Association between alcohol use and periodontal pockets in Finnish adult population

Objective: To investigate whether alcohol use is associated with deepened periodontal pockets and whether this association is dependent on age, gender or socioeconomic position (SEP).

Material and methods: This cross-sectional study, based on the Health 2000 Survey, consisted of dentate, non-smoking Finnish adults aged 30?65 years (n?=?3059). The outcome was the number of teeth with deepened (≥4?mm) periodontal pockets. The exposure was self-reported alcohol use assessed as amount, frequency, and use over the risk limit. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results: In this study, alcohol use did not consistently associate with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets. An association with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets was found among men, older participants, and those participants belonging to basic or intermediate educational groups. An association with poor periodontal health was observed among men or older participants who belonged to the basic or intermediate educational group, whereas such associations were not observed among those participants belonging to the higher educational group.

Conclusions: The association between alcohol use and periodontal health appears to be confounded by individual characteristics such as age, gender, and especially one’s SEP.     

Intake of different alcoholic beverages and periodontal condition

Objective: The objective of this study is to study the association of alcoholic beverages and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level with periodontal condition.

Material and methods: The study included 4294 dentate, non-diabetic Finnish adults aged 30?65 years who underwent periodontal examination during the Health 2000 Survey. The number of teeth with deepened (≥4?mm) periodontal pockets was the outcome. The exposures were self-reported beverage-specific alcohol intake (amount and frequency) and serum GGT level. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by fitting zero-inflated negative binomial regression models.

Results: We found no consistent association of either the intake of different alcoholic beverages or GGT level with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets in the total study population or among the non-smokers. Among the highly educated non-smokers, spirit intake was associated with a low likelihood of having teeth with deepened periodontal pockets; RRs varied between 0.3 and 0.8. Among the non-smokers who had basic or intermediate education, spirit intake was associated with a higher likelihood of having teeth with deepened periodontal pockets; RRs varied between 1.2 and 1.8.

Conclusion: In general, neither the intake of different alcoholic beverages nor the GGT level was consistently associated with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets.     

Clustering effects of oral conditions based on clinical and radiographic examinations

Objectives

The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) is a measure of intra-subject clustering effects. A priori estimates of the ICC and the associated design effect (DE) are required for sample size estimation in clustered studies, and should be considered during their analysis, too. We aimed to determine the clustering effects of carious lesions, apical lesions, periodontal bone loss, and periodontal pocketing, assessed in clinical or radiographic examinations.

Methods

A subsample of patients (n = 175) enrolled in the fifth German Oral Health Study provided data on clinically determined carious teeth (i.e., with untreated carious lesions, WHO method) as well as teeth with periodontal pocketing (i.e., with maximum probing-pocket-depths ≥ 4 mm). A sample of panoramic radiographs (n = 85) from randomly chosen patients, examined from 2010 to 2017 at the Charité dental hospital, provided data on radiographically determined carious teeth (i.e., with lesions extending into dentine or enamel), teeth with apical lesions (determined by dentists via majority vote), and teeth with periodontal bone loss (≥ 20% of root-length). The ICC and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were determined.

Results

There were 3839 and 1961 teeth assessed in clinical and radiographic evaluations, respectively. For clinically or radiographically determined carious lesions, the ICC (95% CI) was 0.20 (0.16–0.24) or 0.19 (0.14–0.25), respectively. For clinical pocketing or radiographic bone loss, the ICC was 0.40 (0.35–0.46) or 0.30 (0.24–0.38), respectively. The lowest ICC was found for apical lesions at 0.08 (0.06–0.13).

Conclusions

The ICC varied between assessment methods and conditions. Clustered trials should account for this during study planning and data analysis.

Clinical relevance

Within the limitations of this study, and considering the risk of selection bias and the limited sample sizes of both datasets, clustering effects were substantial but varied between dental conditions. Studies not accounting for this during planning and analysis may yield misleading estimates if clustering is present.

