游离臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复口颊癌术后口颊缺损的临床分析

目的 探讨采用不同形式游离臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复口颊癌术后口颊缺损的效果。方法2006年1月—2017年9月应用臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复10例口颊癌患者根治术后口颊缺损，男9例，女1例；年龄36~67岁，平均年龄44.5岁。病理类型均为鳞状上皮细胞癌， TNM 分期其中T4N0M0 4例，T4N1M0 3例，T3N1M03例。病程4~26个月，平均9.8个月。口颊缺损6.0 cm×3.0 cm～8.5 cm×4.5 cm大小，皮瓣轴线为三角肌止点至肱骨外上髁连线。根据缺损实际情况设计皮瓣修复口颊创面，根据血管蒂肌支发出情况和口底腔隙具体设计切取肱肌或肱三头肌肌瓣用于填补口底腔隙。结果臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣血管蒂长度为(7.7±0.4) cm。桡侧副动脉后支的皮穿支共有17支，其中2支穿支型为7例，1支穿支型为3例，全部携带于皮瓣内，皮岛面积为6.0 cm×3.0 cm～8.5 cm×4.5 cm，肌瓣为3.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm～4.5 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm大小，其中7例为肱三头肌肌瓣，3例为肱肌肌瓣。10例嵌合穿支肌皮瓣全部存活，供区均直接闭合。随访12～59个月，平均25.7个月，重建口颊外形不臃肿，无毛发生长，功能满意，肿瘤局部无复发；2例发生颈部淋巴结转移。供区仅遗留线性瘢痕，上臂功能未见明显影响。结论臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣可以作为口颊癌术后口颊缺损修复的方法选择之一。 ［Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Skull Base Surgery，2020，26（1）：00-00］     

游离上臂外侧皮瓣修复舌癌术后软组织缺损的临床应用

目的 探讨游离上臂外侧皮瓣一期修复舌癌术后软组织缺损的临床应用。方法 选取2019年6月—2021年9月舌癌根治术的32例患者，应用游离上臂外侧皮瓣同期行舌缺损修复。其中男25例，女7例，病理类型均为鳞状细胞癌。术前多普勒血流探测仪确定上臂外侧区域穿支血管位置，皮瓣轴线位于三角肌止点与肱骨外上髁之间的连线后方1 cm，根据舌缺损面积和形状设计皮瓣。结果 32例患者中，皮瓣大小为7.5 cm×4.0 cm~14.0 cm×6.0 cm，平均厚度为（0.85±0.40） cm，平均血管蒂长度为（8.24±1.37） cm，穿支数量为2~4支。供区切口均一期拉拢缝合。除1例患者术后第4天皮瓣坏死改股前外侧皮瓣修复后皮瓣存活，皮瓣一期成活率为96.9%（31/32）。所有患者术后均未行气管切开。随访7~22个月，平均11个月，患者术后外形及功能恢复较满意，无远期并发症。结论 游离上臂外侧皮瓣血管恒定、制备简单、质地薄软，皮瓣成活率高，供区并发症少，是修复舌癌术后半舌缺损的良好选择。     

前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

我科自2001年1月—2004年6月,应用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织缺损9例,取得满意的效果,现报告如下。一、一般资料本组9例患者,男7例,女2例;年龄32～64岁,平均年龄53岁;其中舌癌7例(3例为T2N1M0;4例为T3N1M0),颊黏膜癌1例(T3N2M0),口底癌1例(T1N1M0);皮瓣最大面积9cm×6cm,最小4cm×6cm。病理检查结果:7例舌癌及1例口底癌患者为高分化鳞状细胞癌,1例颊黏膜癌患者为低分化鳞状细胞癌。二、手术方法1.手术方法:所有患者均行气管内插管麻醉,在行颈清扫术时,术中解剖制备颌外动脉、面总静脉或颈外浅静脉准备吻合用。2.设…     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的 探讨应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤切除术后组织缺损的方法及其效果.方法 2006年7月～2011年12月采用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复头颈恶性肿瘤切除术后组织缺损75例,男52例,女23例;最大年龄80岁,最小年龄24岁,其中舌癌42例,颊癌20例,软腭癌2例,扁桃体癌9例,眶部肿瘤1例,外耳道癌1例.组织缺损范围8cm×5cm～18cm×10cm,病程4～24个月.结果 75例应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复,仅2例股前外侧皮瓣远端因静脉回流障碍发生部分坏死,其余均成活,皮瓣成活率97.3％,3例供区部分植皮未成活,延期愈合.术后随访6～24个月,肿瘤无复发,供区外观平整,瘢痕不明显,受区吞咽及言语功能良好,修复重建效果满意.结论 游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣制作方便,对供区损伤小,厚薄适中,适宜修复头颈肿瘤切除术后组织缺损.     

