Isolated cortical venous thrombosis and ulcerative colitis.

Aseptic cortical venous thrombosis is rare without concomitant dural sinus thrombosis. Ulcerative colitis is associated with both dural sinus thrombosis and isolated cortical venous thrombosis. We describe a 26-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis who had a spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. An overlying thrombosed cortical vein was identified on spin-echo MR images and confirmed with angiography. Signal characteristics of thrombosed cortical veins are similar to those described in dural sinus thrombosis.     

New experimental model of sinus and cortical vein thrombosis in pigs for MR imaging studies

Introduction Diagnosis of cerebral sinus vein thrombosis is still a challenge for imaging. MRI and MRA play a major role in sinus imaging. For further development of MR techniques, MR-compatible animal models are required. The aim of this study was to develop an animal model for sinus thrombosis and additional cortical vein thrombosis with a clot of human blood for MR imaging studies.Methods A combined surgical and interventional approach was carried out in 13 pigs. After minimal invasive surgical access to the anterior superior sagittal sinus and cortical vein, thrombosis with human blood was induced using an interventional catheter approach. MR imaging was performed prior to and after thrombus induction.Results Sinus thrombosis was induced in 12 of 13 animals. Three animals suffered acute subdural haemorrhage; one of these animals died during the intervention, and one died after thrombus induction. MR imaging of the thrombosed sinus could easily be performed without significant artefacts in 11 of 13 animals.Conclusion This new model of sinus and cortical vein thrombosis with a clot of human blood allows artefact-free imaging studies on MR.     

Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and venous thrombosis

Radiographic signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis were found in eight consecutive patients with an angiographic diagnosis of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula; six were of the dural type and the ninth case was of a shunt from a cerebral hemisphere vascular malformation. Diagnostic features consisted of filling defects within the cavernous sinus and its tributaries, an abnormal shape of the cavernous sinus, an atypical pattern of venous drainage, and venous stasis. Progression of thrombosis was demonstrated in five patients who underwent follow-up angiography. Because of a high incidence of spontaneous resolution, patients with dural-cavernous sinus fistulas who show signs of venous thrombosis at angiography should be followed conservatively.     

The importance of venous hypertension in the formation of dural arteriovenous fistulas: a case report of multiple fistulas remote from sinus thrombosis

Various hypotheses have been reported concerning the pathogenesis of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). However, it is still controversial whether sinus thrombosis or venous hypertension has a greater influence on the formation of DAVFs. We present a rare case of multiple DAVFs that developed after sinus thrombosis. Chronic venous hypertension secondary to sinus thrombosis in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus induced the multiple DAVFs, including one in the right cavernous sinus, which was remote from the occluded sinus. This case indicates the importance of venous hypertension in the formation of DAVFs. Received: 27 November 2000/Accepted: 13 March 2001     

Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging of dural sinus thrombosis

A patient with dural sinus thrombosis had progressively worsening symptoms and signs that resolved after intradural thrombolysis. Intradural sinus pressures were 54 mm Hg. Echo-planar MR imaging revealed complex abnormalities of diffusion and widespread delay in mean transit time that improved immediately after thrombolysis. This case suggests that diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging can provide valuable information noninvasively to help triage patients with dural sinus thrombosis between conservative and aggressive management.     

Mastoid effusion associated with dural sinus thrombosis

We present a series of three patients with mastoid air cell effusions associated with adjacent lateral sinus thrombosis. In all of these cases, the findings support the hypothesis that the mastoid effusion is secondary to sinus thrombosis rather then the other way around. Also shown is the chronology and natural evolution of mastoid air cell effusion secondary to sinus thrombosis as seen on planar imaging.     

