结果犯罪青少年组的生活事件、社会支持和应对方式均与职高学生存在统计学差异(P0.05)。犯罪青少年的社会支持与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.323)。结论青少年犯罪与生活事件、社会支持和应对方式均有一定的关系;改善家庭情况和文化素养在一定程度上可预防青少年犯罪。     

未成年入犯罪诱因调查

青少年的成长与成才关系着国家与社会未来的发展和走向。当前未成年人犯罪日益严重，引起了社会各界的关注，但是许多研究者仅仅从理论上对未成年人犯罪的现状、原因及预防措施进行了探析。本研究通过实证的方式调查未成年人犯罪的诱因，从而给未成年人教育提供有针对性地指导。     

未成年入犯罪诱因调查

青少年的成长与成才关系着国家与社会未来的发展和走向。当前未成年人犯罪日益严重，引起了社会各界的关注，但是许多研究者仅仅从理论上对未成年人犯罪的现状、原因及预防措施进行了探析。本研究通过实证的方式调查未成年人犯罪的诱因，从而给未成年人教育提供有针对性地指导。     

未成年人犯罪诱因调查

青少年的成长与成才关系着国家与社会未来的发展和走向。当前未成年人犯罪日益严重,引起了社会各界的关注,但是许多研究者仅仅从理论上对未成年人犯罪的现状、原因及预防措施进行了探析。本研究通过实证的方式调查未成年人犯罪的诱因,从而给未成年人教育提供有针对性地指导。     

犯罪青少年心理健康状况与个性特征的相关研究

青少年犯罪已成为威胁社会治安的一个突出问题 ,引起了各界人士的普遍关注。青少年犯罪的成因极其复杂 ,其中心理学因素起着至关重要的作用。许多研究证实 ,犯罪青少年存在较多的心理、行为问题[1,2 ] ,其人格具有偏离正常的倾向[3- 5] 。国内对犯罪青少年心理健康状况的报道较少 ,且主要限于单因素分析。本研究旨在对犯罪青少年心理健康状况及个性特征进行分析与探讨 ,以期为犯罪青少年心理学因素的研究进一步积累资料 ,为有效预防和控制青少年犯罪提供依据。1　对象与方法1.1　对象犯罪组 :在某少年管教所随机抽取在监禁罪犯2 5 0名 ,均为…     

青少年抑郁症患者照顾者生活质量与照顾者负担的相关性

目的:了解青少年抑郁症患者的照顾者的生活质量、照顾者负担现状及其相关因素,并探讨两者的相关性。方法:选取湖南省长沙市中南大学湘雅二医院知情同意的青少年抑郁症患者照顾者180人,使用17项汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、SF-36健康调查量表(SF-36)、Zarit护理者负担量表(ZBI)分别对患者的抑郁症状、照顾者的生活质量和照顾者负担进行调查。结果:SF-36各维度得分均低于国内常模(P0.01);ZBI得分为(32±15)分,73.7%的青少年抑郁症照顾者处于轻中度负担水平。单因素分析结果表明,抑郁症患者病程长、有自杀史,受教育程度低、家庭月收入低的照顾者SF-36评分较低(P0.05)。住院抑郁症患者、病程长、HAMD评分高、在职、近3个月发生重大事件的照顾者ZBI评分较高(P0.05)。青少年抑郁症照顾者SF-36各维度得分与ZBI两维度得分均呈负相关(r=-0.56~-0.24,均P0.01)。结论:青少年抑郁症照顾者生活质量严重受损,存在明显的照料负担;受教育程度低、家庭月收入低、在职、近3个月发生重大事件、病程长、有自杀史、HAMD评分高的青少年抑郁症患者的照顾者生活质量低、照料负担重,且两者呈负相关。     

Psychophysiological arousal and inter‐ and intraindividual differences in risk‐sensitive decision making

The current study assessed peripheral responses during decision making under explicit risk, and tested whether intraindividual variability in choice behavior can be explained by fluctuations in peripheral arousal. Electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were monitored in healthy volunteers (N = 68) during the Roulette Betting Task. In this task, participants were presented with risky gambles to bet on, with the chances of winning varying across trials. Hierarchical Bayesian analyses demonstrated that EDA and HR acceleration responses during the decision phase were sensitive to the chances of winning. Interindividual differences in this peripheral reactivity during risky decision making were related to trait sensitivity to punishment and trait sensitivity to reward. Moreover, trial‐by‐trial variation in EDA and HR acceleration responses predicted a small portion of intraindividual variability in betting choices. Our results show that psychophysiological responses are sensitive to explicit risk and can help explain intraindividual heterogeneity in choice behavior.     

