长春第一机砖厂利用陈腐垃圾制砖的效益分析

利用垃圾制砖,在我国尚处于试验和起步阶段。城市生活垃圾组分复杂,不经陈腐、筛选不能直接用来制砖。本文以长春第一机砖厂利用陈腐垃圾制砖获得成功为例,论述了利用垃圾兑制50％粘土生产烧结砖的可行性,及利用垃圾制砖带来的效益进行了分析。     

氯氧镁水泥垃圾砖的研制

叙述了氯氧镁水泥垃圾砖的生产工艺过程和能达到的性能指标,讨论了工艺因素对垃圾砖性能的影响、及易出现的质量问题和解决方法,认为垃圾砖适用于对外观要求不高、不经常泡水的地方。     

建筑垃圾制再生砖的经济性分析

以南京市为例，通过对比煤矸石、粉煤灰制砖和建筑垃圾制再生砖，研究再生砖的经济可行性。仅考虑运营期3种制砖方式的营收情况，以3.0×10⁵t煤矸石、粉煤灰及建筑垃圾为例，其运营成本分别为4 800万元、3 817万元和2 300万元，以收益比运营成本计算的直接经济效益分别为1.13、1.18和1.49，均大于1，即收益大于成本，再生砖优势明显。相较于煤矸石及粉煤灰，政府补贴占建筑垃圾制备再生砖收益的26.32%，能有效保障建筑垃圾资源化企业的生存。制约再生砖企业的主要原因是建筑垃圾回收率低导致再生砖来源少，再生砖在社会认可度等方面缺乏与同类产品的竞争优势导致其缺少市场竞争力，基于此建议政府部门通过补贴鼓励新建工程使用再生材料、颁发特许经营和拨专项科研经费等方式提高再生砖的社会认可度、产品质量和竞争力。     

用处理后生活垃圾制砖成果评议会召开

利用无害化处理后的城市生活垃圾制砖的科研项目获得成功。1986年9月12日安徽大学、合肥市环卫处及安徽省建马岗窑厂在合肥召开了“城市生活垃圾处理后制砖研制成果评议     

沈阳市生活垃圾资源化利用工艺方案研究

通过对沈阳市生活垃圾成分的分析,研究了沈阳市生活垃圾资源化利用工艺方案;生活垃圾在源头分成2类:一类易腐有机垃圾,另一类为剩余垃圾.易腐有机垃圾主要厌氧消化制生物气,残渣制有机肥;剩余垃圾主要制作RDF,进行再利用.     

威海市生活垃圾焚烧厂炉渣制免烧砖分析

介绍了炉渣制砖原理,对威海市生活垃圾焚烧厂炉渣的粒径、含水率、热灼减率、含杂量、化学性能及重金属含量等特性进行了检测,阐述了制砖的相应工艺,并通过经济分析表明了该方案是可行的。     

餐厨垃圾废水与垃圾渗沥液混合生化预处理技术研究

将餐厨垃圾废水与垃圾渗沥液按一定比例混合后,利用硝化-反硝化处理工艺对其进行预处理.结果表明,出水CODCr去除率达到85％,氨氮去除率达到58％,总磷去除率为74％,电导率降低率达到63％.采用生化工艺作为餐厨垃圾废水与渗沥液混合液的预处理工艺是可行的.     

与垃圾焚烧协同的污泥热干化工艺选择

针对生活垃圾焚烧厂掺烧污泥的应用实践,概述了3种污泥前处理热干化工艺——直接干化、间接干化和两段式干化,分别介绍了每种工艺的流程并结合污泥干化时的关键问题分析了每种工艺的优缺点,得出了间接干化为最适用于掺烧的污泥预处理工艺的结论。同时,还指出对于生活垃圾掺烧而言,高效率的低温污泥热干化将是未来的发展方向。     

深度脱水低温干化焚烧发电的污泥处置工艺可行性研究

介绍了污泥的基本特性与减容难点,分析了污泥干化机理,对生活垃圾掺烧污泥进行了可行性研究,最终提出了一种污泥调理＋深度脱水＋低温干化＋焚烧发电的组合式工艺。     

市政干化污泥掺烧对生活垃圾焚烧的影响及应对措施

介绍了城市生活垃圾与污泥处理处置的现状,阐述了市政干化污泥与城市生活垃圾掺烧在减量化、无害化和余热利用等方面的优势,分析了掺烧对垃圾电厂的焚烧系统与烟气净化系统所带来的诸多影响,并提出应对措施,借此达到对改造及新上的掺烧项目提供设计依据及运行指导的作用。     

Prevalence of asbestos in composted waste from 26 communities in the United States

Composting of yard waste, sewage sludge and municipal solid waste (MSW) for subsequent application to soils in agricultural, horticultural and recreational areas is being promoted nationwide. Since asbestos is a common contaminant in sewage sludge, an analytical survey was conducted for the presence of asbestos in composts collected from 26 communities nationwide resulting from sludge as well as yard waste and municipal solid waste. Asbestos was detected in 12 of the 26 composts or 46%. Asbestos was most consistently present in compost resulting from source material containing MSW and to a lesser extent sewage sludge rather than yard waste. The possible origins of asbestos in the compost source material, the mechanisms by which humans may be exposed, and the health significance are discussed.     

