应用三酰甘油/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较和评估老年及中青年2型糖尿病患者小而致密LDL水平的变化

目的比较和评估老年及中青年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者小而致密LDL水平的变化情况。方法 113例老年和119例中青年T2DM患者根据低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平进行分组分层。检测指标主要有HbA1c、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、LDL-C,并应用TG/HDL-C评估小而致密LDL(sdLDL)水平。结果老年T2DM患者的TC、TG、HDL-C及LDL-C明显低于中青年T2DM患者。分别有58.82%和33.63%的中青年和老年T2DM患者发生sdLDL水平的升高。当LDL-C<3.12 mmol/L或HbA1c≤7%时,中青年T2DM患者人群中发生sdLDL升高的患者比例均明显高于老年T2DM患者人群(P<0.05);但这一差异在LDL-C≥3.12 mmol/L或HbA1c>7%时则不明显。结论老年T2DM患者的TC、TG、LDL-C及HDL-C水平普遍低于中青年T2DM患者。与老年T2DM患者相比,中青年T2DM患者更易发生sdLDL水平的升高,尤其是在LDL-C正常和血糖控制良好时。     

盐酸吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床研究

目的研究胰岛素增敏剂盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的胰岛素抵抗、血压、血脂的影响.方法对102例体质指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2且使用磺脲类+双胍类药物后糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)>7.0%的T2DM患者,在重新制定合理的饮食和运动的基础上,随机分为两组:治疗组使用盐酸吡格列酮15 mg/d连用12周,对照组使用原药物,观察两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后两小时血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2hIns)HbA1c、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血压(BP)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等指标的变化.结果治疗12周后,治疗组FBG、HbA1c、Ins、BP、TG、LDL-C及HOMA-IR较较对照组均下降.结论盐酸吡格列酮能减轻胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖,改善脂代谢.     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗联合自我血糖监测对T2DM患者血糖控制效果及相关因素

目的 探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗联合自我血糖监测(SMBG)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制的效果及相关因素。方法 回顾性分析82例T2DM患者一般临床资料，均给予短期胰岛素泵强化治疗联合SMBG,记录患者治疗前后糖脂代谢变化，并根据血糖控制情况分为控制良好组与控制欠佳组，对比两组临床资料，分析影响其血糖控制效果的相关因素。结果 治疗后1 w T2DM患者空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),稳态模型胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)较治疗前显著升高，但治疗后6个月FBG、HOMA-IR、2 h PBG、HbA1c水平较治疗后1 w有所升高，HOMA-β降低，但仍明显优于治疗前(P<0.05);治疗后1 w总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C较治疗前显著升高，但治疗后6个月TC、TG、LDL-C水平较治疗后1 w有所升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低，但仍明显优于治疗...     

阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病患者血脂及尿酸代谢的研究

目的探讨阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血脂及尿酸代谢的影响。方法选取2016年10月—2017年8月收治的T2DM患者200例,按奇偶数分为对照组、实验组,两组均给予糖尿病饮食管理和运动治疗,对照组给予二甲双胍治疗,实验组给予阿卡波糖治疗,持续服药12周。观察治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPFG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂(甘油三酯TG、总胆固醇TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C)、尿酸(UA)的水平变化。结果实验组治疗后BMI、FPG、2 hPFG、HbA1c、TG、TC、LDL-C、UA较治疗前明显下降,HDL-C较治疗前明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组治疗后BMI、FBG、2 hPFG、HbA1c较治疗前下降(P0.05),TG、TC、LDL-C、UA较治疗前无明显下降,HDL-C无升高,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后BMI、FPG、2 hPFG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、UA差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿卡波糖和二甲双胍均可降低BMI、FPG、2 hPFG、HbAlc的水平,但两组HbAlc无明显差异。此外,阿卡波糖还可以降低TG、TC、LDL-C、UA的水平,升高HDL-C的水平。可知,阿卡波糖可以明显改善血脂及尿酸的代谢,早期预防T2DM慢性并发症及延缓心脑血管病的进展。     

2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与微血管病变相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血脂水平与微血管病变的相关性。方法收集华北理工大学附属医院2017年11月—2018年3月住院的T2DM患者85例,分为T2DM合并微血管病变组(A组)44例、T2DM不合并微血管病变组(B组)41例,比较两组患者的血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。结果 A组患者TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c高于B组,HDL-C低于B组(P0.05)。T2DM患者微血管病变发生与TC、TG、LDL-C呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关。结论T2DM患者合并微血管病变时血脂水平明显异常,脂代谢异常与T2DM患者微血管病变发生具有相关性。     

胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛B细胞功能、血清超敏C反应蛋白及血糖血脂代谢的影响

目的探讨胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖血脂代谢、胰岛B细胞功能及血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的影响。方法选取2013年9月—2016年9月于该科初次诊断且接受胰岛素短期强化治疗的100例T2DM患者作为研究对象,在控制饮食、运动疗法基础上采用胰岛素强化治疗(三短一长)。治疗前和停止胰岛素强化治疗后测定患者FBG、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后1 h和2 h胰岛素(INS1、INS2)、胰岛B细胞分泌指数(Homa-IS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及血清hs-CRP水平。结果胰岛素短期强化治疗2周后患者的FBG、2 h PBG、TC、TG、LDL-C及hs-CRP水平均显著低于治疗前,HDL-C水平明显高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胰岛素短期强化治疗2周后患者的FINS、INS1、INS2及Homa-IS、均明显高于治疗前,HOMA-IR明显低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于初诊断的2型糖尿病患者,起始胰岛素短期强化治疗,能显著降低血糖血脂,改善代谢紊乱,恢复胰岛B细胞功能,改善胰岛素抵抗,降低血清hs-CRP水平,作为初诊断2型糖尿病患者的主要治疗方法,有助于延缓糖尿病进展、减少并发症的发生、发展。     

吡格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗对老年2型糖尿病患者HbA1c、血脂及胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮单用与联合二甲双胍对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA 1c)、血脂及胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法选取90例老年T2DM患者,按照简单随机对照法分为对照组(单用吡格列酮治疗)及观察组(采用吡格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗)。比较两组治疗前后血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平及不良反应发生情况。结果两组治疗后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)及HbA 1c水平明显低于治疗前(P<0.05);而观察组均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗后三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平明显低于治疗前,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平明显高于治疗前(P<0.05);而观察组TG、TC、LDL-C水平明显低于对照组,HDL-C水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前后体重指数(BMI)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组治疗后胰岛素水平明显高于治疗前,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)明显低于治疗前(P<0.05);观察组治疗后胰岛素水平明显高于对照组,HOMA-IR、Fins明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。两者不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论吡格列酮联合二甲双胍可改善老年T2DM患者血糖及血脂代谢及胰岛素敏感性。     

胰岛素强化治疗对新诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

62名新诊断的T2DM患者被随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组(A组)及口服降糖药治疗组(B组)。结果:两组治疗后FPG、2hPPG、HbA1C、TG较前明显下降(P0.05),FCP较前明显升高(P0.05),上述指标以A组变化显著(P0.01);且A组的2hPCP、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C也有所改善(P0.05);随访半年,A组使用口服降糖药的药量较B组少。结论:用胰岛素强化及口服降糖药治疗新诊2型糖尿病患者均可以降低血糖和血脂,而且可以改善胰岛?细胞功能,但以胰岛素强化治疗组疗效显著。     

老年2型糖尿病患者胰岛素加用二肽基肽酶Ⅳ抑制剂治疗的安全性及疗效

目的探讨胰岛素治疗基础上加用二肽基肽酶(DPP)-Ⅳ抑制剂较单纯胰岛素治疗对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖控制是否更安全且有效。方法 72例糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)≥9.0%老年2型糖尿病患者按2:1比例随机分为联合组(n=48)和胰岛素组(n=24),在原预混胰岛素70/30治疗基础上联合组加服DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂利格列汀口服治疗,胰岛素组根据病情继续原预混胰岛素治疗或改为其他种类胰岛素进行单纯胰岛素治疗,观察治疗12 w前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后血糖(PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、腰臀比(WHR)以及血压、血脂变化,比较两组达标时间、胰岛素用量和低血糖发生次数等其他不良反应。结果两组心、肝、肾功能皆正常,血、尿常规治疗前后比较无显著异常。联合组低血糖出现次数显著少于单纯胰岛素组(P<0.01),皆无严重低血糖发生。两组FPG皆较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),联合组2 h PG、HbA1c、血糖达标时间、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)皆明显低于胰岛素组(P<0.05),WHR、平均胰岛素日用量皆较胰岛素组显著降低(P<0.01;P<0.001),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显高于胰岛素组(P<0.01)。结论对老年T2DM患者在胰岛素治疗基础上加服DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂血糖控制效果明显优于单纯胰岛素治疗,胰岛素用量减少,中心性肥胖、血压和血脂改善,低血糖发生率降低。     

二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平的影响

DM2患者40例及正常对照者(NC)25人,行标准餐实验,测定Leptin及空腹、餐后0.5小时、餐后2小时血糖(Plasma glucose,PG)及胰岛素(insulin,Ins),同时测定甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CH)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。初诊DM2患者30例给予二甲双胍0.5bid治疗12周,复查上述指标,观察其变化。结果与NC组相比,DM2组Leptin水平明显升高(P<0.05),且女性患者高于男性(P<0.05),肥胖患者高于非肥胖者。二甲双胍治疗12周后DM2组FPG、0.5hPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TG、CH、HOMA-IR、Leptin均显著降低(P均<0.05),HDL-C升高(P<0.05)。结论二甲双胍治疗12周后,DM2患者FPG、0.5hPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TG、CH、HOMA-IR、Leptin均显著降低,HDL-C升高。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.