Diphasic electrodermal response, heart rate and moods

The simultaneous recording of spontaneous EDA (mono and diphasic SPR), HR and mood self-rating (Q-sort of adjectives), on 35 normal subjects, for 5 consecutive weeks has shown that: (1) The emission of diphasic SPR is significantly related to an increase in monophasic EDA (in frequency and in amplitude) and to a lesser degree with HR acceleration; (2) Such a physiological pattern is significantly associated with depressive mood, though independent from anxious mood. These results confirm the importance of morphological aspects of SPR in assessing normal mood states.     

Effects of psychosocial stress on psychophysiological activity during risky decision-making in male adolescents

Adolescence is characterized by increases in both perceived stress and risk-taking, although the effects of stress on risk-sensitive decision-making have received little attention in adolescent groups. We report psychophysiological data from the healthy control group of a larger project examining neuroendocrine and neuropsychological function in boys with conduct disorder. The present analysis focussed on healthy male adolescents (n = 66) performing a decision-making task that involved selection between two wheel-of-fortune gambles. The task was completed in a neutral state, and again following a psychosocial stress induction that robustly increased salivary cortisol levels and baseline autonomic arousal. Task-related changes in electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during the receipt of win and loss outcomes. On gamble choice, stress attenuated the difference in risk taking between the losses-only and wins-only trials (the ‘reflection effect’) and reduced risk-taking on one further gamble type (i.e. a stress × gamble type interaction). In the neutral condition, EDA and HR deceleration responses were significantly greater for losses compared to wins. This physiological differentiation of losses and wins was reduced under stress, with a significant attenuation of the HR deceleration response. In addition, higher trait impulsivity scores predicted reduced EDA differentiation of the outcomes, and reduced EDA stress reactivity. As a limitation, the order of neutral and stress sessions was not counter-balanced. Reduced psychophysiological discrimination between positive and negative outcomes may contribute to the effects of stress on risky decision-making in adolescents.     

The Three Arousal Model: Implications of Gray''s Two-Factor Learning Theory for Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Psychopathy

Gray's two-factor learning theory postulates a behavioral activation system (BAS), a behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and a nonspecific arousal system receiving excitatory inputs from both the BAS and the BIS. The BAS initiates behavior in response to conditioned stimuli for reward (approach) or for relieving nonpunishment (active avoidance). The BIS, which is viewed as an anxiety system, inhibits behavior in response to cues for punishment (passive avoidance) or frustrative nonreward (extinction), and its activity is decreased by the anti-anxiety drugs (alcohol, barbiturates, minor tranquilizers). Thus, the BIS is an arousal system which inhibits rather than energizes behavior. A review of the literature suggests that heart rate (HR) is strongly associated with activity of the BAS. This interpretation subsumes the previous findings of cardiac-somatic coupling, incentive effects on HR, and increased HR in connection with active coping in the face of threat. Electrodermal activity (EDA), on the other hand, increases when there is an activation of the BIS. A consideration of these differing effects on HR and EDA permits a specification of conditions in which these two measures will or will not show directional fractionation. With this theoretical model it is possible to relate the clinical features of psychopathy to the psychophysiological data with the single assumption that primary psychopaths have a deficient BIS. As a result, they show normal approach, active avoidance, and HR, but they suffer from poor passive avoidance and extinction with reduced EDA in response to threatening stimuli.     

