延吉市200名朝鲜族和汉族老年人膳食营养状况的调查

目的了解延吉市朝鲜族和汉族老年人的膳食及营养状况。方法随机选择200名60岁以上的朝鲜族和汉族老年人,测量血压,用24小时回忆法进行膳食调查。结果(1)男性每人每日热能摄入量超过推荐摄入量(RNI),女性则基本达到RNI标准;男性早餐热能比明显比女性低,而晚餐热能比明显比女性高,男性高血压者晚餐热能比明显高于血压正常者。(2)朝鲜族的脂肪热能比明显低于汉族(P<001),且未达到适宜摄入量范围;朝鲜族的碳水化合物热能比明显高于汉族(P<001)。(3)朝鲜族男性平均蛋白质摄入量超过RNI标准,汉族男性略低于RNI标准,且朝鲜族男性平均蛋白质摄入量显著高于汉族男性(P<001);两个民族的老年人摄入优质蛋白质的比率为35%～45%,其中大豆蛋白超过15%。(4)两个民族的老年人钙和维生素A的摄入量仅达到RNI标准的一半,锌、硒、核黄素的摄入量均低于RNI标准。结论朝鲜族和汉族老年人对某些营养素的摄取量不相等,老年人钙、维生素A、维生素B2的摄入量严重不足,晚餐热能摄入量偏高与男性高血压患病有关。     

武汉某高校大学生膳食调查

目的了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为大学生营养指导提供科学依据。方法采取随机整群抽样的方法,采用自制大学生食物频率问卷(FFQ)于2009年10月对抽取的武汉工业学院本科生742人进行膳食调查及评价。结果本次FFQ共调查男生341人,女生401人,平均年龄为(21.32±2.15)岁;大学生膳食结构与《膳食宝塔》相比,谷类、畜禽肉类摄入量偏高,而水果类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低,男女生谷类食品摄入量差异有统计学意义(t=26.202,P=0.000);男女生平均每日能量摄入分别为2 719和2 453 kcal,男生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为110.8,87.2,393.6 g;女生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为97.3,78.1,361.2 g;大学生维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、磷、铁、锌平均每日摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)标准,硫胺素、核黄素、钙、膳食纤维平均每日摄入量低于RNI标准(78.6%～91.7%),胆固醇超过限量标准300 mg;不同性别、不同学科大学生各种营养素摄入量差异无统计学意义。结论武汉某高校大学生膳食营养状况较好。     

吉林市青春期前和青春期男生营养素摄入状况比较

目的 比较吉林市9 ～12岁青春期前和青春期男生营养摄入状况,为青春期男生的膳食营养干预提供依据.方法 整群随机抽取吉林市一所汉族小学和一所朝鲜族小学四～六年级男生367名进行性成熟度调查,用Tanner分期问卷评价男生性发育成熟情况.使用膳食记录问卷对367名男生进行为时3d的膳食调查.结果 青春期前和青春期男生平均每日能量摄入量分别为1839 kcal和1745kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),达营养素推荐摄入量的83.3％和76.0％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);青春期男生能量、钙、锌、核黄素摄入量以及平均营养充足比均低于青春期前的男生(P值均＜0.05).结论 青春期男生营养摄入量和营养充足比均低于青春期之前男生,应采取综合干预措施,提高青春期男生的营养状况.     

北京市房山区164名中小学生膳食营养摄入状况分析

目的调查北京市房山区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况,为房山区学生改善营养提供科学依据。方法对北京市房山区中小学生进行膳食调查,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重法,依据中国食物成分表计算每日食物消费及营养素摄入状况。结果共调查北京市房山区中小学生164名,男生91名,女生73名,平均年龄(8.93±2.21)岁。中小学生水产品类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品、蔬菜水果类摄入不足,畜禽肉类、盐摄入过多。能量平均摄入量为1710.30 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物平均摄入量分别为61.57、72.21、211.48 g,供能比分别占14.38%、37.95%和47.68%。中小学生维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、硒平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的比例分别为34.8%、27.4%、33.5%、24.4%和47.0%。仅2.4%的学生钙摄入量达到了RNI,超过一半的学生铁、锌、铜平均摄入量达到RNI。其中,女生铁摄入量达到RNI的比例低于男生(P<0.05)。结论北京市房山区中小学生膳食结构不合理、微量营养素摄入不足,需加强学生、家长、学校食堂营养宣教,有针对性地改善学生营养状况。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

