40种化妆品、化学品的人体皮肤斑贴试验结果评价

化妆品的使用和生产越来越多 ,常有一些化妆品引起皮肤不良反应的报道 ,生产部门、卫生部门、消费者都对此持谨慎态度。我们对 40种化妆品、化学品做了人体皮肤斑贴试验 ,对其皮肤刺激性作出评价。现报告如下。材料和方法　 (1)受试物 :40种受试物均由韩国太平洋公司提供。包括膏霜、乳剂、水溶液等化妆品及 2种化学品。 (2 )受试者 :40名健康志愿者作为受试者 ,年龄 2 0～ 30岁 ,其中男2名 ,女 38名。受试者排除标准 :①孕妇或哺乳期妇女 ;②过敏性皮肤 ;③对胶布敏感者 ;④试验区皮肤损伤者、患严重或发展性疾病者 ;⑤进行局部或全身治疗…     

皮肤斑贴试验方法与抗原标准化的研究

为配合职业性皮肤病诊断标准的研制,进行了皮肤斑贴试验方法与抗原标准化的研究。通过动物娫验、健康人体斑贴试验,确定了59种被试物的斑试浓度推荐试用,进一步从中选出35种较为常见的致敏原,以门诊所见的湿疹或接触过敏性皮炎为对象进行临床验证。通过三步试验研究所得的数据,拟定了作为我国常规使用的斑贴试验标准系列,作为职业性皮肤病诊断标准的附件之一,已被采纳。与此同时,对适宜斑贴部位、贴敷时间以及观察时间、判定标准等进行了探讨。为制定我国统一的斑贴试验方法提供了依据。     

10种市售化妆品致接触性皮炎的研究

我们对市面畅销的１０种化妆品进行了人体斑贴试验和动物致敏性和刺激性实验，结果都较现出不同程度的致病性，仿欧标准抗原斑试结果显示化妆品中常见的致敏是香料，防腐剂，乳化剂等，人体试验与动物实验结果基本相似，证实了动物实验的可信性。     

上海市某区常见化妆品皮肤不良反应调查及致病成分诊断性斑贴试验分析

目的明确上海市长宁区化妆品消费人群中发生化妆品不良反应的致病成分,确定长宁区最常见的化妆品致病成分,为找出上海市化妆品皮肤病致病成分提供一线资料。方法采取问卷调查的方式,在长宁区10个社区对化妆品消费人群进行问卷调查,对有化妆品不良反应人群用随机数字表抽取有发病史的志愿者进行化妆品抗原系列诊断性斑贴试验。结果 122例志愿者中,34例斑贴试验呈阳性反应,阳性率为27.87%;阳性率前5位抗原依次为虫胶、硫柳汞、CL+ME-异噻唑、十二烷酸盐和山梨糖醇酐倍半油酸酯;不同类别抗原阳性率前5位依次为防腐剂、着色剂、乳化剂、抗氧化剂和表面活性剂;性别之间、年龄之间阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论斑贴试验是诊断化妆品皮肤病的重要依据,通过大样本调查可确定上海地区常见的化妆品致病成分,建立致病数据库,对于积极预防化妆品皮肤病的发生具有重要意义。     

对香料的接触过敏

随着香料和调味品在食品和化妆品方面愈来愈多的使用,对香料的接触过敏日益引起广大学者的重视。 本文随机选择了1989年内患过敏性接触性皮炎的79个病例加上1984年和1988年期间已知对香料过敏的24个病例共103例进行了皮肤斑贴试验。受试物为:四种香料过敏指示剂和香料系列,指示剂为分别来自欧洲标准系列中的松香、秘鲁香脂、香料混合物和木焦油;香料系列分别为辣椒粉、桂皮、月桂、芹菜籽、肉豆     

接触24和48小时皮肤闭合斑试结果的比较

皮肤斑贴试验是变应性接触性皮炎的病因诊断方法之一.受试时皮肤按触变应原的时间从24至48小时不等。一般而言,闭合时间短些,作胶粘用的硬膏对皮肤的刺激性就弱些,斑试方法也更易被人接受.我所于1984年5～7月对10例皮肤病患者分别以各自的可疑致敏物作了接触24和48小时的皮肤闭合斑贴试验结果的比较,并报道如下:     

镍接触性皮炎的斑贴试验及其组织病理学特征

目的 探讨斑贴试验在金属过敏等环境与职业性皮炎中的诊断价值,了解镍接触性皮炎的组织病理学特征。方法 应用欧洲标准抗原系列斑贴试验检测110例疑诊为接触性皮炎患者,并对13例硫酸镍(5％)斑贴试验不同时段阳性反应皮肤进行活检。结果 39例接触性皮炎患者对硫酸镍敏感(占35．5％),其中阳性反应皮肤组织学特征为：24h时表皮轻度海绵变性和灶状空泡变性,少许嗜酸性粒细胞外渗;48-72h时表皮和真皮炎症达高峰,主要是CD45RO^ T细胞和CD68^ 巨噬细胞分布于炎症表皮及真皮血管周围。916h-5d时表皮轻度增生,不同细胞成分参与修复过程。结论 硫酸镍是引起湿疹皮炎类疾病的主要接触变应原,镍皮炎病理学改变符合变应性接触性皮炎的特征。     