Quantitative analysis of wrist electrodermal activity during sleep

We present the first quantitative characterization of electrodermal activity (EDA) patterns on the wrists of healthy adults during sleep using dry electrodes. We compare the new results on the wrist to the prior findings on palmar or finger EDA by characterizing data measured from 80 nights of sleep consisting of 9 nights of wrist and palm EDA from 9 healthy adults sleeping at home, 56 nights of wrist and palm EDA from one healthy adult sleeping at home, and 15 nights of wrist EDA from 15 healthy adults in a sleep laboratory, with the latter compared to concurrent polysomnography. While high frequency patterns of EDA called “storms” were identified by eye in the 1960s, we systematically compare thresholds for automatically detecting EDA peaks and establish criteria for EDA storms. We found that more than 80% of the EDA peaks occurred in non-REM sleep, specifically during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and non-REM stage 2 sleep (NREM2). Also, EDA amplitude is higher in SWS than in other sleep stages. Longer EDA storms were more likely to occur in the first two quarters of sleep and during SWS and NREM2. We also found from the home studies (65 nights) that EDA levels were higher and the skin conductance peaks were larger and more frequent when measured on the wrist than when measured on the palm. These EDA high frequency peaks and high amplitude were sometimes associated with higher skin temperature, but more work is needed looking at neurological and other EDA elicitors in order to elucidate their complete behavior.     

Quantitative analysis of wrist electrodermal activity during sleep

We present the first quantitative characterization of electrodermal activity (EDA) patterns on the wrists of healthy adults during sleep using dry electrodes. We compare the new results on the wrist to the prior findings on palmar or finger EDA by characterizing data measured from 80 nights of sleep consisting of 9 nights of wrist and palm EDA from 9 healthy adults sleeping at home, 56 nights of wrist and palm EDA from one healthy adult sleeping at home, and 15 nights of wrist EDA from 15 healthy adults in a sleep laboratory, with the latter compared to concurrent polysomnography. While high frequency patterns of EDA called “storms” were identified by eye in the 1960s, we systematically compare thresholds for automatically detecting EDA peaks and establish criteria for EDA storms. We found that more than 80% of the EDA peaks occurred in non-REM sleep, specifically during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and non-REM stage 2 sleep (NREM2). Also, EDA amplitude is higher in SWS than in other sleep stages. Longer EDA storms were more likely to occur in the first two quarters of sleep and during SWS and NREM2. We also found from the home studies (65 nights) that EDA levels were higher and the skin conductance peaks were larger and more frequent when measured on the wrist than when measured on the palm. These EDA high frequency peaks and high amplitude were sometimes associated with higher skin temperature, but more work is needed looking at neurological and other EDA elicitors in order to elucidate their complete behavior.     

父母养育不当与青少年犯罪的相关性研究

本文在家庭社会文化背景,自然结构和经济状况基本相同条件下,利用问卷对108名男性犯罪青少年和106名男性正常青少年的父母养育方式进行了对照研究。结果发现父母,特别是父亲对孩子缺乏感情,管教不当,亲子间心理交流障碍及早期亲子分离与青少年犯罪密切相关。文中对这些相关机制作了探讨。     

Parental Psychopathology, Age, and Race as Related to Electrodermal Activity of Children

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether parental psychopathology, age, and race affected electrodermal activity (EDA) and to examine relationships between psychopathology and EDA. Children of hospitalized schizophrenic, manic-depressive, physically ill, and non-ill (non-hospitalized) parents were compared on five factors of EDA and one of body movement. The factors were derived from EDA and movement artifact data recorded during a habituation-conditioning paradigm. Results indicated that parental illness (mental or physical) was not related to EDA, but children of psychotics had more movement during the experimental session than control children. Younger children showed greater responsiveness and more movement than older children. White children had more nonspecific activity than did black children. Significant but low correlations were found between EDA and pathology ratings made on the basis of psychiatric and psychological examinations. If both are prodromal signs of psychiatric illness, then at least within this age range, they appear to be quite different measures of predisposition to psychiatric disorder.     