吉林市9～12岁女生不同乳房发育分期营养摄入量比较

目的了解吉林市9～12岁不同乳房发育分期女生营养摄入状况,为营养干预措施的制定提供依据。方法整群随机抽取吉林市小学9～12岁健康女生357名为研究对象,用Tanner’s分期问卷评价女生性成熟度,使用膳食记录问卷进行3 d膳食调查。结果不同乳房发育分期女生平均每日能量摄入量分别为1 682.51,734.5和1 617.1 kcal(1 kcal=4.184 kJ),差异有统计学意义(F=6.59,P<0.01),达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的84.86%,83.84%和75.01%;蛋白质平均每日摄入量分别为62.89,61.41和53.73 g,差异有统计学意义(F=5.33,P<0.01),占总能量的14.32%,13.69%和12.91%。女生营养素平均每日摄入量占参考摄入量的百分比随着性发育而下降。不同乳房发育分期女生营养充足比<0.7的营养素均为钙、锌和维生素A。结论吉林市9～12岁女生营养摄入量随着性发育程度逐渐下降,应采取合理的综合干预措施改善膳食营养状况。     

2011年商丘市48例农村艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人膳食调查

[目的]了解商丘市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人的营养素摄入情况,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。[方法]2011年10月,选择柘城县3个艾滋病疫情高发村的48例HIV感染者/AIDS病人,采用3d24h膳食回顾法调查食物摄入情况。[结果]调查HIV感染者/AIDS病人48例,各种营养素平均摄入量除维生素E和铁外均存在不足,能量和蛋白质摄入量分别为1 666.70±20.00Kcal和49.70±5.11g,占推荐摄入量(RNI)的74.10%和71.00%;维生素中,维生素A、维生素C、硫胺素和核黄素的摄入量较低,占RNI的49.60%～86.50%;矿物质中,硒和锌的摄入量不足,分别为45.81±5.04μg和6.94±0.16mg,占RNI的91.67%和52.40%。[结论]HIV感染者/AIDS病人能量和营养素摄入低,应采取措施改善他们的食物摄入情况。     

厦门地区乳母产褥期膳食营养状况调查

目的调查评价厦门地区乳母产褥期饮食结构和膳食营养状况,并与正常妇女比较,分析营养素摄入满足机体需要的程度以及存在的营养问题。方法采用24h膳食回顾法调查厦门地区40名乳母产后第2天、第7天和第30天的饮食状况,同样方法调查58名同龄健康非孕非产妇女的1日膳食做对照。参考中国食物成分表计算营养素的摄入,与相应人群的膳食营养参考摄入量(DRIs)比较进行评价。结果乳母产后第2天、第7天和第30天能量平均摄入分别达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的86.2%、75.8%和75.4%,对照组妇女能量摄入仅达到RNI的61.9%。乳母蛋白质平均摄入量分别高于RNI(85g)的55.8%、31.5%和22.6%,碳水化物摄入较少。乳母铁摄入量达到RNI标准,烟酸、维生素E和硒的摄入高于RNI水平,维生素C和钙的摄入低于RNI水平。乳母维生素A、维生素E和硒的摄入达RNI的比例高于对照组妇女比例,但维生素C、钙和锌的摄入比例较对照组低。结论乳母能量、蛋白质和脂肪的摄入基本符合DRIs的标准,但三大营养素供能比例不平衡,部分微量营养素摄入偏低,乳母3个时间点大部分营养素摄入变化趋势不明显,乳母大部分的营养素摄入水平较对照组妇女好。     

