初中生考试焦虑、社会支持现状的调查

目的探究初中生考试焦虑、社会支持的一般状况及二者之间的关系。方法使用中学生考试焦虑测验问卷、社会支持评定量表对166名初中生进行问卷调查。结果①初中生大多处于轻度焦虑范围内；②初中生的考试焦虑、社会支持在城乡、年级方面存在显著性差异，而在性别方面差异并不显著；③社会支持各维度与考试焦虑之间的相关不显著。结论社会支持与考试焦虑相关不显著，还需对二者关系进行验证。     

初中生考试焦虑与自我意识的关系

目的:调查初中生考试焦虑与自我意识的现状,探讨二者之间的关系。方法:本研究采用问卷法对2018名初中生的考试焦虑及自我意识状况进行调查,分析考试焦虑及自我意识在不同性别、年龄的分布情况,并对二者进行相关性分析。结果:初中生自我意识得分为(52.83±12.62),不同性别初中生自我意识总分及行为、智力与学校、焦虑、合群、幸福与满足等因子分有显著性差异(P0.001),躯体外貌与属性因子分的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。而不同年龄初中生在行为、智力与学校、焦虑、幸福与满足及总分存在显著性差异(P0.01),而在躯体外貌与属性、合群方面无显著性差异(P0.05)。不同年龄初中生状态焦虑与特质焦虑得分有显著性差异(P0.001),考试焦虑得分与自我意识因子分及总分均呈负相关,其相关性均有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论:初中生人群中考试焦虑及自我意识偏低情况普遍存在,且二者存在因果关系。     

大学生自我意识与人际关系的关系研究

目的探讨大学生自我意识与人际关系的情况。方法随机抽取哈尔滨市3所高校416名大学生，进行自我意识量表（SCS）、大学生人际关系综合诊断量表及人口学变量问卷的调查；应用SPSS 11．0软件进行方差分析、典型相关分析和回归分析。结果①不同性别的大学生在内在自我维度及待人接物、异性交往、人际关系困扰总分上差异显著；②不同学科类别的大学生在公众自我、自我总分及人际交谈、人际交往、待人接物、人际关系困扰总分上差异显著；③不同年级的大学生在人际交往、待人接物及人际关系困扰总分上差异显著；④不同家庭居住地的大学生在异性交往维度上有显著差异。结论内在自我与人际关系困扰呈负相关；内在自我对人际关系困扰有显著的预测作用。     

初中生的人格倾向与考试焦虑的关系

目的:探讨初中生人格倾向与考试焦虑的关系。方法:以艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQRSC)和考试焦虑量表(TAS)为测查工具在临沂市某两所初级中学选取初一和初二两个年级的208名初中生进行研究。结果:1不同性别的初中生在人格倾向中的外向性、精神质和神经质3个维度上均存在显著差异(t=3.902,-5.975,-6.191;P0.001);不同年级的初中生仅在精神质维度上存在显著差异(t=-3.541,P0.001);2不同性别、不同年级的初中生在考试焦虑上均不存在显著差异,但女生的考试焦虑水平高于男生,初一学生的考试焦虑水平略高于初二学生;3初中生的考试焦虑水平仅与人格倾向中的精神质维度存在显著正相关(r=0.308,P0.01)。结论:1初中女生比男生情绪更不稳定,更具有攻击情绪,但男生比女生更外向活泼;初二学生比初一学生更具反抗性、攻击性;2初中生考试焦虑有普遍性;3精神质对考试焦虑有预测作用。     

初中生人际素质和个性素质与应对风格的关系研究

目的了解初中生应对风格特点，为中学生心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法运用应对风格量表、人际素质量表、个性素质量表对山西省1299名初中生进行了测试。结果①普通中学与重点中学初中生的应对风格特点有所不同，普通中学学生在注重情绪、理智合理、身体策略、否认压抑、针对情绪的行为策略维度的得分显著高于重点中学学生；男生与女生在身体策略方面差异显著；②初中生人际素质、个性素质与应对风格具有中等程度的显著正相关，其因子间呈不同程度相关；③不同学校类型初中生的人际素质对应对风格均有较好预测力，人际素质在其中起到中介作用。结论人际素质、个性素质、学校类型对初中生应对风格形成和发展有重要影响。     