     

Comparison of two visual methods for detecting caries among obese and non-obese children

Objective: The study aimed to compare two visual methods for detecting caries among obese and non-obese children in Salvador, Brazil.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011–2012, which evaluated 180 paediatric patients, 6–14 years old, girls and boys, categorized into two groups: obese and non-obese (healthy weight), according to the body mass index. For the evaluation of dental caries, the decayed, missing or filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft) and International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) visual criteria were used.

Results: The mean DMFT value was 0.98 in obese children and 0.57 in the non-obese children, without significant differences between groups (p?=?0.206). The mean dmft value in the non-obese children (1.66) was higher than in obese children (0.95), with significant differences between groups (p?=?0.021). According to ICDAS II criteria, there was a higher prevalence of non-cavitated enamel lesions (D1–3) in obese children (n?=?156,?10.5%) compared to the non-obese children (n?=?55,?1.9%), with significant differences between the groups (p?Conclusions: The inclusion of non-cavitated lesions during the caries evaluation represents a challenge in diagnosis, which allows for control of this process before the evolution of these lesions to cavitation.     

Long-term stability of splinted anterior mandibular teeth during supportive periodontal therapy

Objective: The aim of the study was to retrospectively assess the survival rate and stability of periodontally compromised and mobile anterior mandibular teeth after splinting in patients under supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).

Materials and methods: Thirty-nine patients with splinted anterior mandibular teeth and SPT (≥1 visit/year) for 3–15 years were re-examined. Periodontal status, patient and tooth-related factors were assessed retrospectively before (baseline) and 3 years after splinting (n?=?39 patients, 162 splinted teeth). For patients with splints inserted for more than 3 years, retrospective data after 5 (n?=?30), 7 (n?=?24), 10 (n?=?16), 12 (n?=?8) and 15 years (n?=?4) was included, if available. At baseline, splinted teeth included at least one tooth with increased mobility combined with clinical attachment loss (CAL)?≥?5?mm and ≥50% relative bone loss (RBL). Baseline RBL of splinted teeth was assessed for all patients. Change in RBL was assessed after 10 years, if available.

Results: No splinted tooth was lost within the first 3 years after splinting. One splinted tooth was lost 7 years after baseline and one 12 years after baseline. After 3 years mean(SD) periodontal probing depth of splinted teeth decreased from 3.39(1.41) mm to 2.12(0.37) mm and mean(SD) CAL from 5.61(1.66) mm to 5.09(1.67) mm and remained stable over the observation period. No change in RBL was observed over a 10-year period (p?=?.213). The survival rate of the splints until fracture or debonding was 74.4% after 3 years.

Conclusions: Periodontally compromised splinted teeth show a high survival-rate and periodontal stability during SPT.     

Assessment of periodontal disease and dental caries in a population survey using the CPITN, GPM/T and DMF/T indices

2263 randomly selected subjects, aged 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and greater than 64 yr, were assessed for periodontal status, caries status and treatment needs using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the ratio of Gingivitis: Periodontitis: Missing teeth (GPM/T index) and the DMF/T index. The advantages of full mouth examination were compared to partial recordings. The CPITN underestimated deep pocketing especially in older age groups and in younger groups overestimated the need for scaling. Although the mean GPM/T number of periodontally affected teeth is in the range of 9-13 teeth and stable throughout the age groups there were age-dependent high risk groups for developing shallow pocketing (20-24 yr) and deep pocketing (45-54 yr), whereas adolescents were at high caries risk. The increase in the number of missing teeth was dramatic after the age of 54 yr only one decade after the high risk age for deep pathologic pockets.     