游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用于舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造

目的探讨游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用在舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造中的效果。方法2008年12月~2016年1月应用游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣对42例舌癌患者行舌癌根治术同期行舌口底缺损修复与舌再造，其中舌缘癌22例，舌腹癌17例，口底癌累及舌3例，肿瘤根治术后形成6.5 cm×3.5 cm～11.0 cm×7.5 cm大小缺损。术中将腹壁下动脉与甲状腺上动脉吻合，伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉或颈内静脉吻合。结果皮瓣长(8.6±0.3)cm、宽(5.1±0.2)cm、厚(2.3±0.5)cm。腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂长度为(9.6±0.4)cm。42例肌皮瓣全部存活，供区直接闭合。皮瓣外观满意，供区仅遗留线性瘢痕，腹直肌功能未见明显影响。随访14～64个月。再造舌形态良好，吞咽、语言功能满意，肿瘤局部无复发。结论腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣组织量丰富，质地好，再造舌外形及功能良好，供区损伤小，是舌癌术后舌、口底缺损修复与舌再造的理想选择。     

游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣在舌癌术后舌再造中的临床应用

目的探讨游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣在舌癌术后舌再造中的应用。方法2015年6月—2018年11月应用股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣对14例舌癌患者舌颌颈联合根治术后同期行舌及口底缺损修复，口底腔隙同时用不同来源肌瓣充填。肿瘤根治术后形成6.0 cm×4.0 cm～12.0 cm×7.0cm大小缺损，应用游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣修复，皮瓣面积为8.0 cm×4.0 cm～13.0 cm×8.0cm，肌瓣体积为4.0 cm×3.0 cm×2.0 cm～7.0 cm×5.0 cm×4.0 cm，术中将股前内侧穿支血管蒂的动脉与甲状腺上动脉吻合，伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉或颈内静脉吻合。结果所有患者股前内侧穿支恒定存在，其中来源于股动脉主干7例（50%），血管蒂长度为(7.8±0.4)cm；来源于旋股外侧动脉主干4例（28.6%），血管蒂长度为(8.2±0.5)cm；来源于旋股外侧动脉降支3例（21.4%），血管蒂长度为(7.4±0.3)cm。肌瓣来源于股直肌为8例，肌瓣来源于股内侧肌为6例。其中8例血管蒂类型为1支动脉2支静脉，6例血管蒂类型为1支动脉1支静脉，甲状腺上静脉为首选的受区静脉，游离股前内侧穿支动脉伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉端端吻合14例，其中8例的第2支伴行静脉另外与颈内静脉端侧吻合8例。术后皮瓣全部顺利成活，供区愈合良好。术后随访12～40个月，平均18.8个月，游离股前内侧穿支皮瓣修复舌外形不臃肿，两点辨别觉距离为8～15 mm，舌运动未见明显受限；大腿功能未见明显影响，可正常行走及进行相关日常活动。结论股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣是舌癌术后采用皮瓣移植再造舌的理想选择。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的探索供区功能和外观损伤更小的游离股前外侧(anterolateralthigh,ALT)皮瓣修复技术,运用于头颈肿瘤术后缺损。方法2003年12月—2005年5月中国医科院肿瘤医院头颈外科用于头颈部手术缺损修复的游离股前外侧皮瓣8例。头颈部肿瘤手术缺损按受区部位分为口咽侧壁3例,舌活动部2例,颊黏膜、舌根和颅底各1例。结果8例游离ALT皮瓣手术均获成功。供区伤口一期愈合,未发现切口裂开,下肢运动和感觉功能障碍等手术并发症。8例皮瓣的穿支血管类型均为肌皮穿支,皮瓣应用面积为(4~8)cm×(5~10)cm。手术时间5~10h,平均7h。皮瓣切取制作时间65~115min,平均80min。结论游离股前外侧皮瓣具有修复技术可靠、供区部位隐蔽和并发症少等优点,是头颈部缺损修复的理想皮瓣之一。     