哈尔滨市孕妇孕期膳食摄入调查及评价

目的调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,找出存在的营养缺陷与问题。方法调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,分析营养缺陷与问题。结果哈尔滨市孕妇能量摄入是合理的,但蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;维生素A与核黄素摄入量为边缘不足,硫胺素摄入不足,与中国居民营养素参考摄入量（RNI）比较维生素A差异无统计学意义,后两者差异极有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;膳食纤维摄入量低于推荐的摄入范围;维生素B6和叶酸摄入不足,与适宜摄入量或RNI相比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.001）;钙、铁与锌的摄入不能满足随着孕龄增加而需要量的增加;其他营养素摄入都是充足的。结论哈尔滨市孕妇在孕早、中与晚期的膳食摄入均有一定缺陷,应对孕妇开展经常性的营养与健康教育。     

基于网络模式的北京市城区小学生膳食营养状况调查

了解北京市城区小学生营养状况和能量、营养素摄入情况.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,在北京市东城区、西城区、石景山区分别抽取2所小学,在朝阳区、海淀区、丰台区分别抽取3所小学,抽中的15所小学的所有小学生经知情同意后自愿参加为期2周的网络膳食测评调查.采用《中小学生食物营养与热量摄入测评系统》进行基于网络的24h膳食回顾法调查学生每日膳食摄入情况.结果 参加网络膳食测评调查天数≥3 d的小学生有3 352名,小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别达到了13.2%和13.9%,男生(17.4%,16.8%)均高于女生(8.6%,10.7%),差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为56.57,25.57,P值均<0.05).男、女生的平均每日能量摄入分别为(1 650.40±698.58)和(1 491.64±664.84)kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),蛋白质摄入分别为(63.94±28.66)和(56.70±26.35)g,男生高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.725,7.625,P值均<0.05).男、女生维生素E、磷、钾、碘的摄入量过高(>120%参考摄入量),硫胺素、维生素B6、钙、锌等多种营养素摄入量不足(<80%参考摄入量).结论 北京市城区小学生超重肥胖问题突出,膳食营养素摄入不均衡,应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食.     

Changes in body weight, dietary intake and activity pattern of adolescents during Ramadan

A study was carried out on 117 schoolchildren comprising 51 boys and 66 girls between the ages of 10 and 13 years to evaluate the effect of Ramadan-fasting on body weight. The results revealed that more than 90% of the subjects experienced a decrease in body weight during Ramadan. The initial mean body weight of the boys and girls were 35.7 ± 6.7 kg and 35.2 ± 6.1 kg respectively. After four weeks' fast, the boys and girls significantly lost (p<0.001) an average of 4.2% and 3.7% of their initial body weight respectively. Dietary intake and activity pattern were also assessed in a subgroup of 20 boys and 30 girls during the same period. The mean daily energy intake during Ramadan-fasting {boys 1230 ± 363 kcal (5.15 ± 1.52 MJ), girls 1034 ± 290 kcal (4.33 ± 1.21 MJ)} was significantly lower (p<0.001) than intake assessed before Ramadan {boys 1520 ± 463 kcal (6.36 ± 1.94 MJ), girls 1344 ± 428 kcal (5.62 ± 1.79 MJ)}. Both values were found to be below the suggested daily dietary intake for Malaysians of similar sex and age group recommended by Teoh (1975). Both boys and girls significantly decreased their intakes of fat, carbohydrate and thiamine during Ramadan. However, intakes of protein, niacin, vitamins A and C were found to be comparable to non-fasting values. During Ramadan, the mean intake of all nutrients analysed except protein were lower than recommended values. The boys spent significantly more (p<0.05) time sitting and significantly less (p<0.05) time standing and in moderately active pursuits during Ramadan. During this period, the boys spent more time in prayers compared with the girls. Time spent on all other activities did not differ between the fasting and non-fasting months. The findings suggest that the decrease in body weight during Ramadan may be primarily due to the reduction in energy intake since activity pattern remain fairly constant. The nutrient intake pattern of the adolescents studied may be of great concern in the long-term, as it does not meet the requirements for the normal growth of adolescents.     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 - what difference does gender make?

