厚朴饮片规格与水分、灰分、浸出物评价指标关系的探讨

目的：通过对不同产地规格厚朴饮片的水分、灰分、浸出物的含量测定,研究厚朴饮片规格与水分、灰分、浸出物含量的关系,为制定厚朴饮片标准提供科学数据依据,了解不同来源厚朴中水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分的含量差异。方法：厚朴的水分测定采用《中国药典》（2010年版一部附录ⅨH）中的甲苯法;灰分测定采用《中国药典》（2010年版一部附录ⅨK）灰分测定法;浸出物测定采用《中国药典》（2010年版一部附录ⅩA）浸出物测定法。结果与结论：不同来源厚朴中的水分和灰分含量差别较大,为进一步研究中药厚朴的质量及开发利用提供依据。     

不同产地楮实子的计算机图像处理及聚类分析

目的：对不同产地楮实子性状的地域性变异进行分析。方法：应用计算机图像处理及聚类分析方法对源于不同产地的楮实子药材进行分析。结果：不同产地的楮实子在形态、性状上存在一定的地域性差异。结论：不同产地的楮实子差别较大，地理位置，特别是纬度与药材性状有一定的关联。计算机图像分析技术可以作为一种快速、准确的生药材鉴别方法。     

甘肃不同产区当归药材的质量考察

目的：对甘肃不同产区的当归药材进行质量考察。方法：采用HPLC法测定甘肃各区当归药材的阿魏酸含量，采用硫酸一苯酚法测定水溶性多糖含量，并按照《中国药典》2005年版测定当归挥发油、浸出物含量。参照有关文献对甘肃各地当归进行农药残留、重金属和人体必需微量元素测定。结果：甘肃各区当归药材质量较高，但不同产地的当归药材有效成分含量差异较大。结论：产地因素对当归药材质量影响尤为重要。     

不同产地乌梅理化指标和枸橼酸含量的分析和比较

目的：完善乌梅质量标准评价体系,为本院乌梅道地药材种植基地的合理布局以及内控标准的制定提供依据。方法：按照《中国药典》2015年版（一部）关于乌梅理化指标测定及质量标准要求,对36批次不同产地乌梅的水分、总灰分、浸出物和枸橼酸含量进行分析。结果：乌梅的枸橼酸含量、浸出物、水分和总灰分随产地、批次不同均存在一定差异,首先枸橼酸和总灰分变异较大,其次为浸出物、水分。结论：乌梅药材可优先选择枸橼酸和浸出物含量相对高的浙江、四川产区并建立基地,合理制定内控标准。     

青皮质量标准研究

目的建立青皮质量标准。方法对不同产地青皮饮片的水分、总灰分(酸不溶性灰分)、浸出物、挥发油含量进行检测;对《中国药典》2010年版一部青皮项下薄层色谱鉴别进行优化。结果与结论该研究系统规范、方法简便易行、数据准确可靠。为青皮质量国家标准的补充和完善提供参考和依据。     

维吾尔药牛舌草提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的研究维吾尔药牛舌草提取物的抗自由基作用及体内抗氧化功能。方法采用体外分析法观察牛舌草提取物对DPPH·及超氧自由基的清除作用,并进一步针对牛舌草大孔树脂洗脱部位GZB-3及GZB-AB80的提取物,以小鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px的活性和MDA的含量变化,探讨牛舌草提取物在小鼠体内的抗氧化能力。结果牛舌草各提取物具有体外抗自由基功能,其中牛舌草GZB-3及GZB-AB80提取物有较好的清除DPPH·及超氧自由基的作用;牛舌草提取物可显著增强小鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,其中GZB-AB80提取物有较好的体内抗氧化能力。结论体内外抗氧化实验表明,牛舌草提取物具有明显的抗自由基作用及抗氧化功能。     

仙茅药材的质量标准研究

目的:建立仙茅药材的质量标准。方法:采集31个不同产地的仙茅、购买11批市售仙茅药材,按2010年版《中国药典》(一部)要求对其中的浸出物、总灰分、酸不溶灰分、水分、重金属、仙茅苷等指标进行分析。结果:不同产地仙茅含量差异较大,以四川、云南的仙茅药材质量最好。市售11批药材中大部分批次的灰分和酸不溶灰分含量均符合药典标准;水溶性浸出物含量以28.0%～35.0%居多;醇溶性浸出物含量以云南、广西的含量最高,达14.66%;醚溶性浸出物含量以1.5%～2.0%居多。6个不同产地批次仙茅药材的重金属砷、铅、汞、铜的含量符合规定,镉的含量则远高于0.3mg·kg-1的标准规定。结论:所建标准可用于仙茅药材质量评价。     