720例皮炎湿疹类皮肤病接触性致病因素探讨

为了探索皮炎湿疹类皮肤病接触性致病因素，应用ＧＢ７８０４－８７中规定的２３种标准抗原对７２０例皮炎湿疹类皮肤病患者进行皮肤斑贴试验。对１种以上被试物呈阳性反应的有３７６例，总阳性率５２．２％。其中阳性率较高的抗原依次为：硫酸钴（１１８例，１６．４％）、重铬酸钾（１１５例，１６．０％）、氯化镍（１０８例，１５．０％）、升汞（１０６例，１４．７％）、北海洗衣粉（６３例，８．８％）、对苯二胺（５０例，６．９％）。阳性率在１％以上者有１８种抗原。斑试阳性结果与病史中临床接触史符合者１１３例，占７３．９％。表明抗原标准系列在探索皮炎湿疹类皮肤病接触性致病因素中起重要作用。     

化妆品过敏的检测和评价

随着化妆品的广泛使用,化妆品过敏的现象也越来越普遍,受到人们的高度关注。作者对化妆品过敏的原因、化妆品过敏的分类和特点做了简要介绍,而对国内外化妆品过敏的非动物检测和评价方法做了重点介绍,主要包括皮肤斑贴试验、体外皮肤模型试验、角质层水分含量试验、皮肤屏障功能试验、皮肤红斑指数测试、皮肤其它生理指数测试等,并针对化妆品过敏的种种现象,对我国化妆品过敏防治的未来发展趋势做了展望,为我国化妆品事业的健康发展提供技术参考。     

重组人乳铁蛋白皮肤变态反应和皮肤光变态反应试验研究

目的确定和评价重组表达的人乳铁蛋白作为化妆品原料对哺乳动物引起变态反应或者光变态反应的程度。方法通过豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验和弗氏完全佐剂试验法考察重组人乳铁蛋白的致敏性和光敏性。结果皮肤变态反应试验中,受试物重组人乳铁蛋白未见引起皮肤红斑、水肿等过敏症状反应,且未见其他中毒指标(受试物组中皮肤反应积分≥2的动物数为0例,致敏率为0%);皮肤光变态反应试验中,豚鼠皮肤局部涂抹受试物重组人乳铁蛋白后进行UVA照射,未引起皮肤刺激和过敏等光变态反应(受试物组中皮肤反应积分≥2的动物数为0例,致敏率为0%)。结论重组人乳铁蛋白无皮肤致敏性和光致敏性。     

A study of chromium induced allergic contact dermatitis with 54 volunteers: implications for environmental risk assessment.

Over the past 60 years, dose-response patch test studies by various methods have been conducted in an attempt to identify the minimum elicitation threshold (MET) concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) that produces an allergic response in Cr(VI) sensitive subjects. These data are not adequate, however, to provide an accurate estimate of the MET because of the variability in the patch testing techniques and the variability in diagnostic criteria used. Furthermore, the data were not reported in terms of mass of allergen per surface area of skin (mg Cr/cm2-skin), which is necessary for conducting occupational or environmental health risk assessments. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the MET (mg allergen/cm2) for Cr(VI) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) by patch testing techniques. A patch test method that delivers a controlled amount of allergen per surface area of skin was used. A group of 54 Cr(VI) sensitised volunteers were patch tested with serial dilutions of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to determine the cumulative response rate at several concentrations. The results indicate that the 10% MET for Cr(VI) based on the cumulative response was 0.089 micrograms Cr(VI)/cm2-skin. Only one of the 54 volunteers may have responded to 33 micrograms Cr(III)/cm2-skin, otherwise Cr(III) was unable to produce allergic contact dermatitis in these highly sensitive volunteers. Two supplemental studies were also conducted to assess whether the surface area of the patch and the concentration of Cr(VI) in the patch (related to patch thickness) were likely to influence the results. The data from these studies were used to assess the risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis due to contact with Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in soil. The findings indicated that soil concentrations at least as high as 450 ppm Cr(VI) and 165,000 ppm Cr(III) should not pose an allergic contact dermatitis hazard for at least 99.99% of the people in the community who might be exposed.     