重症硬脑膜静脉窦血栓的局部溶栓治疗

目的 研究重症硬脑膜静脉窦血栓的局部溶栓治疗的方法及疗效。方法 总结我院自2000年以来6例重症硬脑膜静脉窦血栓的局部溶栓治疗经验，男4例，女2例，其中4例采用一侧股动脉及对侧股静脉Seldinger穿刺，2例采用股动脉Seldinger穿刺及上矢状窦前1／3穿刺。导管置入一侧颈内动脉及静脉窦血栓处后，于颈内动脉及静脉窦血栓处先后各用尿激酶50万U，以每分钟1万U泵入，再于静脉窦血栓处泵入尿激酶持续溶栓，维持外周血中纤维蛋白原含量1．0～1．5g／L，同时予全身肝素化，维持外周血活化部分凝血活酶时间正常值的2～3倍。结果 本组6例，5例痊愈，颅内压转正常，头痛消失，无神经功能障碍，其中4例数字减影血管造影(DSA)见浅表静脉扩张消失，静脉窦显影正常，1例浅表静脉扩张明显改善，静脉窦显影较前好转；1例好转，颅内压较前降低，头痛好转，DSA见浅表静脉扩张消失，静脉窦显影正常，抗凝治疗1个月后颅内压正常，头痛消失，神经功能恢复正常。结论 重症硬脑膜静脉窦血栓采用动静脉系统联合应用尿激酶局部溶栓治疗是快速、安全、有效的方法，经股静脉途径不易到达静脉窦血栓处者，可以行上矢状窦入路。     

Combined aspiration thrombectomy and continuous intrasinus thrombolysis for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: technical note and case series

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an uncommon cause of stroke with high morbidity and mortality rates from venous infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, and extensive cerebral edema. Endovascular treatment with various devices has been proposed as a salvage treatment when standard medical treatment with systemic anticoagulation is ineffective, especially in long segment dural sinus thrombosis. We describe our technique of transvenous endovascular aspiration thrombectomy with large bore thrombectomy catheters, followed by placement of microcatheter for local thrombolytic infusion at the site of thrombosis. We report a retrospective study of angiographic and clinical outcome of six consecutive patients treated with this approach. Endovascular aspiration thrombectomy with large bore catheters followed by continuous local thrombolytic infusion appeared to be a safe and effective salvage treatment for selected patients with cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis refractory to medical treatment.     

Documented development of a dural arteriovenous fistula in an infant subsequent to sinus thrombosis: case report and review of the literature

Controversy exists as to whether sinus thrombosis is the cause or the result of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) and to whether DAVF are congenital or acquired lesions, especially in children. An infant presented with rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm diagnosed with computed tomography angiography and catheter angiography. Pretreatment hospital course was complicated by extensive dural sinus thrombosis. Subsequent arteriography showed a new adult-type dural arteriovenous fistula to the previously thrombosed right sigmoid sinus. This is the first report of definitive angiographic documentation of the development of an adult-type DAVF after recanalization of a thrombosed dural sinus in a child. This case confirms the acquired etiology of at least one type of DAVF in children, even at this young age. We review the previously documented cases of formation of DAVF subsequent to sinus thrombosis with serial angiography in adults.     

MRI联合磁共振静脉成像诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的价值

目的:探讨MRI及磁共振静脉成像(MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析37例DSA确诊脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料及影像表现.37例中有30例行常规MRI检查,29例行MRV(2D TOF)检查.结果:30例常规MRI检查中28例静脉窦有异常信号,其中26例MRI表现为静脉窦T1WI、T2WI高信号,2例T1WI等信号、T2WI低信号,并部分伴有脑组织梗死、出血.29例MRV检查均发现静脉窦充盈缺损或中断.结论:MRI与MRV结合对诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成具有高度敏感性,是诊断静脉窦血栓形成的首选检查方法.     

3D-CE MRA、2D-TOF MRA对颅内静脉窦血栓的诊断价值比较

目的比较3D—CEMRA和2D—TOFMRA对颅内静脉窦血栓的诊断价值。资料与方法8例经临床及影像学随访证实的颅内静脉窦血栓患者及8例健康志愿者分别行3D—CEMRA和2D—TOFMRA检查。由两名放射学医师共同回顾性阅片取得一致意见，病变组分别比较两种MRA技术单独应用MIP和MIP联合MPR、CPR及原始图像对血栓部位、血栓范围、窦腔闭塞及侧支静脉的检出率。对照组仅在MIP和原始图像上观察颅内静脉走行形态、信号强度。结果血栓共累及了20处颅内静脉窦，其中上矢状窦7处，窦汇区、左侧乙状窦及左侧横窦各2处，右侧横窦、右侧乙状窦各3处，右侧颈静脉球1处。在显示颅内静脉窦血栓范围、窦腔闭塞程度及侧支静脉方面，3D—CEMRA优于2D．TOFMRA（P值均〈0．01）。3D—CEMRA采用MIP联合MPR、CPR及原始图像优于单独采用MIP（P值〈0．01）。2D—TOFMRA采用MIP联合MPR、CPR及原始图像和单独采用MIP比较，二者并无明显差异（P值〉0．01）。结论对颅内静脉窦血栓的评价，3D—CEMRA优于2D—TOFMRA，多种后处理技术的联合应用能更好显示血栓的范围、窦腔闭塞的程度和侧支静脉循环。     

Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings.

