某部驻岛军人心理应激状况调查研究

目的了解驻岛军人应激及心理健康状况。方法采取特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、军人心理应激自评问卷(PSET)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某部驻岛89名军人进行问卷调查。结果该部驻岛军人应激程度高于常模(F=42.97,P0.05),SCL-90中躯体(F=5.24,P0.05)及敌对因子(F=4.42,P0.05)高于军队常模,消极应对分高于常模(F=3.91,P0.05)。应激程度与积极应对分成负相关(r=-0.27,P0.05),与消极应对分(r=0.48,P0.01)及SCL-90各因子分成正相关(r=0.57,0.56,0.56,0.51,0.55,0.43,0.55,0.53,0.52;P0.01);驻岛时间与应激程度成负相关(r=-0.26,P0.05)。结论驻岛军人应激程度高,心理问题多,驻岛时间及消极应对方式是影响其心理健康的重要因素。     

心理干预对基层官兵心理健康的影响

目的观察心理干预对基层官兵心理健康的影响,为确保心理健康提供依据。方法采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对某部官兵进行个性测定,定期对官兵进行心理干预,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)在干预前后进行心理卫生状况调查。结果与全军常模比较,某部官兵EPQ的P分、N分较高,E分较低,差异有显著性(t=2.37,2.55,3.18;P<0.05或<0.01),L分差异无显著性(t=1.70,P>0.05)。心理干预前SCL-90各因子分及总分均较军人常模高,差异有显著性(t=5.24,P<0.05);干预后SCL-90除偏执外,其余各因子分与干预前比较明显降低,差异有显著性(t=3.36,P<0.05或<0.01),与军人常模比较无显著性差异(t=0.09,P>0.05)。结论某部官兵存在较多的心理问题,心理干预能有效提高官兵心理健康水平。     

远航前舰艇官兵心理健康状况及人格特征

目的探讨舰艇官兵心理健康状况及人格特征,为舰艇部队人员选拨、训练与心理服务保障工作提供参考依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)对579名舰艇官兵进行心理评估,并分析心理健康状况及人格特征。结果①SCL-90各因子分均显著低于军人常模(t=-32.377,-31.509,-32.626,-35.432,-38.177,-26.640,-44.847,-43.346,-35.545;P0.001);②16种人格因素中乐群性A、聪慧性B、稳定性C、恃强性E、兴奋性F、有恒性G、敢为性H、世故性N、独立性Q2和自律性Q3得分显著高于军人常模(t=4.406,8.393,5.278,5.984,6.176,4.355,6.326,6.874,5.082,6.215;P0.001);敏感性I、怀疑性L、忧虑性O、实验性Q1和紧张性Q4得分显著低于军人常模(t=-4.706,-8.688,-15.486,-5.353,-9.681;P0.001)。4个次级因素中内向与外向型(X2)和感情用事与安详型(X3)显著高于军人常模(t=12.119,8.235;P0.001);适应与焦虑型(X1)和懦弱与果断型(X4)显著低于军人常模(t=-12.909,-7.128;P0.001)。4项应用预测个性因素中心理健康Y1与专业成就Y2显著高于军人常模(t=13.242,5.745;P0.001);创造能力Y3与成长能力Y4显著低于军人常模(t=-34.747,-22.717;P0.001)。结论舰艇官兵具有良好的心理健康状况及个性特征,为从事海勤职业活动提供了良好的心理基础。     

驻岛官兵心理健康状况与应对方式的分析

目的探讨驻海岛部队官兵心理健康状况与应对方式的关系,为驻岛官兵的心理卫生工作提供参考依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和应对方式问卷(Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire,SCSQ)对328名驻岛官兵进行问卷调查。结果驻岛官兵SCL-90各因子同国内军人常模相比,强迫(t=2.13,P<0.05)、焦虑(t=2.89,P<0.01)、抑郁(t=3.21,P<0.01)因子得分明显偏高,差异有显著性;驻岛官兵的消极应对方式同SCL-90各因子分呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论驻岛官兵的心理健康水平较差,消极应对方式是影响驻岛官兵心理健康的重要因素。     

疗养院非现役文职人员心理健康与人格特征

目的 探讨疗养院非现役文职人员心理健康状况与人格特征的相关性.方法 用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16-PF)对疗养院54名非现役文职人员进行量表测评,数据采用SPSS 15.0软件包进行统计分析.结果 非现役文职人员SCL-90总分显著低于国内常模和军人常模(t1 =-6.12,P＜0.01;t2=-11.14,P＜0.01);本科生非现役文职人员SCL-90总分显著低于专科生(t=-4.28,P＜0.01);非现役护士SCL-90得分高于其他专业组(F=3.54,P＜0.05);SCL-90总分与忧虑性、紧张性等呈显著性正相关(r1=0.42,r1=0.44;P＜0.01).结论 疗养院非现役文职人员的心理健康状况总体较好,心理健康水平与人格特征密切相关.     

