一期静脉动脉化治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎手术前后甲襞微循环改变

我们对31例(32条肢体)血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者于一期静脉动脉化手术前后进行甲壁微循环观察。术前32条肢体中,18条肢体管袢短少,血流滞缓,14条肢体管袢完全消失。术后1～3周复查甲襞微循环全部恢复正常,血液从输入枝流向输出枝,即一期静脉动脉化术后使甲襞微循环恢复了生理供血。     

Blood flow distribution in the renal portal system of the intact hen. A study of a venous system using microspheres

The blood flow in the renal portal system of intact hens was characterized by determining the fractional distribution of 15 μm and 50 μm microspheres in this system after injection into a leg vein. Validation tests showed that only 50 μm spheres gave a reliable estimation of this distribution. The blood flow in the coccy-geomesenteric vein was directed towards the liver in nearly all cases. On the average 44, 47 and 8% of the portal blood from the external iliac vein perfused the ipsilateral kidney, the liver and the lungs, respectively. However, the distribution of portal blood to these organs varied considerably between individuals and changed appreciably within 35 min in half the animals studied. The reason for these variations is not clear. The portal blood from the right and left external iliac veins was asymmetrically distributed in most animals illustrating the importance of local factors in its regulation. Variation was great in the regional distribution of portal blood within the kidney possibly due to local vasoconstriction of portal vessels. Further information e.g. on the regulation of renal portal blood flow is needed to explain its physiological significance. Microspheres provide a convenient method for such studies. A combination of microsphere and Sperber techniques allows us to determine the renal excretion efficiency of a given substance.     

Vascular engineering of the vertebral venous drainage system

The recent distribution infra-cranial distribution of malignant cerebral neoplasms has prompted a search for possible routes to explain such spread. The intimate connections of the intracerebral veins with the vertebral venous system, the close proximity of cerebral neoplasms to the ventricular system, and the postural hemodynamics of a largely valveless drainage system have all added another dimension to the vertebral venous circulation described by Batson. This flow pattern ascended from the sacrum to the skull. An inferior “reverse” flow is now proposed by which neoplastic cells may extend into the cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, breast, liver, or lung.     

The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature

Recent literature has reported an association between maternal supine sleep position and stillbirth during late pregnancy. In this position the gravid uterus almost completely obstructs the inferior vena cava. A small number of women experience supine hypotension, thought to be due in part to inadequate collateral venous circulation. The aim of this paper is to review the literature describing the anatomy of the collateral venous system and in particular the azygos system, the abdominal portion of which has not been well studied. A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant anatomical and radiological literature concerning the azygos system in particular was reviewed. The search was limited to adult human studies only. The collateral venous system can be divided into superficial, intermediate and deep systems. The azygos system in particular provides immediate collateral venous circulation in the event of acute inferior vena caval obstruction. The abdominal portion of this pathway, including the ascending lumbar vein, has not been well studied and there are certain variations that can render it ineffective. In conclusion, the collateral venous system provides an alternative route for blood to flow back to the systemic circulation when acute occlusion of the inferior vena cava occurs in the supine position during late pregnancy. However, certain anatomical variations can render this pathway ineffective, and this could have implications for the development of supine hypotension and stillbirth in late pregnancy. Clin. Anat. 30:1087–1095, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Ultrastructural distribution of enzymes of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the mammalian brain

Institute of Human Morphology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Pushchino. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 354–357, March, 1988.     

Apoptosis, cell proliferation and modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip1 in vascular remodelling during vein arterialization in the rat

