COVID-19在不同时期的胸部CT表现及出院后核酸复阳肺内病灶变化特点

目的探讨COVID-19在不同时期的胸部CT表现及出院后核酸复阳肺内病灶变化特点。方法回顾性分析54例COVID-19患者的临床资料及影像学表现,通过3次以上胸部CT检查动态观察病灶变化,对比住院期间及出院后核酸检测复阳患者的胸部CT改变。结果78%的病例近14 d去过武汉市或湖北省,22%的病例无去武汉市或湖北省史;普通型51例（94%）,重型3例（6%）;单叶单灶2例（3.7%）,单叶多灶3例（5.6%）,多叶多灶例49例（90.7%）;沿胸膜下分布为主46例,沿血管束分布为主6例,沿肺叶分布2例;磨玻璃（GGO）54例,GGO伴局灶实变28例,GGO伴细网格征34例,GGO伴晕征23例,含气囊腔征3例,蜂窝征1例;血管束增粗14例,支气管增粗或扩张18例;1例伴双侧少量胸腔积液。早期表现单发或多发斑片磨玻璃灶;进展期病灶数量增多、范围增大、密度增高、局部实变或大片实变;重症期双肺多发或弥漫磨玻璃密度背景下节段或肺叶实变;转归期病灶缩小、密度不均匀减低,大部分病灶完全消失,少量形成纤维条索;6例（11.5%）在转归期出现“此消彼长”表现。47例（87%）在7~ 14 d病灶开始吸收,7例（13%）病灶开始吸收时间在14 d后。46例符合临床出院标准时,出院前胸部CT仍见多发磨玻璃病灶;9例出院后7~15 d出现核酸检测复阳,2例核酸复阳出现在15 d后,但其肺内病灶较上一次CT（出院前）吸收减少,未见新增病灶。结论COVID-19不同时期影像学表现不同,其转归过程有一定的特征及规律,正确认识及掌握其影像学变化对其早期诊断、排查及疗效评估有重要价值。      

Lung Ultrasound in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Reduces Conventional Imaging and Health Care Provider Exposure to COVID-19

Lung ultrasound gained a leading position in the last year as an imaging technique for the assessment and management of patients with acute respiratory failure. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its role may be of further importance because it is performed bedside and may limit chest X-ray and the need for transport to radiology for computed tomography (CT) scan. Since February 21, we progressively turned into a coronavirus-dedicated intensive care unit and applied an ultrasound-based approach to avoid traditional imaging and limit contamination as much as possible. We performed a complete daily examination with lung ultrasound score computation and systematic search of complications (pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia); on-duty physicians were free to perform CT or chest X-ray when deemed indicated. We compared conventional imaging exams performed in the first 4 wk of the COVID-19 epidemic with those in the same time frame in 2019: there were 84 patients in 2020 and 112 in 2019; 64 and 22 (76.2% vs. 19.6%, p < 0.001) had acute respiratory failure, respectively, of which 55 (85.9%) were COVID-19 in 2020. When COVID-19 patients in 2020 were compared with acute respiratory failure patients in 2019, the median number of chest X-rays was 1.0 (1.0–2.0) versus 3.0 (1.0–4.0) (p = 0.0098); 2 patients 2 (3.6%) versus 7 patients (31.8%) had undergone at least one thoracic CT scan (p = 0.001). A self-imposed ultrasound-based approach reduces the number of chest X-rays and thoracic CT scans in COVID-19 patients compared with patients with standard acute respiratory failure, thus reducing the number of health care providers exposed to possible contamination and sparing personal protective equipment.     