Associations Between Serum 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and Periodontal Pocketing and Gingival Bleeding: Results of a Study in a Non‐Smoking Population in Finland

Background : Apart from the effects of vitamin D on bone metabolism, it is also known for its immunomodulatory properties. However, so far, it is not clear whether serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] exerts any beneficial effect on the periodontium. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the serum level of 25(OH)D is related to periodontal condition, measured by means of pocketing and gingival bleeding. Methods: This cross‐sectional study is based on a non‐smoking subpopulation without diabetes of the Finnish Health 2000 Survey (N = 1,262). Periodontal condition was measured as the number of teeth with deep (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets and the number of bleeding sextants per individual. Serum 25(OH)D level was determined by means of a standard laboratory measurement. Prevalence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models. Results: There were practically no associations between serum 25(OH)D level and teeth with deep (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets or bleeding sextants. A somewhat lower proportion of teeth with deep periodontal pockets was found in higher serum 25(OH)D quintiles among individuals with a good oral hygiene level. Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D did not seem to be related to periodontal condition, measured as periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding in this low‐risk, low‐25(OH)D status population.     

Risk factors associated with abundant dental caries and periodontal pocketing

An adult population of 1275 subjects aged 25, 35, 50, and 65 yr were examined clinically with respect to their periodontal and caries situation. An interview and questionnaire were used to chart the following variables: dietary and oral hygiene habits, social factors, appreciation of natural teeth, and use and availability of dental services. The associations between the risk factors and the probability of periodontal pocketing (greater than or equal to 4 mm) or abundant dental caries (greater than or equal to 7 lesions) among the dentate population were examined using a logistic regression model. The final model correctly classified periodontal pocketing in 65% of the cases and abundant caries in 76%. In addition to social variables, behavioral factors were found to be significantly associated with periodontal pocketing and abundant untreated dental caries.     

Salivary flow rate and periodontal infection - a study among subjects aged 75 years or older

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 , 387–392 Objective: To analyse the relation of stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates to periodontal infection in home‐dwelling elderly people aged 75 years or older. Subjects and Methods: This study was based on a subpopulation of 157 (111 women, 46 men) home‐dwelling, dentate, non‐smoking elderly people (mean age 79.8, SD 3.6 years) from the Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for the Good Care of the Elderly Study). The data were collected by interview and oral clinical examination. Results: Persons with very low (<0.7 ml min^?1) and low stimulated salivary flow rates (0.7–<1.0 ml min^?1) had a decreased likelihood of having teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets, RR: 0.7, CI: 0.5–0.9 and RR: 0.7, CI: 0.5–0.9, respectively, when compared with those with normal stimulated salivary flow. Persons with a very low unstimulated salivary flow rate (<0.1 ml min^?1) had a decreased likelihood of having teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets, RR 0.8, CI: 0.6–1.0, when compared with subjects with low/normal unstimulated salivary flow. Conclusions: In a population of dentate, home‐dwelling non‐smokers, aged 75 years or older, low stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates were weakly associated with a decreased likelihood of having teeth with deep periodontal pockets.     

Behavioural and socioeconomic factors associated with the simultaneous occurrence of periodontal disease and dental caries

Abstract

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the association of behavioural and socioeconomic factors with the occurrence of periodontal disease and dental caries, paying special attention to the simultaneous occurrence of these diseases.

Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 5255 dentate persons aged ≥30 years from a nationally representative survey. Caries and probing pocket depth were recorded by tooth and calculated in relation to the number of existing teeth. The groups were: non-affected (A), the two most affected quintiles for periodontal disease with little or no dental caries (B), the two most affected quintiles for dental caries with little or no periodontal disease (C) and the two most affected quintiles for both periodontal disease and dental caries (D). Presence of dental plaque was determined, and behavioural and socioeconomic factors were established.

Results: Dental plaque, smoking, lack of regular dental check-ups, older age and a basic level of education were strongly associated with the simultaneous occurrence of periodontal disease and dental caries.

Conclusions: There are many behavioural and socioeconomic factors that associate with the occurrence of both periodontal disease and dental caries. These factors also increase the risk of individuals having these diseases simultaneously.     

Can the Enterococcus faecalis identified in the root canals of primary teeth be a cause of failure of endodontic treatment?

Objective: This study investigated the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth with primary root canal infections and related to the possible failure of pulpectomy outcome after 36 months.

Material and methods: Root canal samples were obtained from 25 out of 244 patients using the sterile paper cone method. The identification of E. faecalis was done with culture and molecular tests using species-specific 16S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After 36 months, the pulpectomy outcome was evaluated.

