鼻声反射测量法（鼻中隔矫正术前后对比）

鼻声反射测量法（ａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃｒｈｉｎｏｍｅｔｒｙ，ＡＲ）是一种客观测量鼻腔几何形态、截面积及容积的新方法。３６例鼻中隔偏曲患者接受ＡＲ检查并与２１名正常人作比较，均为高加索人种；１８例患者作了鼻中隔纠正术前与术后的对比。结果显示鼻腔最狭窄面积（ＭＣＳＡ）位于鼻腔前部，与鼻气道阻力（ＶＡＲ）主要产生部位相吻合；术后ＭＣＳＡ增加伴ＮＡＲ降低，提示ＭＣＳＡ能较好地反映鼻腔通气功能，但鼻腔容积并不是评价鼻腔通气功能的敏感指标。由于鼻气流感觉与ＮＡＲ非同一概念，在解释ＡＲ和前鼻测压法检查结果及与主观症状关系时应谨慎，手术适应证的选择及疗效的评价应综合判断。     

Acoustic rhinometry in nasal provocation test in perennial allergic rhinitis

Acoustic rhinometry is one method to evaluate nasal geometry by an acoustic reflection technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in acoustic rhinometry after nasal provocation in patients with exclusively perennial allergic rhinitis. In 19 patients, acoustic rhinometry and active anterior rhinomanometry were performed before and after nasal provocation test. There was a statistically significant nasal flow reduction measured by active anterior rhinomanometry after nasal provocation (p < 0.05) and a median symptom score of four points, both indicating a positive response to nasal provocation. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant change in the values of acoustic rhinometry after nasal provocation (p > 0.05). In patients with exclusively perennial allergic rhinitis, acoustic rhinometry does not seem to significantly change after nasal provocation. In contrast, active anterior rhinomanometry values decreased significantly after nasal provocation. The presented results indicate that acoustic rhinometry does not seem to be a diagnostic method superior to active anterior rhinomanometry in this context.     

Correlation between nasal obstruction symptoms and objective parameters of acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry

Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry have been used to assess nasal airway patency objectively. We compared nasal obstruction symptoms before and after decongestion with several parameters of these objective tests. The patients assessed their nasal obstruction using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Cross-sectional areas and nasal resistance were measured by acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry before and after topical application of 1% phenylephrine solution in 32 patients with nasal obstruction symptoms. There was no significant correlation between the difference in the VAS and the difference in nasal resistance. There was also no significant correlation between the difference in the VAS and minimal cross-sectional area and cross-sectional areas at 3.3 cm (CA3.3), CA4.0 and CA6.4 from the nosepiece both in the wide and narrow sides and in both nasal cavities before and after nasal decongestion. It is concluded that rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry may have no diagnostic value in estimating the severity of nasal obstruction symptoms.     

鼻内镜手术疗效综合评价

目的 探讨鼻内镜手术对慢性鼻窦炎及鼻息肉疗效的综合评价方法.方法 采用声反射鼻腔测量系统、前鼻测压计、T＆T嗅觉计定量检查法和术区黏膜评分法,对46例慢性鼻窦炎及鼻息肉患者鼻气道阻力、嗅觉、鼻腔术区黏膜形态进行测试.结果 鼻内镜手术后患者的鼻气道通气、嗅觉有明显好转;术后鼻腔、黏膜状况与功能恢复有显著相关性.结论 鼻气道阻力、嗅觉功能测试、鼻声反射检查、术区黏膜评分检测作为手术前后鼻功能的检测手段,可对术后疗效进行客观的综合评价.     

Turbinate hypertrophy in habitual snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Findings of acoustic rhinometry

Forty-five habitual snorers (mean respiratory disturbance index = 6) and 22 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (mean respiratory disturbance index = 36) were examined by polysom-nography, radiocephalometry, rhinomanometry, na-sopharyngeal videoendoscopy, and acoustic rhinometry. In 97% of these patients, hypertrophy of the inferior nasal turbinates was found by acoustic rhinometry, while increased nasal resistance of various degrees was measured in 93% of all patients by active anterior rhinomanometry. Acoustic rhinometry demonstrated that the most resistive segment was located in the anterior parts of the nasal cavity and was built up by two compartments: the region of the isthmus nasi and the region of the head of the inferior turbinate. In our snoring patients, the cross-sectional areas at the head of the inferior turbinate were always smaller than the cross-sectional areas in the isthmus nasi, which in normal controls presented the minimal cross-sectional values of the whole nasal cavity. While rhinomanometry can only measure the amount of nasal resistance, acoustic rhinometry can clearly determine the exact size and location of the different stenoses in the nasal cavity that contribute to the increased nasal resistance.     