Early identification of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia using clinical and radiographic findings

IntroductionThe Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) scoring system is a useful tool for identifying Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Most COVID-19 pneumonia in non-elderly patients (aged <60 years) are classified as atypical pneumonia using the JRS scoring system. We evaluated whether physicians could distinguish between COVID-19 pneumonia and M. pneumoniae pneumonia using chest computed tomography (CT) findings. In addition, we investigated chest CT findings if there is a difference between the variant and non-variant strain.MethodsThis study was conducted at five institutions and assessed a total of 823 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (335 had lineage B.1.1.7.) and 100 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia.ResultsIn COVID-19 pneumonia, at the first CT examination, peripheral, bilateral ground-glass opacity (GGO) with or without consolidation or crazy-paving pattern was observed frequently. GGO frequently had a round morphology (39.2%). No differences were observed in the radiological findings between the non-B.1.1.7 groups and B.1.1.7 groups. The frequency of pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, bronchial wall thickening and nodules (tree-in-bud and centrilobular) was low. In contrast to COVID-19 pneumonia, bronchial wall thickening (84%) was observed most frequently, followed by nodules (81%) in M. pneumoniae pneumonia. These findings were significantly higher in M. pneumoniae pneumonia than COVID-19 pneumonia.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that a combination of the JRS scoring system and chest CT findings is useful for the rapid presumptive diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients aged <60 years. However, this clinical and radiographic diagnosis is not adapted to elderly people.     

普通型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者咽拭子病毒核酸检测结果复阳情况分析

目的:探讨普通型新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者住院期间咽拭子新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)核酸检测转阴后复阳的发生率及可能因素。方法:多次采集2020年2月2日至2020年3月10日武汉大学人民医院东院收治的40例确诊的普通型COVID-19患者咽拭子,采用实时反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法进行SARS-CoV-2核酸检测。结果:所有患者在首次RT-PCR检测结果呈阴性后,第2次RT-PCR检测结果为阳性12例(30%),连续2次RT-PCR检测为阴性第3次检测为阳性的患者为13例(32.5%),连续3次RT-PCR检测阴性第4次检测为阳性的患者为3例(7.5%),连续4次RT-PCR检测为阴性第5次检测为阳性的患者为0例。结论:作为COVID-19患者确诊及出院的重要指标,咽拭子核酸检测存在一定的假阴性率。     

40例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者住院中期胸部CT表现严重程度的影响因素分析

目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的临床特征,探讨与住院中期胸部CT表现严重程度有关的影响因素。方法回顾性收集2020年1月28日至3月15日收治具有完整临床资料、住院第6~10天的胸部CT(住院中期胸部CT)及实验室检查结果的COVID-19患者40例。依据胸部CT表现所示肺内病灶及其累及范围,将患者分为胸部CT轻度组(19例)和胸部CT重度组(21例)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析住院中期胸部CT表现严重程度的影响因素。结果两组患者性别构成、暴露史、合并并发症、发病至入院时间、临床症状、实验室检查指标、入院时病情分型差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。胸部CT重度组患者住院时间较胸部CT轻度组偏长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与胸部CT轻度组相比,男性、合并并发症更容易造成COVID-19患者住院中期胸部CT重度表现(P<0.05),并且胸部CT重度组患者年龄偏大,病毒排毒时间更长(P<0.05)。结论与住院中期胸部CT轻度组相比,胸部CT重度组男性、合并并发症比例更高,且年龄偏大,病毒排毒时间更长。结合胸部CT的优势特点,可以应用胸部CT辅助临床对COVID-19患者进行更加科学精准的防控。     

CT screening for COVID-19 in asymptomatic patients before hospital admission

IntroductionIn the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic era, it is essential to rule out COVID-19 effectively to prevent transmission in both communities and medical facilities. According to previous reports in high prevalence areas, CT screening may be useful in the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, the value of CT screening in low prevalence areas has scarcely been reported.MethodsThis report examines the diagnostic efficacy of CT screening before admission to a hospital in Tokyo. We conducted a retrospective analysis at Keio University Hospital from April 6, 2020, through May 29, 2020. We set up an outpatient screening clinic on April 6 for COVID-19, administering both PCR with nasopharyngeal swabs and chest CT for all patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia.ResultsA total of 292 asymptomatic patients were included in this study. There were three PCR-positive patients, and they all had negative CT findings, which revealed that both the sensitivity and positive predictive value of CT (PPV) were 0%. There were nine CT-positive patients; the specificity and the negative predictive value (NPV) were 96.9% and 98.9%, respectively.ConclusionCT screening was not useful in low prevalence areas at this time in Tokyo, even with the inclusion of the most prevalent phase. Given that the utility of CT screening depends on disease prevalence, the criteria for performing CT screening based on the prevalence of COVID-19 should be established.     