Results: Enterococcus faecalis was found in five (20%) samples, and dental caries were the cause of primary infection in all of them. Pulpectomy outcome was evaluated only in teeth that completed the entire clinical protocol and were followed up to 36 months (n?=?8). From these, 75% (n?=?6) were successful and 25% (n?=?2) failed. E. faecalis was present in 50% of both successful and failed cases.

Conclusions: Enterococcus faecalis was not related to the failure of endodontic treatment of primary teeth.     

Prevalence and distribution of gingivitis, periodontitis and missing teeth in adolescents and adults according to GPM/T index

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution and the prevalence of periodontal disease in adolescents and adults using the WHO method TRS 621 and to propose a method of presenting the results by a simple index system. On the basis of a medium term longitudinal 5-yr project 1048 subjects were examined in age group 1 (15–19 yr) and 425 subjects in age group 2 (35–44 yr). Each subject had a full mouth examination for the presence of supra-or subgingival calculus, pocketing, bleeding and recession and the PI (Russell ). These epidemiologic data were characterized by the ratio Gingivitis: Periodontitis: Missing teeth by using solely the recordings for bleeding, pockets and missing teeth. The mean GPM index in Group 1 was 15.4:0.6:0.8. The mean GPM index in Group 2 was 12.0:4.6:7.7. The Periodontal Index is more subjective than the TRS 621 method. Full mouth recording is required for the suggested GPM/T index analogous to the DMFT index. This new scoring ratio makes it possible to present data of the progression rate of periodontal disease by the increment of tooth related P/T and M/T. Both indices with the common M-value (Missing) might be used for longitudinal programs of control and prevention of periodontal disease and dental caries.     

Incidence of edentulousness, reasons for full clearance, and health status of teeth before extractions in rural finland

Abstract Incidence of edentulousness, reasons for full clearance, and clinical status before extractions were studied in a longitudinal setting in 47 rural communities in Finland. The annual incidence of total loss of teeth was 50/100 000 inhabitants and loss of maxillary teeth 20/100 000 inhabitants. The rates were about twice as high for men as for women. Of the teeth to be extracted, 70% were roots or decayed, 20% were affected by severe periodontal disease and 10% were extracted for prosthetic reasons without caries or periodontal disease. The incidence rates indicate that the number of dentulous subjects in Finland is growing very rapidly.     

Association between occlusal anomalies and dental caries in 3‐ to 5 year‐old Brazilian children

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between certain occlusal anomalies and the occurrence and severity of dental caries in Brazilian preschool children.

Design: Cross‐sectional study.

Setting: Twenty‐eight public nursery schools in Canoas, southern Brazil.

Subjects and methods: The study population comprised 890 three‐ to five‐year‐old children. Five trained and calibrated observers examined children for determination of decayed, missing and filled tooth (dmft) index (World Health Organization criteria including white spots) and orthodontic variables.

Outcome measures: Caries severity (dmft) and caries occurrence (dmft?1).

Statistical analysis: Multivariable analysis was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance in order to determine the occlusal anomalies which represent risk factors for the occurrence of the binary outcome.

Results: Caries severity was significantly higher among children without spacing in the maxillary anterior teeth (P?=?0·001) and mandibular anterior teeth (P?=?0·003) and among children without accentuated overjet (P?=?0·023). The multivariable analysis demonstrated that children without spacing in maxillary anterior teeth had an increased risk of dental caries (prevalence ratio?=?1·43; 95% CI, 1·05–1·93). Open bite, accentuated overjet and posterior cross‐bite were not associated with this outcome in the final model.

Conclusions: Absence of spacing in the maxillary labial segment represents a risk factor for dental caries in preschool children.     

Caries status in young Colombian children expressed by the ICCMS™ visual/radiographic combined caries staging system

Objective: To report (1) the caries experience prevalence and mean, and the caries severity and distribution patterns, expressed clinically and combined with radiographs with the conventional and ICCMS? systems in young children from Bogotá, Colombia; (2) the contribution of including radiographs to the clinical caries scoring and (3) in which surfaces the radiograph adds to the clinical caries registration.