近10年中国岛礁驻守部队官兵SCL-90结果的Meta分析

目的:全面了解近十年来中国岛礁驻守部队官兵总体心理健康水平及其发展变化,特别是对研究结果不一致的调查活动进行比较分析和归纳原因,从而为今后更多研究者运用SCL-90量表对同类对象进行调查研究提供借鉴参考。方法:利用Stata 16.0软件对中国知网、维普、万方等数据平台近十年关于中国岛礁驻守部队官兵SCL-90调查研究文献进行meta分析。结果:共纳入13篇文献、4744名岛礁官兵。Meta分析结果并结合具体文献内容得出,岛礁官兵的人际敏感、躯体化、抑郁、敌对和焦虑等因子分显著高于中国军人2016年版常模(WMD=0.41,0.36,0.36,0.35,0.33;P0.05)。结论:岛礁官兵的整体心理健康水平明显低于中国军人2016年版常模,主要在人际敏感、躯体化、抑郁、敌对和焦虑方面容易出现心理问题。     

陆航官兵心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的研究陆航官兵的心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法随机抽取2010年某陆航团官兵367人,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、防御方式问卷(DSQ)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)等进行心理健康状况进行测定。结果①陆航官兵心理问题发生率为33.24%;②陆航官兵SCL-90各因子分均低于军人常模,存在统计学差异(P<0.05),且空勤多项SCL-90量表因子分低于地勤,存在统计学差异(P<0.05);③N量表分、P量表分、不成熟防御因子、家庭外支持分别进入了以SCL-90量表总分及各因子分为因变量的回归方程;④心理求助、是否存在误解进入了多个以SCL-90量表因子分为因变量的回归方程。结论陆航官兵整体心理素质优于军人常模,空勤人员优于地勤。人格特点、防御方式及家庭外支持是影响官兵心理健康的主要因素。     

涉核官兵心理健康状况的调查

目的了解涉核官兵心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90),应用第四军医大学研制的DXC-6型群体多项心理测评仪对来院疗养的90名涉核官兵进行专业心理测评。结果①涉核官兵躯体化因子、恐怖因子评分与中国军人常模间无统计学差异(t=1.4952,1.8936;P>0.05);强迫因子评分低于中国军人常模(t=2.0509,P<0.05);人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性因子评分、因子总均分、阳性项目数均显著低于中国军人常模(t=3.7229,2.9978,2.7303,2.7473,3.9054,3.0265,5.6536,4.4196;P<0.01);②按照心理健康问题筛选标准,90名涉核官兵中共筛检出阳性者23例(25.6%),主要表现为躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等症状。结论涉核官兵心理健康水平整体较好,部分人员存在一定程度的心理问题或心理障碍倾向。     

军队和私立医院护士心理健康及人格特征

目的探讨军队医院和地方私立医院护士心理健康和人格特征的差异。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)对武警某医院和地方某私立医院150名护士进行测查。结果①武警医院护士SCL-90总分为(123.04±36.92),总均分为(1.37±0.41)。私立医院护士SCL-90总分为(159.95±43.25),总均分为(1.77±0.48)。武警医院护士SCL-90总分和总均分均极显著低于私立医院护士(t=-5.887,P0.01)。武警医院护士SCL-90各因子分和阳性项目数均极显著低于私立医院护士(t=-3.961~-6.337,P均0.01)。武警医院护士人际关系敏感极显著低于全国常模女性组(t=-4.650,P0.01),抑郁因子分显著低于全国常模女性组(t=-2.202,P0.05)。武警医院护士EPQ-RSCE显著高于私立医院护士(t=2.074,P0.05)。武警医院护士EPQ-RSC-P极显著低于全国常模女性组(t=-4.147,P0.01),EPQ-RSC-N显著低于全国常模女性组(t=-2.644,P0.05)。武警医院和私立医院护士EPQ-RSC-L均显著高于全国常模女性组(t=6.324,2.513;P均0.05);②军人护士和私立医院护士躯体化高于武警某医院合同制护士(F=11.937,P0.01)。其他各因子分、阳性项目数、总分和总均分均为军人护士和武警某医院合同制护士极显著低于私立医院护士(F=4.360~19.809,P均0.01);③SCL-90得分与EPQ-RSC-P和EPQ-RSC-N呈正相关(r=0.161~0.410,P0.05),与EPQ-RSC-E呈负相关(r=-0.118~-0.393,P0.05);④多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,影响护士心理健康的主要因素有EPQ-RSC-E、EPQ-RSC-N、年龄和护龄(t=-2.362,3.675,-2.093,2.349;P0.05),决定系数R2为0.234,可解释总变异量的23.4%。结论武警医院护士心理健康状况优于私立医院护士。性格外向、情绪稳定,阅历丰富有助于心理健康。内向、情绪不稳定以及长期从事临床护理工作易出现心理问题。     

抗震救灾武警官兵心理健康状况和总体幸福感

目的调查了解抗震救灾武警官兵任务完成一个月后的心理健康状况和总体幸福感。方法完成抗震救灾任务一周后随机抽取一线武警官兵234人作为研究组,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和总体幸福感量表(GWB)对研究组进行调查,回收有效问卷234份,与中国常模比较。结果①研究组在抑郁、焦虑、恐怖3个因子和总分均高于中国军人常模,差异具有统计学意义(t=5.14,2.80,5.29,3.16;P均0.01);②研究组中男性军人GWB总分显著低于中国常模(t=10.85,P0.01),女性GWB总分与常模相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.01)。结论抗震救灾武警官兵心理健康状况欠佳,幸福感不高,应该为这一特殊群体提供心理援助。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.