COVID-19患者胸部CT变化规律及转归

目的探讨临床普通型COVID-19患者病程中胸部CT表现的变化规律及最终转归。方法选择临床普通型COVID-19患者33例,其中男性17例,女性16例,年龄18~74岁(48.60±11.85岁)。住院期间主要采用抗病毒治疗和相关基础疾病对症治疗,根据病情变化,间隔2~10 d复查胸部CT,出院14 d后再次复查。收集患者的临床及影像学资料,主要观察病变的位置、数目、形态、密度及有无胸膜增厚、胸腔积液等征象,并统计首诊、历次复查的病灶特征和间隔时间,分析病程中病变的CT动态变化规律及转归与时间相关性。结果首诊时3例CT显示阴性,其余30例中75.8%为双肺多发磨玻璃影,45.5%伴有亚实变或实变,病灶主要位于胸膜下。33例患者在住院期间进行了1~4次复查,21例在病程中病变出现加重或此消彼长现象,最终均明显吸收。17例出院后复查病灶完全吸收,10例有少量残留,其中60%合并基础病,另有6例暂未复查。33例患者在出现症状或核酸检测为阳性后15.79±3.79 d进入恢复期,17例完全吸收患者恢复期为21.70±5.61 d,总病程37.89±7.15 d。结论临床普通型COVID-19预后良好,影像表现的动态变化及与时间相关性具有一定规律,对指导临床治疗有一定价值。      

胸部HRCT评分在新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）高分辨率CT（HRCT）表现及胸部HRCT评分在COVID-19临床诊疗中的应用价值。 方法收集连云港地区同时行RT-PCR及胸部CT的COVID-19确诊患者28例及非COVID-19患者67例,观察分析病变的分布、范围、形态及密度,纵隔、肺门有无淋巴结,胸腔及胸膜有无异常。根据COVID-19的CT表现,利用胸部HRCT对COVID-19及非COVID-19患者进行评分并分为0~5级,分别评价各等级对COVID-19的诊断价值。 结果28例COVID-19中,胸部HRCT示病变呈双肺胸膜下或多中心分布20例,单发或多发斑片状或节段性磨玻璃密度影11例,磨玻璃伴小叶间隔增厚14例,磨玻璃伴实变8例,实变5例,支气管壁增厚或扩张18例,弥漫性小叶中心磨玻璃样结节分布5例,网格状及蜂窝样纤维索条5例,胸膜增厚1例。COVID-19与非COVID-19患者相比,病变呈双肺胸膜下或多中心分布（71% vs 12%）比例升高,磨玻璃伴小叶间隔增厚（50% vs 13%）比例升高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。COVID-19与非COVID-19患者的其他HRCT表现,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。以5级、4级及以上、3级及以上、2级及以上、1级及以上评分标准诊断COVID-19,敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Kappa值分别为64.3%、97.0%、87.4%、90.0%、86.7%、0.669;92.9%、82.1%、85.3%、68.4%、96.5%、0.679;100.0%、59.7%、71.6%、50.9%、100.0%、0.466;100.0%、29.9%、50.5%、37.3%、100.0%、0.201;100.0%、7.5%、29.5%、31.1%、100.0%、0.045。 结论COVID-19胸部HRCT表现具有一定的特征。胸部HRCT评分可以对COVID-19高度疑似患者的控制及早期治疗提供有效的检查手段,有利于医疗机构控制疫情及提高治愈率。     

2019 Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in hemodialysis patients: A report of two cases

ObjectiveTo analyze the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic renal failure complicated with novel coronavirus pneumonia, and to evaluate the effect of blood purification technology on the treatment and prognosis of such patients.MethodsTwo COVID-19 cases undergoing hemodialysis with chronic renal failure were retrospectively analysed in our hospital.ResultsTwo COVID-19 patients were admitted to hospital due to cough, with or without fever. Laboratory tests showed decreased lymphocyte count, elevated PCT, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2R, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, NT-proBNP, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. Chest CT scan showed multiple blurred plaques and patchy shadows in both patients. Two patients received continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) every other day for 4–6 h everytime, in addition to the standard treatment. After CVVHDF, not only cytokines were reduced, but also liver function and cardiac function significantly improved. Both patients did not develop severe pneumonia. They were discharged on March 1, 2020 when meeting the discharge criteria.ConclusionTwo COVID-19 patients on maintenance hemodialysis discharged after a month of hospitalization. The removal of cytokines through blood purification technology may be beneficial for the recovery of COVID-19 patients.     