Correlation between subjective and objective evaluation of the nasal airway. A systematic review of the highest level of evidence

Background: There is no consensus about the value of objective measurements of nasal patency. Objective: To assess the correlation between the subjective sense of nasal patency and the outcomes found with rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry. Type of review: Structured literature search. Search strategy and evaluation method: Review of English‐language articles in which correlations were sought between subjective nasal patency symptoms and objective scores as found with rhinomanometry [nasal airway resistance (NAR)] and acoustic rhinometry [minimal cross‐sectional area (MCA)]. Correlations were related to unilateral or combined assessment of nasal passages and to symptomatic nasal obstruction or unobstructed nasal breathing. Results: Sixteen studies with a level of evidence II‐a or II‐b fit the inclusion criteria and were further analysed. Almost every possible combination of correlations or lack thereof in relation to the variables included was found. However, when obstructive symptoms were present, a correlation between the patency symptoms with nasal airway resistance and minimal crosssectional area was found more often than in the absence of symptoms. In cases of bilateral assessment a correlation was found almost as often as it was not between patency symptoms and total nasal airway resistance or combined minimal crosssectional areas, while in the limited amount of studies in which unilateral assessment was done a correlation was found each time between patency symptoms and nasal airway resistance. Conclusions: The correlation between the outcomes found with rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry and an individual’s subjective sensation of nasal patency remains uncertain. Based on this review, it seems that the chance of a correlation is greater when each nasal passage is assessed individually and when obstructive symptoms are present. There still seems to be only a limited argument for the use of rhinomanometry or acoustic rhinometry in routine rhinologic practice or for quantifying surgical results. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34 , 518–525.     

内窥镜鼻窦手术前后鼻气道阻力的变化

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS) on nasal airway resistance (NAR) and to analyze the relationship between NAR and nasal airflow sensation. METHODS: The NAR and nasal airflow sensation were measured with anterior rhinomanometry and visual analogous scale test (VAS) in 42 patients (50 sides) before and after the ESS. RESULTS: NAR decreased significantly after the operation. The change rates in NAR before and after the decongestion were (55.71 +/- 13.90)% and (24.32 +/- 8.73)%, respectively, and there was a significant difference (P < 0.05). The pathological increase in NAR correlated well with subjective sensation of the patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The improvement of nasal functions by ESS is not due to the alteration of the anatomic structure of the nasal cavity, but to the amelioration of mucosal edema. The rhinomanometry can be used as a useful clinical tool in determining nasal patency.     

内窥镜鼻窦手术前后鼻气道阻力的变化

目的研究内窥镜鼻窦手术对鼻气道阻力的影响及后者与鼻气流感觉的关系。方法利用前鼻测压法及视觉类比法对４２例（５０侧）慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者手术前后、鼻减充血前后的鼻气道阻力和主观症状评分进行研究。结果术后鼻气道阻力明显下降,手术前后鼻气道阻力变化率喷麻黄素前后分别为（５５．７１±１３．９０）％和（２４．３２±８．７３）％,两者相比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）;术前喷麻黄素前鼻气道阻力与主观鼻气流感觉显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０５,ｒ＝０．４２）。结论内窥镜鼻窦手术对鼻通气功能的改善主要是由于粘膜肿胀的消退而非鼻腔结构的改变;测定鼻气道阻力对于客观评价鼻通气功能仍具重要临床意义。     

