人参皂苷Rg1抗肝纤维化的实验研究

[目的]观察三七总甙单体成分人参皂苷Rg1对实验性肝纤维化的作用。[方法]用50?l4致大鼠肝纤维化模型,共35 d,同时给予三七总皂甙单体成分人参皂苷Rg1治疗,于实验第2、5周(实验结束)时检测肝功能、血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN),于实验结束时分离肝组织光镜观察其病理变化。[结果]人参皂苷Rg1及三七总皂甙能改善肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能,降低血清PCⅢ、HA、LN水平;人参皂苷Rg1中、高剂量组及三七总皂甙明显减轻肝组织胶原的沉积,改善肝纤维化程度。[结论]人参皂苷Rg1及三七总皂甙具有抗肝纤维化作用,人参皂苷Rg1是三七总甙抗肝纤维化有效成分之一。     

人参皂苷Rbl抗肝纤维化的实验研究

目的：观察三七总苷单体成分人参皂苷Rbl对实验性肝纤维化的作用。方法：用50%四氯化碳造成大鼠肝纤维化模型,共35天,同时给予三七总皂苷单体成分人参皂苷Rbl治疗,于第5周（实验结束）时检测肝功能、血清Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）,同时分离肝组织,光镜观察肝组织病理变化。结果：三七总皂苷能改善肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能,降低血清PCⅢ、HA、LN含量,明显减轻肝组织胶原的沉积,改善肝纤维化程度;而人参皂苷Rbl不能改善肝纤维化程度。结论：人参皂苷Rbl不具有抗肝纤维化的作用,人参皂苷Rbl不是三七总苷抗肝纤维化的有效成分。     

人参皂苷Rg1对纤维化肝脏肝细胞超微结构及其表达基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1的影响

基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1随肝纤维化病情的发展表达增强,与基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1特异性结合,使间质胶原酶活性下降,造成细胞外基质(ECM)沉积增加,促进肝纤维化进一步发展.三七可以增强胶原酶活力,降解肝内的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原,其发挥作用的主要成分为三七总甙~([1]);而三七总甙是一种混合物,含人参皂苷共7种,人参皂苷Rgl为其中主要成分之一.前期研究表明,人参皂苷Rg1对肝纤维化有明显的治疗作用~([2]).本研究通过RT-PCR检测人参皂苷Rg1对CCl_4所致肝纤维化模型大鼠肝组织TIMP-1mRNA及Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达的影响,以探讨其抗肝纤维化的可能机制.     

加味复元活血汤防治大鼠肝纤维化研究

[目的]研究加味复元活血汤对实验大鼠肝纤维化预防与治疗作用及其机制.[方法]应用四氯化碳诱导建立大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型,连续11周.造模同时中药组用加味复元活血汤灌胃治疗,西药对照组以秋水仙碱灌胃治疗,空白、模型组则给予等体积0.85%氯化钠液灌胃.于11周末检测大鼠肝功能:血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST);血清及肝组织匀浆肝纤维化指标:透明质酸(HA)、Ⅳ型胶原(C-Ⅳ)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ);并观察肝组织病理形态学改变;免疫组化方法检测肝组织C-Ⅳ、LN、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)阳性表达.[结果]加味复元活血汤组与模型组及西药组比较:肝功能TP、Alb明显升高,ALT、AST明显下降,血清HA、C-Ⅳ明显下降,肝组织匀浆HA、LN、PCⅢ明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或＜0.05);肝组织病理改变明显减轻;肝组织内C-Ⅳ、LN、TGF-β1阳性面积显著降低.[结论]加味复元活血汤能有效地改善肝脏微循环,具有防治实验大鼠肝纤维化,保护肝细胞,恢复肝功能的作用.     

肝纤溶颗粒抗实验性肝纤维化治疗中血清HA、LN、PCⅢ的动态变化

目的观察肝纤溶颗粒对肝纤维化大鼠血清透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）含量的影响，探讨其抗肝纤维化的作用机制。方法采用四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型，同时以肝纤溶颗粒、复方鳖甲软肝片进行干预，并分别在给药后第2、4、8周，用常规方法检测肝功能及肝纤维化程度的变化，用放射免疫法检测大鼠血清中透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、PCⅢ含量的变化。结果各实验组大鼠血清中HA、LN、PCⅢ均明显高于正常对照组，模型组自造模第2周起各项指标开始升高，且随着实验的进行，肝功能损害不断加重，血清纤维化各项指标的含量不断增加；肝纤溶颗粒治疗组肝功能损害减轻，血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量明显降低。结论肝纤溶颗粒可以通过降低血清HA、LN、PCⅢ含量而具有抗肝纤维化的作用。对细胞外基质代谢的调节是其抗肝纤维化的作用机制之一。     