OBJECTIVES: To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS: A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. METHODS: Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7-10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. RESULTS: Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 – what difference does gender make?

Objectives To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. Subjects A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. Methods Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7–10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. Results Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). Conclusions The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.     

Energy,protein, calcium,vitamin D and fibre intakes from meals in residential care establishments in Australia

Residents from high level (nursing homes) and low-level care facilities (hostel) being served the three common diet texture modifications (full diet, soft-minced diet and pureed diet) were assessed. Individual plate waste was estimated at three meals on one day. Fifty-six males and 156 females, mean age 82.9+/-9.5 (SD) years, of which 139 lived in nursing homes (NH) and 76 in hostels (H) were included. Mean total energy served from meals was 5.3 MJ/day, 5.1 to 5.6 MJ/day, 95% confidence intervals (CI), in NH which was less than in H, 5.9 MJ/day (CI 5.6 to 6.2 MJ/day) (P=0.007). Protein and calcium intakes were lower in NH, 44.5g (CI 41.5 to 47.5g), 359.0mg (CI 333.2 to 384.8mg), versus 50.5g (CI 46.6 to 54.3g), 480.5mg (CI 444.3 to 516.7mg) in H (P=0.017, P<0.001 respectively). There was no difference in nutrient/energy ratios, except for protein/energy, which was higher in NH 11.7 (CI 11.3 to 12.2) than in H 9.8 (CI 9.4 to 10.3) (P<0.001). Ability to self-feed had no significant effect on nutrient intakes in NH. The self fed group (N=63) had the following nutrient intakes: energy 4.0 MJ (CI 3.6 to 4.3 MJ), protein 44.6g (CI 40.3 to 48.9g), calcium 356.9mg (CI 316.3 to 397.4mg), fibre 14.9g (CI 13.2 to 16.5g). The assisted group (N=64) had the following nutrient intakes: energy 3.9MJ (CI 3.6 to 4.2MJ), protein 46.0g (CI 40.7 to 49.6), calcium 361.9mg (CI 327.8 to 396.1mg), fibre 14.9g (CI 13.2 to 16.1g). Of NH classified as eating impaired, 36% received no assistance with feeding and had lower intakes of protein 37.8g (CI 33.0 to 42.1g) compared to those receiving some assistance 46.1g (CI 41.3 to 50.9g) (P=0.026). Reduced energy intake accounted for the differences in nutrient intakes between nursing homes and hostels, except for protein. Strategies to effectively monitor nutrient intakes and to identify those with eating impairment are required in order to ensure adequate nutrition of residents in nursing homes and hostels.     

吉林延边朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布和基因频率调查

摘要:目的 检测并分析延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特征和基因频率。方法 有效调查延边地区人群1416人,朝鲜族724人(男288人;女436人),汉族691人(男338人;女353人),指端或耳垂采血,抗A抗B标准血清玻片凝集法检测受检者的ABO血型。结果 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布表现型频率结果均为B>O>A>AB,基因频率结果均为r>q>p,民族指数分别为0.6517和0.8600。结论 延边地区朝鲜族和汉族人群ABO血型分布特点为均具有较高的B型血频率,民族指数均小于1,具有相似的ABO血型分布特征及典型的北方人群结构特征。     

