艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎6例临床分析

肺孢子菌肺炎（Pneumoeystis pneumonia,PCP）是由肺孢子菌（PC）引起的急性肺炎,为一种发生于免疫功能低下患者的严重肺部机会性感染,是AIDS患者最常见的机会感染之一,约85．0％的晚期艾滋病患者会合并PCP。随着我国艾滋病患者的逐渐增多,PCP的发病率呈迅速上升之势。本院在2006—2008年共诊断艾滋病合并PCP患者6例,结合其临床资料及影像学特点,如何早期诊断及尽早治疗艾滋病合并PCP,现分析如下。     

AIDS患者合并感染耶氏肺孢子虫的巢式PCR检测及ITS基因的克隆测序

目的 探讨ITS巢式PCR检测AIDS患者合并耶氏肺孢子虫感染的应用价值并对ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2基因进行克隆测序.方法 收集AIDS患者痰液标本,用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)消化处理后进行六亚甲基四胺银(CMS)染色镜检;提取肺孢子虫DNA后进行巢式PCR扩增,选取GMS染色和PCR同时阳性的112号和仅PCR阳性的185、200号病例的PCR产物进行TA克隆、测序,然后用Blastn程序和DNANAN软件对所测序列进行同源性比较和序列间比对,并和GenBank登录的耶氏肺孢子虫ITS1-5.KS rDNA-ITS2序列进行比较分析.结果 用ITS巢式PCR法检测AIDS患者99例,耶氏肺孢子虫DNA阳性43例,阳性率为43.4%(43/99),用GMS染色法检测,阳性率为4.04%(4/99),两者比较,有非常显著性差异(P<0.01).TA克隆112、185、200号病例的耶氏肺孢子虫ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2基因序列长度分别为523bp、515bp、51lbp,三者之间的基因同源性为95%～97%,与GenBank登录的耶氏肺孢子虫(U07220)、(U07221)、(U07222)和(U07226)的ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2基因的同源性为95%～98%,其变异位点多在ITS1和ITS2基因片段.结论 ITS巢式PCR法检测耶氏肺孢子虫敏感性明显高于GMS染色法.ITS巢式PCR法可作为肺孢子虫肺炎早期诊断方法,尤其适用无创性标本的检测,CMS染色法对无创性标本痰液的检测敏感性低,在临床上意义不大;成功获取广西株耶氏肺孢子虫ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2的基因序列,与GenBank登录的外国株耶氏肺孢子虫基因序列高度同源,其中5.8S rDNA高度保守,ITS1和ITS2基因变异较大.     

纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗检查对免疫功能低下合并肺炎病原学诊断价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)对免疫功能低下合并肺炎病原学诊断的意义。方法回顾分析近年来医院免疫功能低下合并肺炎行纤维支气管镜检查的36例患者的临床资料,及纤维支气管镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)病原学检查结果。结果经纤维支气管镜和(或)BAL检测61.1%的患者可确定感染病原体,同时进行外周血和BALF巨细胞病毒(CMV)定量PCR检测19例,阳性率分别为14.3%和42.9%(P<0.05),同时行BALF CMV定量PCR和外周血CMV IgM检测15例,阳性率分别为47.1%和5.9%(P<0.05);经各种方法诊断CMV肺炎共9例,其中8例经BALF中CMV定量PCR检测确定,经纤维支气管镜取分泌物或BALF培养总阳性率50.0%;同时行分泌物和BALF培养的患者中,分泌物和BALF真菌培养阳性率分别为14.3%和42.9%,细菌培养阳性率均为28.6%,1例患者BALF检测卡氏肺囊虫阳性。结论纤维支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗对免疫功能低下合并肺炎的病原学诊断有较高价值,有助于早期明确诊断和指导治疗。     

1-3-β-D葡聚糖检测在艾滋病相关肺孢子菌肺炎诊断中的价值

目的探讨国产血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖检测试剂在艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)诊断和疗效评估中的临床价值。方法选取医院2015年1月-2016年6月收治的65例艾滋病合并有肺部感染症状而无其他真菌感染的患者,根据《艾滋病诊疗指南第三版(2015版)》中肺孢子菌肺炎诊断标准,共甄选出27例艾滋病合并PCP的患者作为病例组,38例艾滋病合并其他肺部感染者为对照组,应用国产试剂检测患者入院时及治疗3周后血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖浓度并进行统计分析。结果病例组血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖浓度中位数40.15pg/ml,高于对照组的5.92pg/ml(P0.001);受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析显示,血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖用于诊断PCP的最佳诊断界值为16.51pg/ml,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.925(95%CI 0.864~0.985,P0.001),此时敏感度和特异度分别为85.20%和86.80%;经3周治疗后病例组患者血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖水平为4.28pg/ml,较前40.31pg/ml降低(P=0.005)。结论国产血浆1-3-β-D葡聚糖检测试剂对于诊断艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎及评估其疗效具有较好的临床应用价值。     