当飞利肝宁胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化36例

[目的]探讨当飞利肝宁胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝纤维化疗效.[方法]选择CHB患者68例,随机分为2组,2组均给予维生素类药物口服,治疗组服用当飞利肝宁胶囊,对照组服用护肝片,疗程均为26周.治疗前与治疗结束后观察肝功能及血清肝纤维化指标.[结果]治疗组治疗前后血清肝纤维化指标:透明质酸(HA)、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白(Ⅳ-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白(PCⅢ)、层黏连蛋白(LN)均有明显下降(P＜0.01).对照组治疗前后HA、PCⅢ有所下降,而Ⅳ-C、LN下降不明显.治疗组4项指标的下降值显著＞对照组(P＜0.05).治疗组肝功能复常率高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义.[结论]当飞利肝宁胶囊对CHB肝纤维化有一定改善作用,无明显不良反应.     

抗纤Ⅰ号胶囊抗肝纤维化的血清学和形态学实验研究

目的 观察抗纤Ⅰ号胶囊对实验性肝纤维化大鼠的作用及作用机理。方法 用四氯化碳制作大鼠肝纤维化模型，观察血清层粘连蛋白（LN），Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C），透明质酸（HA）、肝功能和肝组织病理变化。结果 治疗组LN、PCⅢ，Ⅳ-C，HA明显降低，白蛋白明显升高，与对照组比较有显著性差异；肝细胞变性，坯 煞费苦心，肝纤维化程度明显轻于对照组。结论 抗纤Ⅰ号胶囊抗肝纤维化作用肯定，其机理之一，可能是通过降低LN、PCⅢ，从而消除肝窦毛细血管化，调节肝脏微循环，达到抗肝损伤，恢复肝功能的作用。     

养肝软坚方抗大鼠肝纤维化的实验研究

目的：探讨中药复方养肝软坚方对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的实验大鼠肝纤维化的治疗作用。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为：正常对照组、模型组及治疗组,除正常对照组外所有大鼠均给予皮下注射40%CCl4（每3天1次,共11周）。造模3周后治疗组大鼠给予养肝软坚方10ml.kg-1.d-1,正常对照组及模型组大鼠给予等量生理盐水,1次/d,共8周。实验结束时检测大鼠肝功能、血清透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）和肝脏羟脯氨酸（Hyp）,采用光镜观察肝脏病理组织学改变。结果：养肝软坚方能改善肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能,可显著降低血清HA、LN、PCⅢ水平和肝组织中过高的Hyp,病理组织学观察表明其能显著改善肝纤维化程度。结论：养肝软坚方对CCl4诱导的大鼠具有较好的抗肝纤维化作用。     

硒酵母对大鼠慢性肝纤维化的治疗作用

目的观察硒酵母对大鼠慢性肝纤维化的治疗作用。方法用CCl4诱导大鼠肝纤维化形成,给予硒酵母(5μg/ml,0.5ml/100g体重)灌胃4w。检测大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转换酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转换酶(AST)、白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)、透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型胶原(PCⅢ)及层黏蛋白(LN)的变化。结果肝纤维化组大鼠ALT、AST、HA、LN及PCⅢ均明显高于正常对照组(P0.05),而A/G则明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);硒酵母治疗4w后,大鼠ALT、AST、HA、LN及PCⅢ与未治疗组相比明显降低(P0.05),A/G比值明显升高(P0.05),大鼠肝功能及肝纤维化明显改善。结论硒酵母可降低大鼠肝纤维化程度,改善肝功能。     

荔枝核总黄酮对肝纤维化大鼠肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体表达的影响

[目的]研究荔枝核总黄酮(TFL)与胆管阻塞性肝纤维化大鼠肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)表达的关系以及TFL抗肝纤维的作用。[方法]雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为3组:假手术组、模型组及TFL给药组,除假手术组外其他大鼠采用胆总管结扎制备肝纤维化大鼠模型。TFL给药组给予TFL200 mg/(kg.d)灌胃,4周后处死所有大鼠,取血清和肝组织进行检测,酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清中TRAIL水平;放射免疫法检测大鼠血清中透明质酸(HA)、层粘蛋白(LN)及Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)的水平;采用苏木精-伊红染色和Masson胶原染色观察大鼠肝纤维化程度;采用免疫组织化学法检测肝组织TRAIL表达情况。[结果]同模型组相比,TFL给药组肝组织纤维化程度明显改善;TFL给药组和假手术对照组血清TRAIL HA、LN、PCⅢ均显著低于模型组(P0.05),且TFL给药组和假手术对照组之间血清TRAIL水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血清TRAIL水平与肝组织中TRAIL表达一致;血清TRAIL水平与血清HA、LN、PCⅢ呈正相关(r=0.97,0.95,0.94,P0.01)。[结论]TRAIL可促进胆管阻塞性大鼠肝纤维化发生发展,TFL可以改善肝纤维化程度,其机制可能与抑制肝内TRAIL的表达有关。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.