Neo-intima development and atherosclerosis limit long-term vein graft use for revascularization of ischaemic tissues. Using a rat model, which is technically less challenging than smaller rodents, we provide evidence that the temporal morphological, cellular, and key molecular events during vein arterialization resemble the human vein graft adaptation. Right jugular vein was surgically connected to carotid artery and observed up to 90 days. Morphometry demonstrated gradual thickening of the medial layer and important formation of neo-intima with deposition of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the subendothelial layer from day 7 onwards. Transmission electron microscopy showed that SMCs switch from the contractile to synthetic phenotype on day 3 and new elastic lamellae formation occurs from day 7 onwards. Apoptosis markedly increased on day 1, while α-actin immunostaining for SMC almost disappeared by day 3. On day 7, cell proliferation reached the highest level and cellular density gradually increased until day 90. The relative magnitude of cellular changes was higher in the intima vs . the media layer (100 vs . 2 times respectively). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p27^Kip1 and p16^INKA remained unchanged, whereas p21^Cip1 was gradually downregulated, reaching the lowest levels by day 7 until day 90. Taken together, these data indicate for the first time that p21^Cip1 is the main CDKI protein modulated during the arterialization process the rat model of vein arterialization that may be useful to identify and validate new targets and interventions to improve the long-term patency of vein grafts.     

Unequal sensitivity of the arterial systems of the brain to noradrenalin

An investigation on unanesthetized and anesthetized cats showed that noradrenalin acts directly on the brain vessels and increases their tone. Noradrenalin was also found to affect blood vessels of the different arterial systems of the brain unequally: It raised the perfusion pressure in the system of the carotid arteries more than in the vertebral arterial system.Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Pharmacology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 47–49, January, 1976.     

Sensory innervation of the brain (primary interoceptor neurons of the brain and their asynaptic dendrites)

Published data and our own studies on the sensory innervation of the brain are summarized. Primary interoceptive sensory neurons were analyzed: brain neurons bearing cilia; supraependymal plexuses and intraependymal neurons in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid; Cajal—Retzius neurons in the boundary layer of the cerebral cortex; Dolgo-Saburov paravasal neurons in the brain and spinal cord; Lugaro cells in the cerebellum; and various synaptically NO-positive neurons in the cerebral cortex, whose asynaptic dendrites innervate the precapillary space. Consideration of the lack of pain sensitivity of the brain and the parenchymatous tissues of the internal organs, which contain local primary sensory neurons similar to intramural metasympathetic sensory neurons of Dogel type II, led to the hypothesis that brain and other intraorgan tissue receptors are involved in short “autonomic” reflex arcs controlling only local metabolism but not pain reactions. __________ Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 127, No. 2, pp. 7–15, March–April, 2005. The editors advise that many of the views and conclusions expressed by Professor O. S. Sotnikov are not generally accepted and are controversial.     

Anatomy and microanatomy of the venous system of scrotal organs and spermatic cord

Three structural and hemodynamic variants of venous angioarchitectonics of the epididymis were detected: direct testicular outflow (direct outflow into veins of the plexus pampiniformis), indirect testicular outflow (outflow into veins of the plexus pampiniformis with involvement of the communicant veins), and mixed outflow (combination of indirect testicular outflow with the outflow into vas deference veins). Anastomosis of caudal veins of the epididymis and the initial compartment of veins of the vas deference forming the “testicular venous arch” plays an important role in collateral venous blood-flow system; the arch anastomosing with the source of cremasteric vein forms a three-system anastomosis, the “testicular venous plexus” at the site of the epididymis tail transition into the vas deference. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 106–111, January, 2007     

Histological study of intrahepatic cavernous transformation in a patient with primary myelofibrosis and portal venous thrombosis

Summary Cavernous transformation in the liver was examined histologically by serial section observations, in an autopsy case of portal venous thrombosis and primary myelofibrosis. Cavernous transformation was present from the hepatic hilus to medium-sized portal tracts and was composed of dilated and thin-walled vessels. Serial sections disclosed that these vascular channels were anastomotic and occasionally communicated with occluded portal venous radicles. In places they entered directly into the hepatic parenchyma without accompanying biliary or arterial elements, and also drained into the patent portal venous branches beyond the occluded segment. The study demonstrated that cavernous transformation in the liver develops as hepatopetal collaterals secondary to the portal venous obstruction. Periportal and peribiliary capillary plexus may become cavernous in the presence of portal venous occlusion.     