鼻阻塞的主观评价与客观鼻测量的相关性研究

目的 探讨鼻阻塞时检查者和患者的主观评价与客观鼻测量之间是否有相关性.方法 检查者和患者均采用视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)对鼻阻塞程度进行评价.客观鼻测量采用主动后鼻测压仪和鼻声反射测量仪进行.以配对t检验分析检查者的临床评价和患者VAS均数的差异,以Spearman等级相关分析评价客观鼻测量结果单侧鼻气流阻力与单侧鼻道容积、单侧鼻腔最小横截面积的关系,以及检查者的临床评价、患者VAS与上述客观鼻测最结果的相关性.结果 本组病例经统计学分析,316例患者中,减充血前后单侧鼻气流阻力与单侧鼻道容积、单侧鼻腔最小横截面积间呈负相关(r值分别为-0.430、-0.554、-0.373、-0.600,P值均＜0.001).减充血前后,检查者的临床评价与患者VAS均数呈正相关,差异均有统计学意义(r值分别为0.630、0.526,P值均＜0.001),二者均与鼻气流阻力有一定的正相关关系(减充血前:检查者的临床评价与鼻气流阻力r=0.530,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻气流阻力r=0.351,P=0.000;减充血后:检查者的临床评价与鼻气流阻力r=0.452,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻气流阻力r=0.216,P=0.000),与鼻道容积和鼻腔最小横截面积均有一定的负相关关系(减充血前:检查者的临床评价与鼻道容积r=-0.411,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻道容积r=-0.325,P=0.000,检查者的临床评价与鼻腔最小横截面积r=-0.507,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻腔最小横截面积r=-0.384,P=0.000;减充血后:检查者的临床评价与鼻道容积r=-0.391,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻道容积r=-0.209,P=0.000,检查者的临床评价与鼻腔最小横截面积r=-0.471,P=0.000,患者VAS与鼻腔最小横截面积r=-0.286,P=0.000).检查者的临床评价与客观鼻测量参数的相关系数大于患者VAS与客观鼻测最参数的相关系数.结论 鼻阻力测压与鼻声反射测量的结果有一定的相关性.检查者的临床评价与患者VAS存在一定的正相关关系.两者均与客观鼻测量参数存在一定的直线相关关系.     

接触性头痛患者手术前后鼻气道阻力变化

目的：研究接触性头痛患者手术前后鼻气道阻力（NAR）的变化。方法：利用前鼻测压法对20例（40侧）接触性头痛患者手术前后、鼻减充血前后的NAR进行研究。结果：随访6个月,痊愈16例（85％）,有效3例（15％）,无效1例（5％）,有效率95％。术后NAR明显下降,手术前术侧喷麻黄碱前后NAR分别为（-0．34土O．23）和（-0．75±0．21）kPa·s／L;手术后分别为（0．68±0．20）和（-0．74±0．16）kPa·s／L,两者相比差异有统计学意义（P％0．05）。结论：内镜手术对接触性头痛患者鼻通气功能的改善主要是由于鼻腔结构的改变和黏膜肿胀的消退,测定NAR对于客观评价接触性头痛患者接触点的解除具有重要临床意义。     

Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion

BACKGROUND: Rapid maxillary expansion is an orthodontic procedure that is commonly used to widen the maxilla. It is generally admitted that this technique is effective to correct palate narrowing, whereas there has not been agreement on the effect of this procedure in nasal parameters. The availability of a reliable and objective technique to assess the geometry of nasal cavities, such as acoustic rhinometry, stimulated the present investigation. METHODS: Twenty-seven children, undergoing rapid maxillary expansion, were evaluated by rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry. Postero-anterior radiographs were taken in 15 patients for cephalometric measurements. Examinations were performed before expansion treatment and after 12 month follow-up and compared to the measurements obtained from an untreated control group. RESULTS: With regard to rhinomanometry, we recorded a significant reduction in nasal airway resistance (NAR) after the orthodontic procedure only in decongestion. Using acoustic rhinometry, we found a significant increase in total minimum cross-sectional areas (TMCA) and total nasal volume (TNV) after the expansion both in basal and decongested conditions. Also, nasal cavity width and interzygomatic distance had a significant mean increase after the treatment. Comparison of measures between the control group and the treated group showed that the increase in TMCA and TNV, as well as the decrease in NAR, were significantly greater in the treated group in both basal and decongested conditions. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that rapid maxillary expansion is an effective procedure in widening nasal cavities with respect to an untreated control group and that the reported improvement in nasal breathing after palatal expansion, is a consequence of an increase in nasal size.     