不同民族高中学生心理健康测评分析

目的探讨广西壮、瑶、侗、汉族高中学生心理健康水平及个性特点。方法对不同民族高中学生3378人进行心理健康测查。结果壮、瑶族男生各分量表分比较差异无统计学意义;壮族男生躯体化、焦虑、疑心、脱离实际分高于汉族,低于侗族。壮、侗族女生各分量表分比较差异无统计学意义;壮、侗族女生躯体化、焦虑、疑心、脱离实际分高于瑶、汉族女生。男生T分〉60的检出率壮、瑶、侗族比较差异无统计学意义,但均高于汉族;T分〉70的男生中,壮、瑶、侗族高于汉族,侗族高于壮、瑶族。女生T分〉60的检出率壮族高于瑶、汉族。T分〉70的女生民族比较差异无统计学意义。结论壮、瑶、侗族高中生心理健康水平较低;学生因民族不同有各自的心理特点。     

Tracking of nutrient intakes in adolescence: the experiences of the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland

This study evaluated the tracking of energy and nutrient intakes, assessed by diet history, in a random sample of adolescents (boys n 225, girls n 230) at baseline (age 12 years), and subsequently at age 15 years. Median energy (MJ/d) and macronutrient (g/d) intakes increased significantly (all P < 0.001) with increasing age in the boys. The girls' reported energy intake (MJ/d) remained stable over time, despite significant increases in BMI, weight and % body fat. Age-related changes in the girls' macronutrient intakes were inconsistent. When expressed in terms of nutrient density, the diets of both sexes became significantly richer, over time, in total folate (both sexes, P < 0.01), but poorer in Ca (boys P < 0.01, girls P < 0.001) and riboflavin (both sexes P < 0.001). Vitamin B6 (P < 0.001) and Fe (P < 0.05) densities increased in the boys, while the thiamin density of the girls' diets decreased (P < 0.001). Tracking, defined as maintenance of rank over time, was summarised using weighted kappa statistics (kappa). There were some significant changes in intakes at the group level; however, tracking of energy and nutrients in both sexes was only poor to fair (kappa < 0.40), indicating substantial drift of individuals between classes of intake over time. Particularly poor tracking was evident for % energy from sugars (kappa 0.09) and total fat (kappa 0.09) in the girls' diets. In conclusion, the poor to fair tracking observed in this cohort suggests that individual dietary patterns exhibited at 12 years of age are unlikely to be predictive of energy and nutrient intake at age 15 years.     

Meal pattern, food choice, nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in The Göteborg Adolescence Study

OBJECTIVE: To relate meal pattern of Swedish adolescents to food choice, nutrient intake and other lifestyle factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study including diet history and interview about smoking, ethnicity, social factors and retrospectively collected data of menarche and growth. SETTING: School setting, G?teborg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: A total of 611 boys and 634 girls in grade 9 (15-16 y). RESULTS: The majority of the students, 65% of the boys and 52% of the girls, consumed three main meals daily. The in-between meals, however, contributed the major part of the energy intake. The energy intake was 12.9+/-3.5 MJ (mean+/-s.d.) for boys and 9.0+/-2.5 MJ for girls. Irregular breakfast eating, 12% of the boys and 24% of the girls, was related to negative lifestyle factors where smoking was the strongest, odds ratio 3.8 (95% CI: 2.6-5.4) and to irregular intake of lunch and dinner. These boys and girls had a food choice including a higher percentage of energy from snack food (26% vs 20% and 19% in boys and girls respectively, all P<0.001), mostly consumed between the main meals. These groups had significantly lower intakes of micronutrients, but higher intakes of sucrose and alcohol compared to the groups with regular breakfast intake. Girls omitting breakfasts and lunches (8%) also had a less healthy food choice and the poorest nutrient intake. These girls had matured earlier, with menarche age of 12.2+/-1.1 y vs 12.9+/-1.0 y (P<0.001) in girls with regular main meal intake. CONCLUSIONS: Meal pattern with omission of breakfast or breakfast and lunch was related to a clustering of less healthy lifestyle factors and food choice leading to a poorer nutrient intake. SPONSORSHIP: The Swedish Medical Research Council (project B94-19X-04721-19A), the Swedish Mill Industry and the Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren Foundation.