全球药品研发进展(2007.12)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有30个，比上月减少了4个。获得新药注册的药品数量比上月大幅减少，且绝大多数都是在新市场补充注册的药品。进入注册前阶段的略有增加，进入Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量较上月有所增长。     

全球药品研发进展（2008．02）

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有44个,比上月增加了10个。进入注册阶段的药物较上月略有减少,在新市场补充注册的药品中以新制剂和新适应证为主,进入注册前的药品数量与上月持平,进入Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量大幅增加,比上月增加了13个。     

全球药品研发进展(2007.11)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有34个，比上月减少了2个。获得新药注册的药品数量比上月大幅减少，且绝大多数都是在新市场补充注册的药品。进入注册前阶段和Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量均较上月有所增长。     

全球药品研发进展(2007.08)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有33个，比上月减少了2个，进入注册和注册前阶段的药品数量比上月增加了3个，进入Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量比上月减少了5个。     

全球药品研发进展(2012.06)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有50个,较上月增加了7个,除进入Ⅲ期临床阶段的药品数量略有减少外,进入其他研发阶段的药品数量均有所增加.进入注册阶段的有22个,比上月大幅增加7个.其中6个为全球首次注册的药品,在新市场补充注册的药品有14个.进入注册前阶段的有11个,比上月增加1个.进入Ⅲ期临床研究的有17个,比上月减少1个.     

全球药品研发进展

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有35个，比上月增加了3个，进入注册阶段的药品数量比上月有大幅增加，进入注册前阶段的药品数量持平，而进入Ⅲ期临床阶段的药品数量均略有减少。     

全球药品研发进展

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有31个，比上月减少了7个，进入注册和注册前阶段的药品数量较上月大幅下降，进入Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量比上月增加1个。     

全球药品研发进展(2011.10)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有53个,较上月减少了15个,除进入Ⅲ期临床阶段的药物数量比上月有所增加外,进入注册和注册前阶段的药品数量均减少。进入注册阶段的有21个,比上月大幅减少18个。其中8个为全球首次注册的新活性物质、新制剂和新适应证,其余13个均为在新市场补充注册。本月全球首次注册8个药品,较上月增加2个。其中     

全球药品研发进展(2011.11)

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有55个,较上月增加了2个,其中进入注册阶段的药物数量大幅上升,进入注册前阶段和Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量均有所减少。进入注册阶段的有35个,比上月增加14个。其中6个为全球首次注册的新活性物质、新制剂,其余29个均为在新市场补充注册。本月全球首次注册6个药品,较上月减少2个。其中     

全球药品研发进展

本月全球药品研发进展取得成效的药物有34个，比上月增加了3个，进入注册和注册前阶段的药品数量较上月有所增长，进入Ⅲ期临床研究阶段的药品数量比上月减少1个。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.