A model of allergic nasal congestion in dogs sensitized to ragweed

BACKGROUND: Acoustic rhinometry is a noninvasive method that uses sound waves to measure dimensions of the nasal cavity. METHODS: In this study, nasal patency was measured by acoustic rhinometry in allergic Beagle dogs sensitized to ragweed allergen. Ragweed (0.03-0.3%) or vehicle were administered intranasally in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. RESULTS: The instillation of ragweed caused a dose-related decrease in nasal cavity volume and minimal cross-sectional area (Amin) without adverse systemic effects. Nasal cavity volume and Amin decreased within 30 minutes after instillation of the highest ragweed dose by 35.1 +/- 6.0% and 66.4 +/- 13.8%, respectively, and persisted for at least 90 minutes. Oral administration of alpha-adrenergic agonist, d-pseudoephedrine (3 mg/kg), or histamine H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine (10 mg/ kg) blocked the ragweed-induced nasal congestion. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the canine model may be used to study upper-airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and to evaluate the pharmacologic activity of nasal decongestants.     

Changes in nasal resistance and nasal geometry using pressure and acoustic rhinometry in a feline model of nasal congestion

This is the first report describing the use and pharmacological characterization of nasal patency by both pressure rhinometry and acoustic rhinometry (AcR) in an experimental cat model of nasal congestion. In pressure rhinometry studies, aerosolized compound 48/80 (0.1-3.0%), a mast cell liberator, increased nasal airway resistance (NAR) 1.2 +/- 0.6, 5.8 +/- 0.5, 8.6 +/- 1.1 and 7.9 +/- 1.5 cmH2O.L/minute, respectively. Increases in NAR produced by compound 48/80 were associated with a 395% increase in histamine concentration found in the nasal lavage fluid. Pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist, phenylpropanolamine (PPA; 0.1-3.0 mg/kg, i.v.), and the NO synthetase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME; 10 mg/kg, i.v.) attenuated the increases in NAR produced by compound 48/80. The histamine H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and the H2 antagonist, ranitidine (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) had no decongestant activity. Also without decongestant activity were the muscarinic antagonist atropine, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, and the 5-HT blocker methysergide. Aerosolized histamine (0.1-1.0%) also produced a dose dependent increase in NAR. In studies using acoustic rhinometry (AcR), intranasal application of compound 48/80 (0.1-1.0%) elicited pronounced decreases in nasal cavity volumes and minimum cross-sectional area (Amin). Pretreatment with PPA (3 mg/kg, i.v. or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) attenuated the decreases in nasal volume and Amin. The effects of topical intranasal histamine (0.1-1.0%) on nasal geometry were similar to compound 48/80. We conclude that the cat is a useful model for evaluating the pharmacological actions of potential nasal decongestants. Furthermore, we also conclude that AcR is a useful method for noninvasive assessment of nasal patency in a preclinical setting.     

The effect of topical phenylpropanolamine on nasal secretion and nasal airway resistance after histamine challenge in man

The effect of topically administered phenylpropanolamine (PPA) on nasal secretion and nasal airway resistance (NAR) was evaluated in a placebo controlled double blind cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects. The nasal secretion was collected in handkerchiefs and weighed. NAR was measured by anterior rhinomanometry and the degree of nasal blockage, secretion and the number of sneezes were registered in a score. PPA (25 mg/ml) significantly reduced nasal secretion, NAR and the degree of blockage and so PPA may be useful as a topical nasal decongestant.     

Characteristics of pediatric nasal airway resistance

The nasal airway resistance (NAR) was determined in 739 normal children and 20 patients with enlarged adenoids by means of anterior rhinomanometry. It was demonstrated that the normal value of NAR in children ranged between 1.96 and 5.26 cmH2O.s/L (1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa) with extensive distributions and great inter-personal variations. There was no significant difference of NAR between male and female in different age groups (P greater than 0.05). Adenoidal proliferation played an important role in determining the pediatric NAR. The NAR changes may be closely related to anatomical and physiological changes occurring in the nose with growing.     