8例AIDS相关难治性 耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎原因分析及文献复习

[摘要]?耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎（Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, PCP）是AIDS患者最常见且严重的机会性感染之一,因耶氏肺孢子菌自身的病原学特点,PCP的诊断和治疗均存在一定程度的困难。本文对我院收治的8例首诊为“AIDS相关PCP”的病例在诊断、治疗过程中的困难和原因以及治疗结局进行报道并复习文献。     

1例肺孢子菌肺炎非典型临床特征分析

目的分析卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的临床特点,提高临床医师对PCP的认识。方法对医院呼吸科2011年12月诊治的1例卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者的临床资料,包括病史、体征、实验室检查、胸部影像学检查、治疗过程等资料进行分析、总结,并进行文献复习。结果肺孢子菌肺炎临床表现缺乏特异性,在临床上易被延误诊断,根据相关文献报道,在疾病的早期5¹0d未接受治疗,病死率可达75.0%10d未接受治疗,病死率可达75.0%¹00.0%。结论对于不典型临床表现的间质性肺炎,特别是HIV高危者,应考虑到肺孢子菌肺炎的可能。     

肾移植术后肺孢子菌肺炎的诊治

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的诊断和治疗,提高对PCP的认识.方法 回顾性分析21例肾移植术后PCP患者的资料.结果 21例肾移植术后PCP患者,临床表现为发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难.胸部X线片示双肺弥漫性间质浸润性改变.治疗首选复方磺胺甲(噁)唑.20例临床治愈出院,死亡1例.结论 早期诊断并及时治疗是提高PCP患者生存率的关键.     

非艾滋病免疫功能抑制患者肺孢子菌肺炎的临床特点及诊治探讨

目的研究非艾滋病(AIDS)免疫功能抑制患者发生肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的临床特点并对β-D-葡聚糖的诊断价值和治疗药物进行探讨。方法回顾性分析呼吸科2010年7月-2011年6月收治的15例非AIDS免疫功能抑制患者发生PCP的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及转归,采用STATA 8.0统计软件。结果所有患者发生PCP前均接受了激素或免疫抑制剂治疗,其中14例应用了泼尼松或甲泼尼龙,9例应用了吗替麦考酚酯,15例患者平均APACHEⅡ评分为(16±5)分,氧合指数均<300mm Hg,66.7%的患者CD4淋巴细胞计数<200/μl,93.3%的患者血清β-D-葡聚糖升高;所有患者的抗PCP治疗均联合应用了卡泊芬净和磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶,总体病死率26.7%,接受无创通气或有创机械通气患者病死率为50.0%,高于未接受无创通气或有创机械通气患者(P=0.077)。结论非AIDS免疫功能抑制患者中PCP的病死率较高,β-D-葡聚糖可以做为PCP感染的一个诊断参考指标,卡泊芬净联合磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶治疗PCP有效。     

肺孢子菌肺炎实验室诊断研究进展

正耶氏肺孢子菌(Pneumocystis jirovecii,PJ)过去称卡氏肺孢子菌(Pneumocystis carinii,Pc),是一种引起呼吸系统严重肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)的机会性致病菌。PCP主要发生于获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)、恶性肿瘤以及自身免疫病等免疫功能低下者,临床症状与体征不典型,进展迅速,病死率高,是     

阜阳市120例发热伴呼吸道症候群患者细菌学诊断与结果分析

目的明确阜阳市发热伴呼吸道症候群患者细菌学病原谱。方法检测120例发热伴呼吸道患者标本,用荧光定量PCR方法,检测金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、军团菌7种病原;咽拭子标本用荧光定量PCR方法,检测肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体病原;尿液标本用免疫胶体金方法,检测肺炎链球菌、军团菌病原。结果 120份血液标本培养全为阴性;120份痰液标本培养出金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌各1株,培养阴性痰标本做核酸检测后测序,最终阳性以3例培养阳性和测序阳性为准;97份咽拭子标本,以PCR结果为最终阳性判断依据,肺炎支原体阳性率为2.06%,肺炎衣原体阴性;120份尿液标本,肺炎链球菌抗原阳性率为8.33%,军团菌为阴性。患者病原检出阳性率为24.17%。结论阜阳市发热伴呼吸道症候群患者致病菌感染主要以肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎支原体为主。     

Isolates of Pneumocystis jirovecii from Harare show high genotypic similarity to isolates from London at the superoxide dismutase locus

Pneumocystis jirovecii is the cause of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans. Isolates of P. jirovecii obtained from patients in Harare, Zimbabwe were genotyped at the superoxide dismutase locus. High genotypic similarity to isolates of P. jirovecii obtained from patients in London, UK was observed. These data provide additional support for the hypothesis that P. jirovecii is genetically indistinguishable in isolates from geographically diverse locations.     

Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase genotypes in immunocompetent infants and immunosuppressed adults, Amiens, France

To date, investigations of Pneumocystis jirovecii circulation in the human reservoir through the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) locus analysis have only been conducted by examining P. jirovecii isolates from immunosuppressed patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Our study identifies P. jirovecii genotypes at this locus in 33 immunocompetent infants colonized with P. jirovecii contemporaneously with a bronchiolitis episode and in 13 adults with PCP; both groups of patients were monitored in Amiens, France. The results have pointed out identical features of P. jirovecii DHPS genotypes in the two groups, suggesting that in these groups, transmission cycles of P. jirovecii infections are linked. If these two groups represent sentinel populations for P. jirovecii infections, our results suggest that all persons parasitized by P. jirovecii, whatever their risk factor for infection and the form of parasitism they have, act as interwoven circulation networks of P. jirovecii.     