股前外侧皮瓣修复颊部大面积洞穿性组织缺损

目的探讨应用股前外侧皮瓣修复颊部肿瘤切除术后大面积洞穿性组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法 2006年10月～2009年10月应用游离双皮岛股前外侧穿支皮瓣,Ⅰ期修复颊部肿瘤切除术后大面积洞穿性缺损19例,面颊面皮肤缺损范围8cm×6cm～4cm×4cm,口颊面黏膜缺损范围9cm×7cm～6cm×5cm,所用股前外侧皮瓣面积20cm×8cm～12cm×6cm。结果 19例游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣全部成活,其中18例创面Ⅰ期愈合;1例颊部皮肤面部分坏死,黏膜面成活,经换药后伤口愈合。结论游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣组织量丰富,修复颊部缺损形态与功能保持好,是修复颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的理想皮瓣。     

游离穿支皮瓣修复晚期颅底肿瘤手术缺损

目的探讨应用游离穿支皮瓣修复技术,对晚期颅底肿瘤术后缺损的修复。方法回顾性分析2004年10月～2011年5月采用游离穿支皮瓣一期修复14例晚期颅底肿瘤术后缺损患者的临床资料,其中采用腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣8例,股前外侧皮瓣5例,胸背动脉穿支皮瓣1例。结果 14例皮瓣中13例游离穿支皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣坏死,成活率为93%。术后并发脑脊液鼻漏3例,其中2例继发颅内感染。供区均直接缝合关闭并一期愈合,未发现并发症。结论游离穿支皮瓣保留了供区的肌肉、筋膜和神经,将供区的并发症降到最低限度,同时涉及皮肤或黏膜手术缺损的修复,适用于颅底晚期复发肿瘤,是颅底缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣在局部晚期下咽癌喉功能保留中的应用

目的探讨游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣在修复局部晚期下咽癌喉功能保留术后缺损的临床价值。方法回顾性分析华西医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科在2009年8月~2019年1月在下咽癌喉功能保留手术中采用游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复的20例患者临床资料。患者均为男性，年龄47～67岁，病理类型均为鳞状细胞癌。其中梨状窝癌14例，下咽后壁癌6例。皮瓣的面积为4 cm×7 cm~7 cm×12 cm。小腿供瓣区采用腹部全厚皮移植。术后患者均行后续放/化疗。结果术后所有皮瓣均全部存活，无皮瓣坏死及血管危象发生。6例患者术后出现低蛋白血症，4例出现肺部感染，4例出现咽瘘，1例出现供区植皮坏死。所有患者均拔除鼻饲管后经口进食，1例继发喉狭窄。肿瘤控制情况：2例局部复发，其中1例行挽救性全喉切除术，1例死亡。2例出现颈部淋巴结转移，均再次接受根治性颈淋巴结清扫术。结论游离胫后动脉穿支皮瓣具有穿支血管解剖恒定，厚薄适中，血管蒂长和供区隐蔽等优点，术后能耐受根治性放疗，是下咽癌术后缺损重建的理想选择之一。     

胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣修复颈咽部软组织缺损

目的胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣（thoracoacromial artery perforator,TAAP）是近年来应用于颈部和咽部组织缺损的新技术,本文分析使用TAAP修复颈咽部缺损的经验。方法回顾分析2013年5月~2017年4月诊治20例TAAP修复咽瘘、咽部黏膜缺损和颈部皮肤缺损。本组患者年龄48~68岁,平均年龄53岁。下咽癌切除+全喉切除10例,保留喉功能的下咽癌切除7例,颈部皮肤缺损3例。咽部黏膜缺损4.5 cm×3 cm~6.5 cm×5 cm,颈部皮肤缺损5.5 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm,皮瓣大小6 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm。结果18例术后皮瓣成活,供区直接拉拢缝合,没有出现皮瓣坏死,其中15例行下咽黏膜修复的患者,术后2~5周恢复经口进食并行术后放疗,剂量60~67 Gy。另2例术中发现穿支血运障碍,更换成颏下皮瓣修复下咽缺损。随访3~36个月,1例术后14个月出现胸段食管癌,1例术后18个月出现纵膈淋巴结转移,均予以放化疗, 1例术后1年出现颈部淋巴结转移复发予以化疗,余病例无复发。结论胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣因为邻近颈部、血管相对恒定、皮瓣薄适用于修复咽部黏膜和颈段食管缺损;胸肩峰动脉为血管蒂的一蒂双岛的TAAP和胸大肌皮瓣同时修复复杂的颈部皮肤和咽部黏膜缺损。胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣的穿支细小,穿越锁骨下隧道时穿支区域和血管蒂不能扭曲,发现皮瓣血运异常应及时更换其他修复方法。     

头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复的现状与展望

目的目前头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复的主力皮瓣是穿支皮瓣，前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣则应用最为广泛。最近头颈邻近皮瓣得到重新开发和利用，包括锁骨上动脉皮瓣、胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣和颏下皮瓣，成为头颈部缺损修复新的热点。头颈修复在向着数字化、精准化方向发展的同时，供区功能的保留和受区器官功能重建也是未来发展的方向。近年来，组织工程学、活体组织器官的复合打印技术作为3D打印在头颈修复的潜在应用也得到了广泛探索。     

胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖研究

摘要：目的为胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法取新鲜成人尸体8具,其中男7具,女1具;死亡年龄30~73岁,平均年龄48岁。尸体标本经股动脉灌注加入氧化铅的红色凝胶后,在上至锁骨,下至第五肋,外至腋前线,内至胸骨旁的区域内通过解剖和影像学方法观察胸肩峰穿支动脉的出现率、位置、走行与周围血管的吻合,并测量胸肩峰动脉穿支管径及蒂长。结果8具标本 16侧均出现胸肩峰动脉皮穿支,从胸大肌锁骨头和胸肋头间的肌间隙穿出,管径平均0.84 mm;蒂长平均7.12 cm;与胸外侧动脉,胸廓内动脉来源血管吻合丰富。结论胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣穿支出现率高,位置恒定,血管蒂长与周围血管吻合丰富,皮瓣切取范围大,设计灵活,不损伤胸大肌,可用于头颈颌面部的组织缺损修复。     

显微移植耳廓复合组织瓣再造鼻翼

OBJECTIVE: The plastic surgeons prefer to reconstruct nasal alar with free auricular composite flap because it well matches nasal tissue in contour, texture and color. However, the size of the free composite flap should be less than 1. 0 cm x 1.5 cm due to the limitation of revascularization. Our aim is to search for a surgical method which could be used to repair full-layer larger nasal alar defects. METHODS: A surgical technique was presented to repair nasal alar defect with a free auricular composite flap, which was vascularized by branches of superficial temporal artery. Briefly, the contralateral auricular composite tissue pedicled by superficial temporal vessels (3 to 4 cm in length) was harvested from region of helix crus and preauricular skin, which matched the arc of the nasal rim, and then transplanted onto the recipient area. The superficial temporal vessel pedicles were anastomosed to facial vessels via vessel grafts harvested from lateral circumflex femoral vessels, which were about 10 to 12 cm in length. RESULTS: Twelve cases were treated, among them, 11 cases were successfully repaired with satisfactory results, one case failed, possibly due to the bad condition of the patient's blood vessels. In our cases, the size of alar defect varied from 1.5 cm x 2.5 cm to 2.0 cm x 3.8 cm. The minimal auricular donor site deformities and inconspicuous scar were acceptable and could easily be hidden by hair. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of free auricular composite flap, which is vascularized by superficial temporal vessels, is ideal for nasal alar reconstruction.     