The brain venous system of the dog

The venous system of the canine brain was investigated by gross dissection and by radiographs. The system was divided into four major groups of vessels: cerebral veins, central veins, cerebellar veins, and pontomedullary veins. The dorsal cerebral veins emptied into the dorsal sagittal sinus and the ventral cerebral veins entered the dorsal petrosal or transverse sinus. The internal system of cerebral veins, and the central veins, were drained by the great cerebral vein which entered the straight sinus. Cerebellar and pontomedullary veins flowed mainly to the sigmoid sinus. The venous system of the dog differed from the human configuration in several ways. In the dog the major dorsal cerebral veins entered the dorsal sagittal sinus by independent lacunae in the same direction as the flow of blood. A middle cerebral vein was not present in the dog but was replaced by a continuation of the caudal ventral cerebral vein. There was a basal vein in the dog but its main flow of blood was to the dorsal petrosal sinus; in man, this vein passes to the great cerebral vein. The entire venous system of the brain was plexiform and collateral circulation was prominent. The larger veins were identified radiographically.     

Brain catecholamines and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system in inherited arterial hypertension

Rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (NISAG rats) and normotensive Wistar rats were used for studies of age-related changes in arterial pressure (BP), in the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system (HHAS), and noradrenaline levels in brain structures involved in regulating these functions, with the aim of identifying possible relationships between them. It is suggested that the noradrenaline deficiency seen at the age of four weeks in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata in NISAG rats is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and in disturbing the function of the HHAS. Transient increases in brain catecholamine synthesis in the fourth week of life lead to prolonged reductions in BP and complete recovery of HHAS responses to stress in adult animals. Correction of BP and HHAS function is accompanied by changes towards the normal in noradrenaline levels in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata and in the numbers of α₁-adrenoceptors in the medulla oblongata. Deceased. Laboratory for the Genetic Bases of Neuroendocrine Regulation. Laboratory of Evolutionary Animal Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 30–38, April, 1996.     

16例结缔组织病合并门静脉系统血栓形成的临床分析

 目的 分析结缔组织病合并门静脉系统血栓形成病例的临床特点,提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析16例结缔组织病合并门静脉系统血栓形成病例的临床特点。结果 16例患者中系统性红斑狼疮6例,原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征、类风湿关节炎、原发性干燥综合征及未定型结缔组织病各2例,混合性结缔组织病及CREST综合征各1例。男性2例,女性14例,年龄24～66岁。合并门脉高压者11例,深静脉血栓形成者4例,血栓部位以门静脉多见（9例）。急性血栓形成主要表现为急性腹痛、腹胀、便血;慢性血栓形成者以慢性腹痛、腹胀或门脉高压相关的症状为主要表现。结论 门静脉系统血栓可以为结缔组织病的首发症状或慢性并发症,应提高对该病的警惕。     

Experimental study of interaction between galanthamine and mouse brain acetylcholinesterase in vivo

Injection of armin into mice after preliminary administration of galanthamine leads to a decrease in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (ACE) induced by the reversible inhibitor. This effect is associated with the accumulation of acetylcholine and displacement of galanthamine by it from the active centers of ACE. In experiments in vivo, the competitive character of interaction between galanthamine and ACE was thus revealed.Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR S. V. Anichkov.Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 823–825, July, 1976.     

Ultrasound study of the cranial venous system in the human new-born infant and the adult

A pulsed doppler ultrasound technique has been used to measure changes in blood velocities in the superior sagittal sinus, the jugular veins and intracranial and extracranial arteries in 13 neonates, and in the jugular veins and an extracranial artery in 13 adults, during unilateral and bilateral jugular venous compressions. The results have enabled us to determine how the subject under examination functionally uses his cranial venous drainage system in the resting state, and whether or not he can shunt obstructed venous flow through other cranial venous channels. We have found great variability between the subjects. In the resting situation the range of possibilities from total dependence on one jugular vein alone to usage of both jugular veins and the vertebral veins exists. Shunting of blood on jugular compression from either or both jugular veins to the vertebral veins may occur, and contralateral shunting between the jugular veins may be possible in both directions, in one direction or not at all.