特应性斑贴试验在检测特应性皮炎过敏原中的应用研究

目的探讨特应性斑贴试验用于特应性皮炎过敏原检测(APT)的临床意义。方法选取2010年5月至2012年7月间于我院皮肤科门诊诊治的特应性皮炎患者92例,采用特应性斑贴试验进行过敏原检测,对比分析其与SPT、sIgE检测的临床效果。结果在选取的5种常见吸入性过敏原中,户尘螨和粉尘螨的阳性检出率最高(分别为25.00%、29.35%),均低于SPT和sIgE检测,但对于食入性过敏原APT阳性率较其他两种检测方法的阳性率显著升高;对于吸入性过敏原APT检测的特异性均较高,但敏感度较低;而SPT诊断结果显示,除蟑螂外其特异度均达到90%以上,且敏感度也较高。结论对于吸入性过敏原,APT诊断具有较高的特异度,但敏感性较差;但对于食入性过敏原的检测上,APT具有更好的临床效果。     

过敏性皮肤病患者斑贴试验的结果分析

目的：探讨过敏性皮肤病中斑贴试验的价值及常见变应原的特点,为疾病的防治提供参考。方法：选用包括了20项中国地区常见过敏原的斑贴试剂,对116例过敏性皮肤病患者进行斑贴试验。结果：116例过敏性皮肤病患者中91例斑贴试验阳性,总阳性率为78.45%。阳性率较高的前3位过敏原依次是：甲醛（36.26%）、芳香混合物（31.87%）和硫酸镍（28.57%）,其中芳香混合物和硫酸镍在女性中多见。结论：斑贴试验在过敏性皮肤病诊治中具有重要价值,试验提示甲醛、芳香混合物和硫酸镍是现今过敏性皮肤病的常见变应原。     

儿童哮喘变应原过筛检测结果及其临床意义

目的探讨过敏原检测(CAP)系统中吸入性变应原和食物性变应原过筛检测在儿童哮喘病原诊断中的临床意义。方法将250例采用瑞典Pharmacia公司研制的CAP系统进行吸入性变应原和食物性变应原过筛检测的哮喘儿童,按不同年龄、性别、发病季节、个人过敏史及家族过敏史分组进行变应原过筛结果比较。结果250例哮喘儿童CAP系统变应原过筛总阳性率为82.80%,吸入性变应原阳性率为79.20%,食物性变应原阳性率为32.40%,吸入性变应原阳性率随年龄增加而增加,食物性变应原阳性率随年龄增加而减少。哮喘儿童变应原阳性率在不同性别、有无家族过敏史之间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),在有无个人过敏史之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吸入性变应原是儿童哮喘最主要的变应原,对哮喘儿童进行CAP系统中变应原过筛检测,是儿童哮喘病因学防治的重要手段之一。     

Variability of house dust mite allergen exposure in dwellings.

The variability of repeated house dust mite (HDM) allergen determinations at the same site within 3-24 months was evaluated on previously collected samples. Between two and four repeated measurements of Der p 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Der f 1, a major allergen of D. farinae, on 46 carpets and 31 mattresses were analyzed. In 90% of carpets and mattresses, HDM allergen concentrations were clinically relevant (at least one measurement >0.1 microg Der p 1 + Der f 1/g dust). The coefficients of variation (CVs) for allergen concentrations in repeated samples over time (55.3-82.0% for the two allergens in beds and carpets) were clearly greater than the CVs for multiple samples collected at the same time (4.0-32.6%). Determination of allergen mass per square meter of surface instead of concentration per gram of dust resulted in an even greater CV (72.3-86.7%). The 95% range of expected values was about 10-fold above and below the result of a single determination. We conclude that single determinations of HDM allergen in dust give very limited information about long-term exposure of an individual to the allergen. Repeated measurements are recommended. Studies of factors that affect HDM allergen exposure must be planned with appropriate sample sizes.     

495例面部皮炎的斑贴试验分析及临床意义

目的:研究面部皮炎患者斑贴试验的结果及临床意义。方法:对本科门诊确诊的495例面部皮炎患者进行斑贴试验,并对结果作统计学处理。结果:斑贴试验总阳性率89.49%,其中老年组患者阳性率明显低于青年组和中年组,性别差别无统计学意义。阳性率居前5位的变应原依次为:重铬酸钾、硫酸镍、芳香混合物、甲醛和卡巴混合物,其中卡巴混合物的阳性率男性明显高于女性,硫酸镍阳性率女性明显高于男性。58.47%的病例同时存在3种及以上的阳性变应原。结论:重铬酸钾、硫酸镍、芳香混合物、甲醛和卡巴混合物是本地区面部皮炎的常见变应原,男女患者对卡巴混合物和硫酸镍的反应存在差异,斑贴试验对面部皮炎寻找致敏原及防治具有重要的参考价值。     