Pneumocystis jirovecii genotypes and granulomatous pneumocystosis

This study describes the initial data concerning molecular typing of Pneumocystis jirovecii in a patient having developed granulomatous Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Three types, B(1)a(3), B(1)a(4), B(1)b(2), were identified. All three had been described in reports concerning patients with common diffuse alveolar PCP. The present data show that identical microorganisms can be involved in both granulomatous PCP and diffuse alveolar PCP and that the pathogenesis of the granulomatous response to P. jirovecii may more likely be related to host factors.     

Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in Pneumocystis and sulfa resistance

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a major cause of illness and death in HIV-infected persons. Sulfa drugs, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and dapsone are mainstays of PCP treatment and prophylaxis. While prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of PCP, its use has raised concerns about development of resistant organisms. The inability to culture human Pneumocystis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, in a standardized culture system prevents routine susceptibility testing and detection of drug resistance. In other microorganisms, sulfa drug resistance has resulted from specific point mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene. Similar mutations have been observed in P. jirovecii. Studies have consistently demonstrated a significant association between the use of sulfa drugs for PCP prophylaxis and DHPS gene mutations. Whether these mutations confer resistance to TMP-SMX or dapsone plus trimethoprim for PCP treatment remains unclear. We review studies of DHPS mutations in P. jirovecii and summarize the evidence for resistance to sulfamethoxazole and dapsone.     

Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-positive adults, Malawi

In a prospective study of 660 HIV-positive Malawian adults, we diagnosed Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) using clinical features, induced sputum for immunofluorescent staining, real-time PCR, and posttreatment follow-up. PcP incidence was highest in patients with the lowest CD4 counts, but PcP is uncommon compared with incidences of pulmonary tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia.     

Molecular evidence of interhuman transmission of Pneumocystis pneumonia among renal transplant recipients hospitalized with HIV-infected patients

Ten Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) cases were diagnosed in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) during a 3-year period. Nosocomial transmission from HIV-positive patients with PCP was suspected because these patients shared the same hospital building, were not isolated, and were receiving suboptimal anti-PCP prophylaxis or none. P. jirovecii organisms were typed with the multitarget polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism method. Among the 45 patients with PCP hospitalized during the 3-year period, 8 RTRs and 6 HIV-infected patients may have encountered at least 1 patient with active PCP within the 3 months before the diagnosis of their own PCP episode. In six instances (five RTRs, one HIV-infected patient), the patients harbored the same P. jirovecii molecular type as that found in the encountered PCP patients. The data suggest that part of the PCP cases observed in this building, particularly those observed in RTRs, were related to nosocomial interhuman transmission.     

Frequency of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in Tunisia

In Tunisia, as in most african countries, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is considered to be rare in HIV-infected patients. Frequencies of 8.6% and 21% have been reported. We examined 27 broncho-alveolar lavage specimens collected from HIV-infected tunisian individuals with respiratory symptoms over 4 years (1994-1997), by cyto centrifugation, Giemsa and Gomori-Grocott stain. Pneumocystis carinii (P carinii) was present in 9 cases, accounting for 33.3% of all specimens. Investigation of the reasons for the differences between african reports is necessary to establish appropriate therapeutic management. Technical difficulties of direct recognition of P carinii and selection bias may account for differences between african reports. However, differences still remain between the frequencies recorded in Africa and in other parts of the world, and recent advances seems to correlate this with geographical biodiversity of human-derived strains of P carinii and with differences in host ethnic background.     

Strain typing methods and molecular epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by the opportunistic fungal agent Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii) continues to cause illness and death in HIV-infected patients. In the absence of a culture system to isolate and maintain live organisms, efforts to type and characterize the organism have relied on polymerase chain reaction-based approaches. Studies using these methods have improved understanding of PCP epidemiology, shedding light on sources of infection, transmission patterns, and potential emergence of antimicrobial resistance. One concern, however, is the lack of guidance regarding the appropriateness of different methods and standardization of these methods, which would facilitate comparing results reported by different laboratories.     

Pneumocystis carinii is not a major cause of pneumonia in HIV infected patients in Lusaka, Zambia

The clinical occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had clinical pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Lusaka, Zambia. The results were compared with a similar group of patients in Stockholm, Sweden. Induced sputum samples were stained for Pneumocystis by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody 3F6 and toluidine blue O. Mycobacterial culture and acid fast stain were performed on the specimens from Lusaka. P. carinii cysts were detected in none of 27 Lusaka patients, compared to 10 of 33 Stockholm patients. M. tuberculosis was identified in 11 of 22 Lusaka patients tested. In conclusion, P. carinii could not be incriminated as the aetiological agent of HIV-associated pneumonia in Zambia in contrast to the situation in Sweden, where Pneumocystis is the dominating aetiological agent.