别克参提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的：研究别克参提取物的体外抗氧化活性。方法：采用清除二苯代苦味酰基（DPPH）自由基、2,2’-氨基-（3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二氨盐（ABTS）自由基与超氧阴离子（O2^-）自由基法,对别克参不同提取物的体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果：别克参不同提取物清除DPPH·自由基、ABTS·自由基的能力强弱顺序为：乙酸乙酯提取物〉石油醚提取物〉正丁醇提取物〉水提取物。别克参不同提取物对O2^-自由基有一定的清除能力,但不明显。结论：别克参不同提取物抗氧化活性差异可能与各部位中所含抗氧化成分的种类和结构有关。     

光皮木瓜质量标准研究与不同产地药材的质量评价

目的探讨光皮木瓜的质量控制方法,对不同产地光皮木瓜的质量进行评价。方法参照文献对不同产地的光皮木瓜进行薄层色谱鉴别,并依照药典附录要求对不同产地光皮木瓜进行水分、总灰分和醇溶性浸出物等常规检测项目测定。结果薄层色谱条件可以有效对光皮木瓜进行鉴别。此外光皮木瓜10个测定样品中,水分含量最高为13.11%,最低为9.28%;总灰分含量最高为3.12%,最低为2.22%;采用热浸法测定醇溶性浸出物含量最高值为24.51%,最低为14.10%。结论薄层色谱条件可以有效地鉴别光皮木瓜,新增的水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物的试验结果可作为建立光皮木瓜药材质量标准的实验依据。     

2种藏紫草体外抗氧化及抗菌活性比较

目的 比较长花滇紫草和团花滇紫草75%乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化及抗菌活性。方法 采用ABTS法、FRAP法、邻苯三酚自氧化法测定体外抗氧化能力，并采用肉汤连续稀释法初步考察了2种藏紫草体提取物体外对15种不同菌株的抗菌作用。结果 不同浓度藏紫草的75%乙醇提取物对ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子都有较强的清除能力，与BHT阳性药相当或略高于BHT；总还原力随取物浓度增加而增强；2种藏紫草的提取物对革兰阳性菌有一定的抗菌活性，但对肠杆菌科菌株及铜绿假单胞菌均未见抗菌作用。结论 2种来源的藏紫草均具有一定的体外抗氧化和抗菌作用。     

Effects of methanol extracts from roots,leaves, and fruits of the Lebanese strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne) on cardiac function together with their antioxidant activity

Context: Several plant-derived natural products have been used in clinical phase for applications in neurological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. Arbutus andrachne L. (Ericacea) is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region. Traditionally, the fruits and leaves of Arbutus tree are well known and used as antiseptics, diuretics, blood tonic, and laxatives.

Objective: Data regarding the biological effects of compounds derived from the Lebanese Arbutus andrachne are not available. In the present work, we studied the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of leaves, fruits, and roots of the plant against electrolysis; together with their effects on the cardiodynamics of isolated perfused rabbit hearts.

Materials and methods: In vitro electrolysis of the different root, leaves, and fruits methanol extracts was evaluated by the amount of free radicals that has been reduced by increasing the concentration of root extracts ranging from 0.5 to 2?mg after 1, 2, 3, and 4?min. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), heart rate (HR), and coronary flow (CR) were investigated in isolated rabbit heart after administration of 0.5, 1, 2, and 2?mg of each methanol extracts plotted against time (0, 0.5, 1.5, 5, and 10?min), according to the Langendorff method. Lipid peroxidation study was performed by the colorimetric method on myocard tissue after incubation with 500?μl of the different methanol extracts. The amount of MDA was determined at 500?nm absorbance after 5?min incubation.

Results: Among the different methanol extracts, the roots showed the highest in vitro antioxidant activity, particularly observed at concentration of 2?mg which completely inhibits free radical generation after 4?min. LVP decreases by 32% at the dose of 2?mg of root extracts after 5?min. No significant effect was observed by the three tested extracts on the heart rate. The three methanol extracts did not show any significant effect on the coronary flow. Moreover, the roots show an increase in the coronary flow at a concentration of 1 and 2?mg/ml during 1?min. Electrolysis on heart tissue treated with the roots extracts shows a decrease in the MDA level from 70.51?±?6.71 to 48.58?±?4.15 nmole/g of tissue.