PURPOSEIn autopsy reports of patients who died of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis, tributary venosinus occlusion has been a common finding related to intracranial inflammatory complications. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the MR and CT appearance of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and tributary venous occlusion.METHODSOver a period of 7 years, eight patients with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis were examined by contrast-enhanced thin-section CT. The CT scans of these eight patients and those of 30 healthy control subjects were assessed independently and subjectively by two blinded readers to ascertain the presence, size, and density of areas of nonopacification within the cavernous sinus and the presence of filling defects and dilation of tributary veins and venous sinuses. In six subjects, MR images supplemented by a contrast-enhanced spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state (SPGR) sequence were assessed with respect to the presence of filling defects, expansion, and signal abnormalities within the cavernous sinus and tributary veins and sinuses. The MR and CT findings were compared.RESULTSThe CT studies of the eight patients were consistently differentiated from those of the control subjects by the two readers. Contrast-enhanced CT findings in patients included areas of nonopacification that were present within the cavernous sinus bilaterally in six cases and unilaterally in two. The size of the filling defects exceeded 7 mm in 76% of thrombosed cavernous sinuses compared with 9% of control subjects. The mean density of filling defects in patients differed significantly from those in control subjects. Comparison of the MR and CT findings in six cases showed the contrast-enhanced SPGR sequence to be equivalent to CT with respect to delineation of filling defects.CONCLUSIONContrast-enhanced high-resolution CT findings indicate that venosinus thrombosis associated with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis is not restricted to the superior ophthalmic vein and is more common than previously assumed. A contrast-enhanced SPGR MR sequence may be used as a reliable alternative to establish the diagnosis of cavernous sinus and tributary venosinus thrombosis.     

硬膜窦血栓形成的MRI表现(附6例分析)

目的：探讨硬膜窦血栓形成的ＭＲＩ表现。方法：６例硬膜窦血栓形成，均做了ＭＲＩ检查，其中２例用了ＳＴＩＲ，１例用了ＦＬＡＩＲ序列，３例作了增强检查（Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ），５例作了ＭＲＶ。结果：右横窦栓塞２例，左横窦１例，上矢状窦３例，脑肿胀５例，静脉性脑栓塞２例，脑血肿１例。增强检查，脑皮质及皮质静脉增强１例。结论：ＭＲＩ对硬膜窦血栓形成的诊断有独特的价值。硬膜窦流空信号消失和硬膜窦狭窄、闭塞是直接征像。脑肿胀、静脉性脑梗塞、脑血肿是间接征像     

脑静脉窦血栓的磁共振表现及误漏诊分析

目的总结脑静脉窦血栓（CVST）的磁共振表现,并进行误漏诊分析. 资料与方法回顾性分析32例脑静脉窦血栓的磁共振表现.全部病例均进行MRI检查,其中17例同时行磁共振静脉成像（MRV）检查,12例行增强扫描,29例行CT检查.全部病例经DSA证实. 结果 32例CVST患者中,MRI SE序列扫描确诊26例,其中亚急性期病变20例,急性期4例,慢性期2例.6例急性期病变MRI平扫漏诊,其中4例经MRV确诊,2例经DSA诊断.急性期CVST MRI信号复杂,T1WI呈低、中等或稍高信号,T2WI呈明显低信号.亚急性期T1WI和T2WI均呈高信号,表现典型;慢性期血栓信号不断地降低.MRV表现为静脉窦闭塞或静脉窦内充盈缺损.本组病例中有7例曾被误诊为肿瘤、脑梗死等其他病变. 结论 MRI和MRV是诊断CVST的良好检查方法,可提供更多可靠信息.应用适当的检查技术,以及对MR征象进行认真分析,可避免误诊及漏诊.     