Temporal changes of lung computed tomography findings pulmonary COVID-19 infection

ObjectivesCOVID-19 infection demonstrates characteristic findings in chest CT. The optimal timing of repeated CT scans still needs to be clarified, and the optimal time to assess imaging clearance in COVID-19 is still unknown. It is crucial to have a roadmap of the imaging course of COVID-19 pneumonia to develop guidelines for prompt diagnosis of pulmonary complications, especially fibrosis, at the earliest stage.PurposeTo assess the temporal changes of chest CT findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and evaluate the rate of a complete resolution and determine the patients are at excessive risk for residual parenchymal abnormalities.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective observational study included 48 patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to three academic hospitals. These patients underwent at least one initial chest CT before or after admission and at least one follow-up CT scan four weeks or more after the onset of the symptoms. All chest CTs were categorized according to time of performance into four groups, including the first week, second week, third-fourth week, and more than 28 days. Lung involvement was categorized as predominantly alveolar (ground-glass opacity and consolidation), organizing pneumonia, and reticular patterns. The severity of involvement was also evaluated by the reader.ResultsForty-eight patients and a total of 130 chest CT scans were evaluated. The alveolar pattern showed a gradual decrease in frequency from 91% in the first week to 9% after the fourth week of the disease but the organizing pneumonia pattern gradually increased with disease progression and the frequency of reticular pattern increased significantly after third week. Complete resolution of CT findings was seen in 17 patients (13.1%) and was significantly more prevalent in patients of younger age (p value<0.001) and with lower initial CT severity scores (p value=0.048). CT severity scores in the second week were significantly higher in ICU admitted patients (p value=0.003).ConclusionThere are temporal patterns of lung abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The predominant CT pattern was alveolar infiltrate in the first and second weeks of the disease, replaced with an organizing pneumonia pattern in the third and fourth weeks. Progression of lung involvement was correlated with ICU admission due to the highest CT severity score in the second and third weeks of presentation but not in the first week in patients who were admitted at ICU. Complete CT resolution was significantly more common in patients of younger age and lower initial CT severity scores.     

新冠肺炎疫情下三甲综合医院急诊影像检查变化及启示

目的分析新冠肺炎疫情下急诊工作中DR、CT的应用变化趋势,分析数据变动的意义。方法依托三甲综合医院医疗大数据平台,筛选2020年1月20日至3月20日及2019年同期就诊于急诊的患者信息,分析急诊就诊患者以及DR、CT检查数量、检查部位及占比、检查项目及占比的变化,计算急诊患者DR、CT每百人检查量;通过分层随机抽样计算检查结果阳性率、检查目的相关阳性率。结果急诊就诊人次、DR、CT检查人次显著降低,DR自22.8人次/百人降低至18.8人次/百人,同比下降17.5%,CT自22.8人次/百人显著升高至44.2人次/百人,同比大幅增长93.9%,增强检查显著提高至4.3人次/百人,同比增长50%以上。放射科工作内容显著变化,CT检查明显增多,占比高达74.7%。各类检查项目中,头部、腹盆部、胸部平扫为急诊CT主要检查项目,胸部和腹盆部平扫每百人检查量大幅升高,分别达17.4人次/百人、11.8人次/百人,同比增长296.6%、112.2%。对于检查目的相关阳性率,DR整体明显降低,CT整体稍有降低,但腹盆部、胸部及颈部平扫显著提高,同比增幅超过20%。结论新冠肺炎疫情下,CT特别是胸部CT应用意识及需求显著提升。应采取应对措施(如人工智能软件等)提高工作效率。非疫情状态下可能存在较多非必要的急诊就诊及过度使用的影像检查。