北京地区443例不良孕产史夫妇染色体分析

目的为了降低出生缺陷发生率,对有反复流产、生育异常儿史夫妇,进行染色体检查.方法采用常规周围血染色体技术方法.结果在443例有不良孕产史夫妇中,检出异常染色体11例,异常检出率约为2.48%.2次自然流产史的染色体异常检出率1.53%;3次及3次以上流产史的异常检出率分别为3.80%和9.09%;有异常生育史的异常检出率2.05%.因此,自然流产次数越多,染色体异常检出率越高;女性染色体平衡易位对后代影响较大.结论胎儿的染色体异常,与亲代的染色体平衡易位有重要关系.     

1112对异常孕产史夫妇的细胞遗传学分析

目的为探讨不良孕产史夫妇与染色体异常的关系。方法对有自然流产史，死胎，曾生育畸形儿、智力低下儿等异常孕产史的1112对夫妇进行外周血染色体核型分析。结果检出异常染色体核型94例，总检出率4．23％。其中检出平衡易位55例（其中罗迫逊易位17例），倒位30例，数目异常2例，多态7例。结论染色体异常是导致异常生育的重要原因。因此，对有异常孕产史夫妇做染色体检查很有必要。     

广州地区70对自然流产夫妇的细胞遗传学研究

目的对70对有自然流产史的夫妇进行细胞遗传学检查,探讨染色体异常与自然流产的关系.方法采用外周血淋巴细胞培养进行染色体核型分析.结果发现异常核型32例,其中倒位、平衡易位26例,说明染色体倒位、平衡易位是自然流产的主要原因.提示对不明原因的先兆流产不要盲目保胎,自然流产是检出染色体异常的重要临床指征,细胞遗传学对自然流产的诊治有重要的指导意义.结论孕前最好进行染色体检查,异常者应到优生遗传咨询门诊接受生育咨询与指导,孕后必须进行产前诊断,诊断结果病人可知情选择,以减少染色体异常儿出生,减少病人的痛苦,提高人口素质.     

28例罕见的染色体异常核型遗传学研究

目的通过对3 858例不孕不育、自然流产和死胎、生育异常患儿的患者染色体分析,探讨平衡易位与相应临床效应的关系。方法取患者外周血进行淋巴细胞培养,按常规方法制备染色体,应用G显带和C显带技术进行核型分析。结果在3 858例中发现异常核型435例,其中平衡易位73例,包括世界首报染色体平衡易位异常核型28例,占平衡易位异常的38％(28／73)。结论染色体平衡易位是引起不孕不育、自然流产及死胎、生育异常儿的重要原因,对有相关临床症状的患者进行染色体检查是非常必要的。     

10例世界首报染色体异常核型的细胞遗传学与临床关系的研究

目的对10例世界首报染色体异常核型与生殖异常和新生儿畸形进行研究探讨。方法采用人外周血淋巴细胞培养,常规G显带技术进行染色体检查分析。结果发现10例罕见染色体异常,经鉴定为世界首报核型。其中有平衡易位6例,数目异常伴平衡易位1例,遗传自亲代的衍生染色体3例。结论染色体异常是自然流产及新生儿畸形,智力低下的重要原因,对有不良孕产史的夫妇进行常规染色体检查及遗传咨询具有重要的临床意义。     

石家庄地区1513对自然流产夫妇的细胞遗传学分析

目的 通过对石家庄地区1513对有自然流产史夫妇的细胞遗传学结果总结分析,为临床提供更好的指导.方法 外周血培养,制片,G显带,行染色体核型分析.结果 1513对夫妇中共检出染色体异常289例,其中染色体核型异常87例,染色体多态性变异202例.有1次自然流产史的共313对,染色体异常检出率为17.57％.有2次自然流产史的共883对,染色体异常检出率为16.65％.有3次及以上自然流产史的共317对,染色体异常检出率为27.44％.有1次自然流产史与有2次自然流产史夫妇的染色体异常检出率差异无统计学意义,与有3次及以上自然流产史夫妇的染色体异常检出率差异有统计学意义.结论 染色体异常是引起自然流产的主要原因之一,应加强对自然流产史夫妇的染色体检查,即使是只有1次自然流产史,以避免染色体缺陷患儿的出生.     

染色体平衡易位携带者引起习惯性流产一例

我室在遗传咨询中对自然流产史及分娩智力低下儿史的夫妇做外周血淋巴细胞染色体检查，发现1例核型为46，XX，t（16；22）（p13；q11）之平衡易位患者，现将病例报告如下。     

许昌地区168对自然流产夫妇的细胞遗传学研究

目的对有自然流产史的夫妇进行细胞遗传学检查,探讨染色体异常与自然流产的关系。方法采用外周血淋巴细胞染色体培养技术进行染色体核型分析。结果336例患者中共检出异常核型18例,异常率为5.36%(18/336);另检出染色体多态性变异5例,检出率为1.49%,其中大Y4例,检出率为1.20%,qh 1例。异常核型中染色体相互易位12例,罗伯逊易位3例,臂间倒位3例。结论染色体畸变是引起自然流产的一个重要原因,对有自然流产史的夫妇进行染色体检查具有重要的临床意义。     

济南地区1088对异常孕产史夫妇的染色体分析

目的分析染色体异常与异常孕产史的关系.方法采用外周血淋巴细胞培养,染色体核型分析的方法,对自然流产、死胎、生育畸形及智力低下儿等异常孕产史的1088对夫妇进行细胞遗传学检测.结果检出异常染色体核型163例,总检出率7.49%(163/2176).其中775对自然流产及死胎夫妇中,检出异常染色体核型136例,检出率为8.77%(136/1550);曾生育畸形儿的170对夫妇,检出异常核型16例,检出率为4.71%(16/340);77对生育智力低下儿的夫妇中,检出异常核型9例,检出率是 5.84%(9/154),而有新生儿死亡史的66对夫妇中,仅检出2例染色体异常核型,检出率只有1.52%(2/132).结论异常孕产史与染色体异常密切相关,对此人群进行细胞遗传学检查是非常必要的,可以寻找病因,为优生优育提供依据.     

Y染色体异常与生育的关系

1991年 2月至 2 0 0 2年 2月 ,我们对有生育异常史的 5 10对夫妇进行了遗传咨询及外周血染色体检查 ,检出男性 Y染色体异常 6 0例 (包括大 Y、小 Y) ,现报告如下。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　来自我院优生遗传专科等科室 ,具有不明原因的流产、死胎、早产及生育智力低下儿、畸形儿等不良孕产史及不孕不育者。1.2　方法　对咨询夫妇常规询问病史、体检、抽取外周血进行淋巴细胞培养及染色体制片、G显带 ,每例镜下计数 30～ 5 0个分裂相 ,分析 3～ 5个核型。1.3　大 Y、小 Y诊断标准　Y≥ 18号染色体为大 Y,Y<2 1号染色体为小 Y。2　结果5 1…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.