静脉窦血栓形成的CT和MR影像特点

目的：研究静脉窦血栓形成（ＶＳＴ）的ＣＴ和ＭＲ特点。方法：对１７例ＶＳＴ的ＣＴ和ＭＲ特点进行回顾性影像分析，重点研究ＶＳＴ与皮层下多发性脑内血肿（ＳＣＭＨ）的联系，诊断与鉴别诊断。结果：ＳＣＭＨ在ＶＳＴ中出现率为１００％（１７／１７）。９例ＶＳＴ病例ＭＲ随访显示血肿、水肿和静脉窦内血栓进行性吸收，血肿周围可见规则完整的含铁血黄素沉积圈。结论：ＣＴ上急性ＳＣＭＨ是ＶＳＴ很强的一个诊断指征。ＭＲ可以进一步除外瘤卒中，发现静脉窦内血栓，以明确ＶＳＴ的诊断     

Computed tomography of dural sinus thrombosis

The four patients presented here demonstrate the value of contrast enhanced CT in the diagnosis and serial evaluation of dural sinus thrombosis. Two patients were young women using oral contraceptives; another patient had lateral sinus thrombosis complicating mastoiditis; a fourth patient developed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis following hip surgery. Improvements in CT diagnosis, including the use of thin sections for evaluation of the deep venous structures and lateral sinuses complemented by multiplanar reconstruction or direct coronal scanning, are discussed. Sequential scans for following the progress of two patients treated by barbiturate coma added to the understanding of dural sinus occlusive disease.     

MR staging of acute dural sinus thrombosis: correlation with venous pressure measurements and implications for treatment and prognosis.

PURPOSETo correlate parenchymal brain changes, venous sinus pressure measurements, and outcome in 29 patients with acute dural sinus thrombosis.METHODSA retrospective review of 29 patients with angiographically proved acute dural sinus thrombosis was made from January 1989 to December 1993. MR examinations were performed on either a 0.5- or 1.5-T superconductive scanner in multiple planes. Direct dural sinus venography, cerebral angiography, and MR venography were performed. Venous sinus pressure measurements were obtained in 11 of 29 patients.RESULTSWe identified five distinct stages of brain parenchymal changes; each stage correlated with increasing intradural sinus pressure. The pressures measured in this study ranged from 20 to 50 mm Hg. Brain parenchymal changes were reversible up to stage III if thrombolytic treatment was performed. Beyond stage III, there were some residual changes, even after thrombolysis. All stage V patients died.CONCLUSIONAcute dural sinus thrombosis leads to distinct stages of parenchymal changes, the severity of which depends on the degree of venous congestion, which, in turn, is closely related to intradural sinus pressure. As intradural sinus pressure increases, progression from mild parenchymal change to severe cerebral edema and/or hematoma may occur if thrombolysis is delayed.     

Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus: diagnosis with the aid of computed tomography

A case of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis is described which was observed with high resolution computed tomography (CT). The significant CT findings in cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) include irregular filling defects within a widened enhancing cavernous sinus. Concomitant findings are unilateral or bilateral swelling of the orbital soft tissues and sinusitis.     

Acute thrombosis of the intracranial dural sinus: direct thrombolytic treatment.

Acute intracranial dural sinus thrombosis may have severe morbidity or fatal complications without appropriate treatment. Direct dural sinus venography can be performed safely with a soft Tracker catheter to document the fresh thrombus as an adjunct to CT or MR. We are reporting our experience with successful direct urokinase thrombolytic therapy in three cases of superior sagittal sinus and two cases of transverse and sigmoid sinus thrombosis. All five patients have recovered completely without any residual clinical deficit.     

Cerebral MR venography: normal anatomy and potential diagnostic pitfalls

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR venography is often used to examine the intracranial venous system, particularly in the evaluation of dural sinus thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MR venography in the depiction of the normal intracranial venous anatomy and its variants, to assess its potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis, and to compare the findings with those of conventional catheter angiography. METHODS: Cerebral MR venograms obtained in 100 persons with normal MR imaging studies were reviewed to determine the presence or absence of the dural sinuses and major intracranial veins. RESULTS: Systematic review of the 100 cases revealed transverse sinus flow gaps in 31% of the cases, with 90% of these occurring in the nondominant transverse sinus and 10% in the codominant transverse sinuses. No flow gaps occurred in the dominant transverse sinuses. The superior sagittal and straight sinuses were seen in every venogram; the occipital sinus was seen in only 10%. The vein of Galen and internal cerebral veins were also seen in every case; the basal veins of Rosenthal were present in 91%. CONCLUSIONS: Transverse sinus flow gaps can be observed in as many as 31% of patients with normal MR imaging findings; these gaps should not be mistaken for dural sinus thrombosis.