Recipient-derived EDA fibronectin promotes cardiac allograft fibrosis

Advances in donor matching and immunosuppressive therapies have decreased the prevalence of acute rejection of cardiac grafts; however, chronic rejection remains a significant obstacle for long-term allograft survival. While initiating elements of anti-allograft immune responses have been identified, the linkage between these factors and the ultimate development of cardiac fibrosis is not well understood. Tissue fibrosis resembles an exaggerated wound healing response, in which extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are central. One such ECM molecule is an alternatively spliced isoform of the ubiquitous glycoprotein fibronectin (FN), termed extra domain A-containing cellular fibronectin (EDA cFN). EDA cFN is instrumental in fibrogenesis; thus, we hypothesized that it might also regulate fibrotic remodelling associated with chronic rejection. We compared the development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in EDA cFN-deficient (EDA(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. While EDA(-/-) mice developed acute cardiac rejection in a manner indistinguishable from WT controls, cardiac allografts in EDA(-/-) mice were protected from fibrosis associated with chronic rejection. Decreased fibrosis was not associated with differences in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy or intra-graft expression of pro-fibrotic mediators. Further, we examined expression of EDA cFN and total FN by whole splenocytes under conditions promoting various T-helper lineages. Conditions supporting regulatory T-cell (Treg) development were characterized by greatest production of total FN and EDA cFN, though EDA cFN to total FN ratios were highest in Th1 cultures. These findings indicate that recipient-derived EDA cFN is dispensable for acute allograft rejection responses but that it promotes the development of fibrosis associated with chronic rejection. Further, conditions favouring the development of regulatory T cells, widely considered graft-protective, may drive production of ECM molecules which enhance deleterious remodelling responses. Thus, EDA cFN may be a therapeutic target for ameliorating fibrosis associated with chronic cardiac allograft rejection.     

Characterisation of molecular DNA rearrangements within the Xq12 - q13.1 region, in three patients with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)

A panel of somatic cell hybrids and X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermaldysplasia (EDA) patient-derived cell lines, containing differentrearranged X chromosomes, have been used to refine the physicalmap of the Xq12–q13.1 region. The patient-derived materialincluded genomic DNA from an EDA male (EDA family 1015) withan interstitial deletion , and a cell line GM0705A, obtainedfrom an isolated female patient with a de novo balanced (X;9)translocation, and the somatic hybrid, AnLy, derived from thiscell line. This map subdivides the region into at least 6 mapping-intervals.DNA probes from DXS732 and DXS453, identified as the closestflanking marker loci to the EDA locus, were used to identifyhomologous Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) clones. Two ofthe DXS732-specific YACs were shown by fluorescent in situ hybridisation(FISH) analysis to bridge the (X;9) translocation breakpoint.These two YACs were also screened against the ICRF human X chromosomecosmid library and identified 36 cosmid clones. Direct cosmid-cosmidhybridisation analysis placed subsets of these clones withinfour different cosmid contigs. Mapping of anchor clones fromeach contig, against the mapping panel, localised all thesecontigs within the Xql2–qi3.1 region. One cosmid, ICRFc104C03.184, identified potential junctional-fragments in several restrictiondigests of AnLy hybrid DNA. This was confirmed by FISH analysisof the GMO705A cell line with total cosmid ICRFc104C03.184,In which both chromosomal elements of the (X;9) translocationwere identified. A single-copy probe pC03.184F5, derived fromthis cosmld, also Identified the der(9)- derived junctionalfragment when hybridised against AnLy DNA. Screening a largepanel of genomic DNAs from 80 unrelated affected EDA males withpC03.184F5 identified, in addition to the original EDA 1015deletion, a molecular deletion in a second unrelated EDA male(EDA family 1003). Characterisation of these two EDA deletionshas shown that the proximal endpoint of the EDA 1003 deletionlies distal, to both the DXS452 locus and to the proximal endpointof the EDA 1015 deletion. The distal endpoint of the EDA 1015deletion has been located within the most distal of the fourcosmid contigs. The distal endpoint of the EDA 1003 deletionhas still to be established, but must be located proximal ofthe DXS453 locus. Determination of the extent of the EDA 1003deletion and further analysis of the (X;9) translocation-fiankingcosmids, should greatly facilitate the positional cloning ofthe EDA gene.