Disposal of waste glass in sanitary departments: a sample survey in the Lazio region

As a result of Italian law, DPR 15/7/2003 n. 254, about hospital waste, and given that little has been written about recycling waste glass in hospitals, a survey of 28 health departments in Lazio was performed. The objectives were: to estimate the mean quantity of clear vitreous waste in one year, to estimate how vitreous waste is administered, to estimate the extent of the use of plastic instead of glass, to analyse the costs and benefits of glass use and/or plastic use and to evaluate staff training about hospital waste disposal. The average production of clear vitreous waste was 0.28 kilogram per day per hospital bed occupied. (This would be the theoretical maximum quantity of glass to be recycled). Among the 28 departments studied, 82% separated waste products but only 36% disposed of glass in accordance with the law. The estimated possible savings on glass phleboclysis in 2002 year were 35,000 euro. Staff training could avoid this conspicuous waste of money. Fifteen departments also used plastic phleboclysis; of these, in 2 departments plastic waste is separated in the wards, but unfortunately this material is later disposed of in the bins for general solid urban waste. The other thirteen hospitals dispose of waste plastic as infectious material. Using glass phleboclysis instead of plastic phleboclysis would save about 680,000 euros per year. The disposal of glass waste material in practice was not found to follow the principles taught in the training courses. Theoretic data about glass production, estimated in this survey, refers only to clear glass and it is an underestimate of that of all glass used in departments. The quantity of glass actually recycled has been about 0.14 kilogram per day per hospital bed occupied and thus only 50% of the theoretical quantity (0.28 kilogram per day per hospital bed occupied). This percentage could be improved by effective training. Ideally, the disposal of waste glass would follow the legal requirements and be monitored locally.     

餐厨垃圾与市政污泥连续式混合中温厌氧消化

研究了在连续进出料条件下,餐厨垃圾与市政污泥的不同混合比例对混合中温厌氧日产气量、pH、VFA/碱度、TS去除率、VS去除率以及沼气产率和甲烷产率的影响.结果表明：当物料单独厌氧消化时,投加含固率为8％餐厨垃圾的系统比投加合固率为10％餐厨垃圾的系统更加稳定;当餐厨垃圾与市政污泥TS之比为80：20时,去除单位VS的沼气和甲烷平均产量最高,分别达到712 mL/g和388 mL/g,物料TS和VS平均去除率分别为60％和75％;而当混合比例为60∶40时,获得最高的TS和VS平均去除率,分别是71％和77％,去除单位VS的沼气和甲烷平均产量分别是668 mL/g和374 mL/g;餐厨垃圾与市政污泥混合厌氧消化与餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化相比,沼气甲烷含量、去除单位VS的沼气和甲烷平均产率都有所提高,并且具有更好的系统稳定性.     

上海市固体废弃物管理系统静脉产业链的构建

静脉产业是指承担废弃物收集运输、拆解分类、资源化或最终处置过程的相关产业.离开静脉产业,就无法完成物质和能量的循环.完整的静脉产业链主要包括废弃物收集运输、中间处理、不可利用物最终处置和再生资源销售4个环节.目前上海市静脉产业存在着布局不合理、集约化水平相对较低、产业链不完整等问题.通过规范固体废弃物收集系统、建设固体废弃物综合处理与资源化基地、拓展再生资源市场等措施,对现有静脉产业进行补链,可构建完整的上海市固体废弃物管理静脉产业链.     

Removal of Atrazine from Water by Low Cost Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural and Industrial Wastes