Discussion and conclusion: Methanol extracts of the roots possess antihypertensive effect that may result from its ability to decrease the LVP together with its protective role by inhibiting free radical generation and significantly decreasing the MDA level of heart tissue.     

知母水处理工艺后质量标准的研究

目的对中药材知母水处理工艺后水分、总灰分、酸不溶灰分、水溶性浸出物和醇溶性浸出物进行质量研究。方法采用L9（3^4）正交设计法制备知母样品,并按《中国药典》2005年版一部附录ⅨH水分测定法中的烘干法、附录XA浸出物测定法、附录IXK灰分测定法测定。结果知母的水分平均含量12．17％,总灰分不高于4．0％,酸不溶灰分不高于0．40％,冷浸法、热浸法水溶性浸出物平均含量分别为14．26％、28．36％,冷浸法、热浸法70％乙醇浸出物平均含量分别为12．09％、29．64％。结论水处理工艺各因素中润制时间对含水量有统计学差异,各因素对其他成分的影响不明显。     

蒲公英药材质量标准研究

目的对中药材蒲公英的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物及有效成分等物质质量进行研究,建立蒲公英药材的质量标准。方法采用TLC对蒲公英中咖啡酸、绿原酸进行定性鉴别,应用HPCE对其有效成分进行含量测定,按中国药典2005年版一部附录ⅨH水分测定法中的烘干法、附录ⅨK灰分测定法、附录X A浸出物测定法测定。结果咖啡酸、绿原酸分别在0.009 8~0.078 1 mg.mL-1,0.008 5~0.067 8 mg.mL-1内呈良好线性关系。蒲公英的水分含量不得超过10%,总灰分不得高于20%,酸不溶性灰分不得高于10%,热浸法水溶性浸出物量不低于25%,冷浸法水溶性浸出物量不低于20%。结论此法简便、准确、能有效控制蒲公英药材的质量。     

茅莓水提取物对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注的保护作用

目的:研究茅莓水提取物对局灶性脑缺血-再灌注的保护作用。方法:采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注模型;以HE染色观察神经元形态病理改变,用氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定脑梗死范围,采用测试药盒测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:茅莓水提取物1,2 mL·kg-1可明显减轻神经元形态病理改变,改善大鼠异常神经症状,使脑缺血-再灌注大鼠缺血区脑组织的SOD,GSH-Px活力提高,MDA含量减少。结论:茅莓水提取物对脑梗死有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗自由基有关。     

羌活不同提取物对小鼠脑缺血缺氧的保护作用

目的:探讨羌活不同溶剂提取物对小鼠急性脑缺血缺氧损伤的保护作用。方法:制备羌活水提取物和75%乙醇提取物,通过常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒性缺氧实验,饱和氯化镁溶液致小鼠急性脑缺血实验和小鼠断头实验复制小鼠急性脑缺血缺氧模型,检测急性全脑缺血缺氧小鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与正常对照组相比较:在饱和氯化镁溶液致小鼠急性脑缺血实验、常压耐缺氧实验和断头实验中各给药组小鼠的存活时间均显著延长(P<0.05,P<0.01);尼莫地平和羌活水提取物均能显著延长NaNO₂所致小鼠中毒性缺氧的存活时间(P<0.01),羌活醇提取物有延长存活时间的趋势(P>0.05);各给药组脑指数和MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD活性显著增高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:羌活水提取物和醇提取物对脑缺血缺氧损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Insights into cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of five Juniperus species

In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves, ripe fruits, and unripe fruits of Juniperus communis ssp. nana, Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, Juniperus sabina, Juniperus foetidissima, and Juniperus excelsa were investigated in the present study. Cholinesterase inhibition of the extracts was screened using ELISA microplate reader. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging, ferrous ion-chelating, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. The extracts had low or no inhibition towards AChE, whereas the leaf aqueous extract of J. foetidissima showed the highest BChE inhibition (93.94 ± 0.01%). The leaf extracts usually exerted higher antioxidant activity. We herein describe the first study on anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity by the methods of ferrous ion-chelating, superoxide radical scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays of the mentioned Juniperus species.     