上颌骨前移术及同期鼻中隔矫正术前后鼻腔通气功能评估

目的　探讨对存在鼻腔阻塞、鼻中隔偏曲的牙颌面畸形患者行上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨上颌骨前移术的同期行鼻中隔矫正术对鼻腔通气功能的影响。方法　对13例 III类错颌畸形并伴有鼻中隔偏曲,鼻腔阻塞症状的患者进行前瞻性研究,年龄18～45岁,手术方案包括上颌骨LeFort I型截骨前移术及鼻中隔矫正术。术前、术后3个月及术后6个月对研究对象分别进行前鼻镜检查及鼻声反射检查。术前及术后6个月,完成鼻腔阻塞症状评估量表（nasal obstruction symptom evaluation scale,NOSE）的主观性评估。采用SPSS13.0对术前、术后的结果进行配对t 检验。结果　鼻声反射检测结果显示研究组的鼻腔阻力、鼻腔容积及鼻腔最小截面积术后3个月及6个月较术前有显著改善。NOSE量表的主观性评估结果显示,术后6个月时的评估分值较术前下降,前后差异有统计学意义。结论　上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨上颌骨前移手术同期行鼻中隔矫正术可以明显增加患者的鼻腔容积,改善鼻腔通气。     

鼻内镜下低温等离子手术治疗慢性鼻塞125例疗效观察

目的：探讨鼻内镜下低温等离子治疗慢性鼻塞前后鼻气道阻力（NAR）的变化。方法：对125例慢性鼻塞患者于低温等离子手术系统行下鼻甲减容手术,利用前鼻测压法对患者手术前后的NAR进行分析。结果：手术后NAR明显下降,手术前后NAR差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：鼻内镜下低温等离子手术具有疗效确切、微创、术中痛苦小、术后恢复快等优点,值得临床推广。     

下鼻甲粘膜下凝固术对鼻气道阻力的影响

目的 :观察下鼻甲粘膜下凝固术对鼻气道阻力的影响。方法 :应用主动性前鼻测压法 ,测定 17例慢性鼻炎患者 ,行下鼻甲粘膜下凝固术前后鼻气道阻力和主观鼻开放感觉评分情况。结果 :鼻炎组 17例患者术前鼻气道阻力是 (0 .6 6 7± 0 .2 1) k Pa· s/ L;术后 3个月 (0 .30 2± 0 .17) k Pa· s/ L,10个月 (0 .397± 0 .2 5 ) k Pa· s/ L,统计学显示术后两者和术前的差异有极其显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。术前主观鼻开放感觉评分是 7.5± 1.5 ,术后 3个月 2± 2 .0 ,10个月 3± 2 .5 ,两者和术前相比差异亦有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :下鼻甲粘膜下凝固术可显著性地降低患者的鼻气道阻力 ,同时可明显的改善患者的主观鼻开放感觉。     

内镜鼻窦手术前后鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能的测试结果

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively analyse the changes of nasal airway resistance (NAR) and olfactory function in patients before and after endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS). METHODS: NAR and olfactory functions in 127 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis and/or nasal polyps were measured with anterior rhinomanometry and T&T olfactometer standard odors. RESULTS: 1. The degree of NAR increased and olfactory dysfunction were accompanied with varied clinic classifications. 2. After the ESS, NAR decreased and olfactory functions improved obviously, the effective rates were 93.4% (85/91) and 71.9% (64/89) respectively. 3. Allergy was one of the major factors that affected the outcome of nasal function after ESS. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The improvements of NAR and olfactory function in patients with chronic sinusitis and polyps were significant after ESS. 2. As the determining method of nasal function, the measurement of NAR and olfactory function ought to be used widely in clinical practice.     

吸烟对鼻气道阻力影响的初步探讨

目的：探讨吸烟对鼻气道阻力（ＮＡＲ）的影响,方法：采用前鼻测压法,对４０例正常不吸烟者（对照组）,４１例轻度吸烟者（轻度吸烟组）、４２例重度吸烟者（重度吸咽组）的单侧及总鼻腔ＮＡＲ进行测定,比较。结果：重度吸烟组鼻粘膜减充血前单侧及总鼻腔（ＮＡＲ）与对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,鼻粘膜减充血后则针显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;轻度吸烟鼻粘膜减充血前后均无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：长