Usefulness of supraclavicular flap in reconstruction following resection of oral cancer

ObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness of supraclavicular artery flap in reconstruction of defects following resection of buccal mucosa cancer.MethodsTwenty-five patients who presented to R.L Jalappa Hospital and Research centre and diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa staged T₂ and above were included in our study. All patients underwent wide excision of tumour and neck dissection. Six patients underwent hemi-mandibulectomy while 4 patients underwent marginal mandibulectomy depending on extent of the tumour along with neck dissection. The defect following surgery was reconstructed using the supraclavicular artery flap and were followed up for minimum 6 months during which they were assessed for the functional and aesthetic outcome using a scoring system. The details of the scoring system comprised of 7 attributes. Each attribute was given a score of 10 if the patients experienced that attribute, while a score of 0 was given if the patient did not experience that particular attribute.ResultsSeven (28%) patients had complete necrosis of the flap. One patient had a local recurrence 2 months following surgery and was lost to follow up. The remaining 17 patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months and a scoring system was adopted to evaluate the functional and aesthetic outcome of the supraclavicular flap. We observed that 14 patients had an excellent outcome score (58%), 3 patients had a good outcome score (13%), while 7 patients (28%) had flap necrosis.ConclusionsWe find the supraclavicular flap to be safe, technically simple, sensate, thin, pliable and reliable regional fasciocutaneous flap in reconstructing intra oral defects. Preserving the external jugular vein and sacrificing supraclavicular nerves give good outcome.     

外鼻肿瘤术后局部皮肤缺损Ⅰ期皮瓣修复的两种方法

摘要：目的探讨在外鼻肿瘤术后局部皮肤缺损中Ⅰ期皮瓣修复的两种方法,而尖端折叠鼻唇皮瓣修补与眉间跨鼻双瓣修补,分析其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析外鼻肿瘤切除术后,根据不同缺损部位选择不同的Ⅰ期修复方法。鼻翼及鼻背缺损用尖端折叠带蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣修复方法(9例),眉间缺损选择跨鼻皮瓣修复方法（6例）。 结果15例患者术后随访3个月到1年,鼻部及周围皮肤无明显畸形,皮瓣均成活,血运好,皮瓣色泽红润、大小匹配,无明显瘢痕形成。结论外鼻肿瘤切除后不同区域选择不同的修复方法,重建鼻部基本轮廓,保持鼻部及面部外形及结构的完整性,提高美学效果、患者对手术的满意度及术后的生活质量。     

The palatal island flap for reconstruction of palatal and retromolar trigone defects revisited.

BACKGROUND: Although a host of local soft tissue flaps have been described for the reconstruction of postoperative palatal defects, tissue-borne palatal obturators remain the most common form of rehabilitation of these defects. The palatal island flap, first applied to the reconstruction of the retromolar trigone and palatal defects, was first described by Gullane and Arena in 1977. This single-staged mucoperiosteal flap offers a reliable source of regional vascularized soft tissue that obviates the need for prosthetic palatal rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of 5 cases in which the palatal island flap was used as a primary palatal or retromolar reconstruction. METHODS: We have retrospectively reviewed 5 consecutive cases between March 1998 and August 1999 wherein palatal island flaps were used for the primary reconstruction of postablative palatal defects. Each case was reviewed for primary pathologic findings, postoperative wound complications, postoperative speech and swallowing, and donor site morbidity. Selection of this reconstructive technique was based on the size and location of the defect and the assessment by the surgeon that the arc of rotation and amount of residual palatal mucosa were appropriate. RESULTS: Six local palatal island flaps were performed on 5 patients who had not undergone irradiation (1 patient underwent bilateral flaps). The primary pathologic findings included T1 N0 squamous cell carcinoma, T4 N0 squamous cell carcinoma, T2 N0 low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, pigmented neurofibroma, and T2 N0 low-grade clear cell carcinoma. All of the lesions were located on the hard or soft palate or the retromolar trigone, and the average defect size was 7.2 cm(2). All 5 patients began an oral diet between postoperative days 1 and 5 (mean, 2 days), and all patients were discharged home without postoperative donor site or recipient site complications between days 1 and 6 (mean, 3 days). Donor site reepithelialization was complete by 4 weeks in all 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The palatal island flap offers a reliable method of primary reconstruction for limited lesions of the retromolar trigone and hard and soft palate. The mucoperiosteal tissue associated with this flap is ideal for partitioning the oral and nasal cavities and obviates the need for prosthetic palatal obturation.