初中学生学习策略发展特点研究

目的 探讨初中生学习策略发展特点。方法 采用中学生学习情况调查问卷对288名初中生进行调查。结果 初中生的学习策略在年级间存在着显著差异，并且随着年级的升高呈上升的趋势；在性别上学习策略也存在显著差异，女生在策略的运用上明显优于男生；不同成绩组之间差异显著，高成绩组明显优于低成绩组。结论 在学习策略的教学和应用上，教师要充分考虑到学生年级、性别、不同学习成绩等方面的差异。     

师范大学新生不同对象成人依恋与主观幸福感的关系

目的：了解师范大学新生不同对象成人依恋与主观幸福感的现状和特点，并进一步探讨两者的关系。方法：采用生活满意度量表、情感量表和亲密关系体验量表整群抽样调查119名师范新生。结果：①新生的主观幸福感处于中等水平，且女生的生活满意度显著高于男生，城市来源的显著高于农村来源的学生。②对不同对象的依恋以安全型为主。亲人是关系最为亲密的依恋对象，且依恋在性别、专业和来源上存在不同程度的差异。③对亲人、同性、异性以及最亲密对象依恋的焦虑和回避水平都与生活满意度呈显著负相关（r=-0．325～-0．216），与积极情感不相关，与消极情感存在不同程度的正相关（r=-0．184～0．411）。④回归分析发现，最亲密对象的回避维度对生活满意度有显著的预测效应；亲人依恋的焦虑维度对消极情感有显著的预测效应；亲人和异性对象的焦虑维度对情感平衡有显著的预测效应。结论：师范大学新生不同对象成人依恋对主观幸福感有影响。     

单亲家庭小学生自我意识、社会期望和社交焦虑的相关性

目的:探讨单亲家庭小学生的社交焦虑水平在其自我意识与社会期望之间的相关关系。方法:2018年9月-2018年12月在上海某区5所小学进行问卷调查,筛选单亲家庭157名2～5年级小学生,采用儿童社交焦虑量表、儿童社会期望量表和儿童自我意识量表进行评定,并进行相关分析与中介效应分析。结果:(1)不同学校小学生在三方面的程度上有显著差异(χ~2=14.826,19.443,31.035;P0.05);性别对自我意识程度高低有显著性差异(χ~2=6.392,P0.05),且焦虑因子得分差异有显著性(t=2.783,P0.05);是否独子在社交焦虑程度(χ~2=6.225,P0.05)及得分(t=2.133,P0.05)上均有显著性差异;(2)自我意识各维度与儿童社交焦虑(r=-0.504,P0.01)及各因子(r=-0.486,-0.236;P0.01)均呈显著负相关;儿童社会期望与儿童社交焦虑(r=-0.340,P0.01)及各因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.293,-0.179;P0.05),与自我意识除躯体外貌与属性因子外均呈显著正相关(P0.05);(3)多元逐步线性回归分析显示儿童社交焦虑和儿童自我意识合群因子是儿童社会期望的影响因素(P0.01);社会期望在合群和社交焦虑之间起部分中介效应。结论:单亲家庭小学生自我意识、社会期望和社交焦虑的关系密切,社会期望受合群因子、社交焦虑的影响。     

考试焦虑量表在长沙市初中生中的应用结果分析

目的：研究长沙市初中生的考试焦虑现状，评价中文版TAI在初中生中的适用性。方法：期中考试前两周用TAI对3680名初中生施测，一周后对107名同类学生进行TAS测试和TAI重测。结果：①长沙市初中生在TAI总量表和分量表上的得分大于平均数2个标准差以上的占总人数的5％左右；②初中生的考试焦虑存在显著的性别、年级和学校类型差异；③TAI各条目与总、分量表的相关及总、分量表之间的相关均达到显著水平，重测信度分别为0.86、0．72、0.82．TAI总分与TAS总分之间的相关达0．58。结论：中文版TAI能够应用于长沙市初中生。     

汶川地震孤儿的创伤后应激障碍和自我意识

目的:了解震后6个月地震孤儿创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和自我意识的相互关系。方法:利用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表和儿童事件影响量表修订版对111名震后孤儿进行评定。结果:震后孤儿PTSD检出率为39.6%;除智力与学校情况、躯体外貌与属性两个维度之外,自我意识其它维度与PTSD症状成显著负相关,其中焦虑维度可显著预测PTSD。结论:低自我意识中的低焦虑得分可显著预测PTSD,震后及时的自我意识水平筛查可在一定程度指导孤儿心理援助工作。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.