In the present study six adsorbents viz. wood charcoal, fly ash, coconut charcoal, saw dust, coconut fiber and baggasse charcoal were studied for their capacity to remove atrazine from water. The removal efficiency of different adsorbents varied from 76.5% to 97.7% at 0.05 ppm concentration and 78.5% to 95.5% at 0.1 ppm concentration of atrazine solution, which was less than removal efficiency of activated charcoal reported as 98% for atrazine (Adams and Watson, J Environ Eng ASCE 39:327-330, 1996). Wood charcoal was a cheap (Rs 15 kg(-1)) and easily available material in house holds. Since wood charcoal was granular in nature, it could be used for the removal of atrazine from water to the extent of 95.5%-97.7%. Fly ash is a waste product of thermal plant containing 40%-50% silica, 20%-35% alumina, 12%-30% carbon and unburnt minerals having a high pH of 9-10. It is very cheap and abundant material and has comparatively good adsorption capacity. It was found that fly ash effectively removed about 84.1%-88.5% atrazine from water at 0.05 and 0.1 ppm levels. Coconut shell is also waste product. Therefore, both are inexpensive. The removal efficiency of atrazine from water was 92.4%-95.2% by coconut shell charcoal and 85.9%-86.3% by coconut fiber. Sawdust is generally used as domestic fuel and found everywhere. It is also very cheap (Re. 1 kg(-1)). Baggasse charcoal is a waste product of sugar mill and abundant material. Its cost is due to transport expense, which depends upon distance from the sugar mill. The removal efficiency of sawdust and baggasse charcoal was found 78.5-80.5 and 76.5-84.6, respectively. The efficacy of chemically treated adsorbents for the removal of atrazine from water is in the order: wood charcoal > coconut shell charcoal > fly ash > coconut fiber charcoal > baggasse charcoal > sawdust.     

An industry perspective on commercial radioactive waste disposal conditions and trends

The United States is presently served by Class-A, -B and -C low-level radioactive waste and naturally-occurring and accelerator-produced radioactive material disposal sites in Washington and South Carolina; a Class-A and mixed waste disposal site in Utah that also accepts naturally-occurring radioactive material; and hazardous and solid waste facilities and uranium mill tailings sites that accept certain radioactive materials on a site-specific basis. The Washington site only accepts low-level radioactive waste from 11 western states due to interstate Compact restrictions on waste importation. The South Carolina site will be subject to geographic service area restrictions beginning 1 July 2008, after which only three states will have continued access. The Utah site dominates the commercial Class-A and mixed waste disposal market due to generally lower state fees than apply in South Carolina. To expand existing commercial services, an existing hazardous waste site in western Texas is seeking a Class-A, -B and -C and mixed waste disposal license. With that exception, no new Compact facilities are proposed. This fluid, uncertain situation has inspired national level rulemaking initiatives and policy studies, as well as alternative disposal practices for certain low-activity materials.     

自来水厂污泥的表征及其垃圾覆盖土可行性研究

对自来水厂污泥进行了较系统的试验研究,如浸出毒性实验、剪切试验、重金属含量的检测等,以及作为垃圾覆盖土的可行性。研究结果表明,自来水厂污泥在1～2kg／cm^3压力作用下,含水率从61．3％减少到46．3％,渗透系数达到10^-7cm／s,无渗透毒性。用该污泥作垃圾填埋场覆盖土的边坡稳定性能较好,基本上满足作为覆盖土的技术要求,使用后不会给垃圾渗滤液的处理增加负担。因此,以自来水厂污泥作为生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土。可同时解决平原型填埋场缺土和污泥的最终出路问题。     

A Study of the Bronchial Mucous Glands in White South African Gold Miners

Clinical procedures in dental offices generate quantities of waste slurry or fine particulate matter, much of which is derived from dental amalgam filling material. This mercury-containing material is discharged into waste streams via the dental office vacuum-pump system. This system also discharges large quantities of air, either into the atmosphere exterior to the office building or into the sewer system, depending on the type of equipment used. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the discharged air contained mercury vapor.     

一种新型生化需氧量传感器的研制

目的 研制快速测定生化需氧量(BOD)的方法。方法 应用溶胶-凝胶有机-无机杂化材料,采用包埋法固定异常汉逊酵母菌,制备微生物膜。该微生物膜与氧电极结合制成传感器。传感器测试的最佳条件为：pH7．0;28℃;响应时间3—12min。用该传感器测定了单纯有机物、生活污水及回收率。结果 经过对多种有机物测定表明该BOD微生物传感器可监测氨基酸类、糖类等多种有机物,适合于生活污水及某些含醇类、酚类等有机物浓度小的工业废水的测定。微生物膜可连续保存3个月仍能保存其活性的70％。经测定生活污水的回收率在90％-105％之间。结论 这种微生物传感器可成功进行BOD的测定,检测速度快,操作与制备简便,灵敏度高,适用范围广,成本低,易保存,性能稳定,简化了传统的测定分析,具有很好的实用意义。     

强制通风堆肥技术处理农村生活垃圾的可行性研究

对北京市海淀区北部新区农村生活垃圾中的有机成分进行3组不同物料配比的堆肥试验,在堆肥周期内对堆体的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究.结果表明:农村生活垃圾中的有机成分含水率偏高,不利于直接堆肥.采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥,堆肥过程中温度、含水率、体积、pH、电导率、碳氮比的变化与一般堆肥过程各参数的变化规律相似,...