Identification of allergens in a selected group of asthmatics in Lebanon

Anti-allergen antibodies were searched for by an Enzyme Immunoassay in the sera obtained from 60 patients with a clinical diagnosis of asthma. Allergic rhinitis was also present in 28 patients. The diagnosis of asthma was based on clinical criteria that include history and clinical evidence of airflow obstruction. Ten potential allergens (Bermuda grass, Olive tree, Parietaria, Alternaria, Cat hair dander, Dog hair dander, Mite DPT, Mugwort, Birch tree and Timothy grass) common to the Mediterranean area, were utilized. Twenty-five of 60 specimens were seropositive. Mite DPT was the allergen identified in 16 of the 25 seropositive specimens. Six of the 25 seropositive specimens reacted with more than one allergen. This may be due to the existence of similar antigenic determinant groups in the allergens used. There was no correlation between the occurrence of rhinitis in addition to asthma on one hand and the identified allergen on the other. Sixteen of the 25 seropositive patients were female. This observation is believed to be related to their occupation. Dog hair dander was identified as the allergen in 1 of the 25 seropositive patients. The low figure obtained was expected because keeping house pets is not a common practice in Lebanon. The 35 seronegative patients may belong to the intrinsic asthma group or the causative allergen in each case was not one of the 10 allergens used in this study. These results indicate that the house dust mite appears to be the most common allergen in the Lebanese asthmatic group studied.     

螨特异性抗体水平与居室内过敏原浓度的相关性研究

目的探讨过敏性患者血清螨特异性抗体水平与居室内过敏原浓度的相关性。方法选择户尘螨(d1)和/或粉尘螨(d2)血清检测结果在4～6级(中、重度)的过敏性疾病(包括过敏性哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、异位性皮炎、慢性荨麻疹)患者33例,用吸尘器吸取患者居室内枕头、被子、床垫、褥子上的灰尘,装入专用盒子;用德国Acarex公司的HDM过敏原快速检测试剂盒对尘样进行检测,根据显色反应判断尘螨过敏原浓度水平(共4级,包括阴性、低度阳性、中度阳性、高度阳性)。结果共采集尘样79份,检测结果均为阳性;其中低度阳性、中度阳性、高度阳性的检出率分别为24.1%(19份)、25.3%(20份)和50.6%(40份)。统计数据经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),显示中、重度过敏性疾病患者血清螨特异性抗体水平与居室内过敏原浓度呈正相关,即患者血清螨特异性抗体水平有随着居室内过敏原浓度升高而增加的趋势。结论中、重度过敏性疾病患者血清螨特异性抗体水平与居室内过敏原浓度呈正相关,临床医生应指导患者定期清洁居室内的寝具,做好尘螨过敏原的防护工作,减少甚至切断过敏原,为患者的脱敏治疗提供帮助。     

潍坊地区哮喘儿童100例体外过敏原检测及临床意义

目的:探讨潍坊地区哮喘儿童过敏原的致敏情况,为哮喘儿童的治疗提供科学依据。方法:测定采用德国欧蒙公司提供的欧盟印迹法试剂,对临床上确诊为哮喘的儿童行吸入性过敏原和食物过敏原筛查,并比较两组结果阳性率,并同时行过敏原脱敏治疗,进行随访。结果:①吸入性过敏原阳性率为62%,食物过敏原阳性率为36%。②吸入性过敏原单项检验结果主要是粉尘螨,食物过敏原单项检验结果主要是鸡蛋。③不同年龄组过敏原的分布与哮喘存在一定关系。结论:①哮喘儿童过敏原为阳性者,婴幼儿期以食物过敏原为主,吸入性过敏原随年龄增长而增加。②过敏原筛查对于明确儿童哮喘致敏因素和防治有指导意义,并具体指导脱敏治疗。     

Klinische Epidemiologie und Pr?vention der Kontaktallergien

A total of 56 departments of dermatology from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland collaborate to study the clinical epidemiology of contact allergies (CA). Data generated in the course of the diagnostic work-up of CA (e.g., patch test data) have been stored since 1989 in the data center in G?ttingen, Germany, including data for more than 200,000 patients (March 2011). These data can be used as a register and as a surveillance system. Analysis of the register may identify and quantify risk factors of sensitization to an allergen, which is exemplified with the case of the allergen para-phenylenediamine. It turned out that-in addition to the risk factor hair dyeing-other important risk factors must be considered. In contrast, data collected every 6 months (from approximately 6,000 patients) allow for time-trend analyses of allergens, thus, identifying allergens of concern, which is of utmost importance for early preventive intervention. Here, the epidemiology of allergies to epoxy resins serves as an example. Continuous monitoring of contact allergens will also be mandatory in the future, as the CA premarketing screening systems will have imperfect predictive values with regard to human CA risk. Unfortunately, the (current) national regulatory framework severely hampers clinical surveillance/epidemiology of contact sensitization and, thus, prevention of contact allergy.