In vitro Antioxidant Studies of Fruits of Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp

Antioxidant potential of fruits of Artemisia nilagirica was studied using different in vitro models like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate), nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation. Both the ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. nilagirica fruits at 500 μg/ml showed maximum scavenging activity (89.33% and 89.14%) in quenching 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical. The ethanol extract showed better scavenging activity (69.78%) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical followed by the scavenging of nitric oxide radical (73.25%) compared to aqueous extract. In contrast, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were effectively scavenged by aqueous extract. Total antioxidant capacity of ethanol and aqueous extracts at 500 μg/ml concentration was found to be 56.21 and 62.78 mg ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively. However, both the extracts showed only moderate lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. They were also found to contain considerable total phenols and flavonoids suggesting their role as an effective free radical scavenger. These findings suggest that phenolics and flavonoids in the fruits provide substantial antioxidant activity.     

Toxic rather than neuropharmacological effect of Ternstroemia sylvatica fruits and identification of 28-O-[β-l-6-rhamnopyranosyl]-R1-barrigenol as a new compound with toxic effects in mice

Abstract

Context: Fruits of Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. and Cham. (Theaceae) are used in Mexican traditional medicine to alleviate anxiety, sleep disorders and seizures; however, the active principles have not been identified.

Objective: To identify the neuroactive principles of T. sylvatica fruits using neuropharmacological tests on mice.

Materials and methods: The methanol and aqueous extracts of pericarp or seeds of T. sylvatica fruits were intraperitoneally administered (1–562?mg/kg, single doses) to mice. The exploratory cylinder, hole board, open field, Rota-rod and sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis tests were used to evaluate the CNS depressant effect after 30?min single administration of extracts. From aqueous seeds extract, triterpene glycoside 28-O-[β-l-6-rhamnopyranosyl]-R₁-barrigenol was isolated an active compound.

Results: Crude extracts of T. sylvatica fruits, separated from seed and pericarp, showed sedative effect in mice. The aqueous (ED₅₀?=?4.9?±?0.8?mg/kg) seed extracts is the most active among them. This extract also decrease locomotor activity and disrupt motor coordination of mice. This extract was also the most toxic extract (LD₅₀?=?5.0?±?1.4?mg/kg; i.p.). The triterpene glycoside 28-O-[β-l-6-rhamnopyranosyl]-R₁-barrigenol was identified in this extract as one of the active sedative compounds (ED₅₀?=?0.12?±?0.01?mg/kg) also with toxic effect (LD₅₀?=?1.11?±?0.23?mg/kg).

Conclusion: The results suggest that T. sylvatica fruits has toxic activity rather than CNS depressant activity in mice and that this effect might be related to the presence of 28-O-[β-l-6-rhamnopyranosyl]-R₁-barrigenol, one of the active principles of T. sylvatica fruits with sedative and toxic effect.     

菟丝子提取物对自然衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用研究

目的:研究菟丝子提取物对自然衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。方法:给自然衰老小鼠灌胃菟丝子提取物,先用Y-型电迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆能力,后应用生化方法检测老年小鼠脑组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:小鼠行为实验结果表明,菟丝子提取物能使小鼠Y-型电迷宫测试正确次数显著降低,但对记忆的保持力影响不大。小鼠脑组织抗氧化酶的活力实验结果表明,菟丝子提取物能提高小鼠脑组织SOD、GSH-PX活力,降低MDA的含量。结论:菟丝子提取物抗衰老作用可能通过提高脑组织抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-PX活力,降低脂质过氧化物MDA含量而实现。     

糖尿病性白内障患者血清和房水抗氧化系统的研究

目的：观察糖尿病性白内障（ diabetic cataract ,DC）患者血清和房水中维生素C（ VitC）、谷胱甘肽（ GSH）和丙二醛（ MDA）含量的变化,探讨高血糖的氧化应激与DC发生发展的关系。方法收集糖尿病性白内障患者38例（DC组）,血糖正常的年龄相关性白内障（age-related cataract,ARC）患者43例（ARC组）和非糖尿病非白内障眼科患者37例（对照组）,分别测定血清和房水中VitC、GSH和MDA的含量。结果与对照组相比,DC组和ARC组血清中VitC和GSH含量均显著下降（ P ＜0．05）,MDA含量均显著增高（ P ＜0．05）。 DC组房水、血清中VitC和GSH含量较ARC组对应指标均明显降低（ P ＜0．05）,而DC组房水中MDA含量较ARC组增高了17．71％,但差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论糖尿病患者高血糖的氧化应激状态,改变了房水的抗氧化系统,可能影响房水和晶状体的代谢,从而加速了糖尿病性白内障的发生发展。