Material and methods: Six hundred children from kindergartens/schools were enrolled: Cohort A: 2-year (n?=?200), Cohort B: 4-year (n?=?200) and Cohort C: 6-year (n?=?200) olds. Radiographs were taken of the 4- and 6- year olds. Children were examined clinically using the Clinical (C) and Radiographic (R) ICCMS?-epi Caries Scoring Systems, staging caries lesions (d) as: Initial (C_epi/R_A), Moderate (C_M/R_B) or Extensive (C_E/R_C). Caries experience including missing (m) and filled (f) surfaces was expressed as follows: clinical conventional (Cd_MEmfs); clinical ICCMS? (Cd_epiMEmfs); combined conventional (C?+?Rd_MEmfs) and combined ICCMS? (C?+?Rd_epiMEmfs).

Results: The prevalence of Cd_MEmfs was: Cohort A: 32%; Cohort B: 59%; Cohort C: 67.5%, increasing to 73.5%, 99.8% and 100%, respectively, with the C?+?R d_epiMEmfs. The Cd_MEmfs means doubled when initial caries lesions (Cd_epi) and radiographs (R) were included. The d component corresponded to over two-thirds of the caries experience. Findings on the radiographs significantly raised caries experience prevalence and means (p?Conclusion: Participants’ caries experience was high. The radiographic assessment significantly contributed to caries experience. Molar and upper incisor teeth were most prone to caries.     

Dental diseases and loss of teeth in a group of Finnish alcoholics: a radiological study

A total of 85 Finnish alcohol-dependent subjects and 53 controls were studied with panoramic radiography. The aim was to study the possible associations between prolonged alcohol consumption and dental health. The mean number of teeth, caries lesions, endodontic treatments, periapical lesions, marginal bone loss, and periodontal infrabony pockets was studied. The subjects met the diagnostic criteria of alcohol dependence as set out in DSM-IV and ICD-10. The control group comprised social drinking volunteers with an AUDIT score < or =8. For the final results the subjects were divided into groups on the basis of sex and age. The social backgrounds of the subjects were similar, except for employment and smoking. The results show significantly fewer teeth and more caries in the alcoholic group. There was a tendency for the alcoholics <45 years of age to have more endodontically treated teeth than the controls, but no difference in the number of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth was found. Horizontal bone loss and the presence of calculus were more frequent in alcoholic men than in alcoholic women. Significantly more horizontal bone loss was observed in the group of alcoholic nonsmokers than in nonalcoholic nonsmokers. In the nonsmoking groups alcoholics had significantly more periodontal destruction than the nonsmoking controls. We conclude that radiological dental health among individuals dependent on alcohol is weakened by more caries, more horizontal bone loss, and more numerous vertical infrabony pockets than social drinkers.     

Radiographic assessments on prevalence and technical quality of endodontically-treated teeth in the Finnish population,aged 30 years and older

Abstract

Objective. To assess the prevalence and technical quality of endodontic treatment (ET) in Finland by panoramic radiography. Materials and methods. As part of the Finnish nationwide Health 2000 Survey, panoramic radiographs of 5244 dentate subjects, aged 30–95 years, were analyzed. The criterion for a technically adequate ET was a distance from the root filling to the root apex of ≤3 mm. Results. Sixty-one per cent of subjects had one or more teeth with ET. ET was more prevalent in older subjects and among women. Of all teeth (n = 120 250), 7% had had ET, the percentages being greatest for molars and premolars. Technical quality was adequate in 47% of all ET, in 71% of anterior teeth, in 51% of premolars and in 25% of molars. Conclusions. Prevalence and technical quality of endodontic treatment in Finland are comparable to that reported elsewhere, but are still calling for improvement in endodontic treatment, especially regarding molars.     

Association between age at asthma diagnosis and tooth loss

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between age at asthma diagnosis and tooth loss due to caries using data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Materials and methods: A complex sample multivariable linear regression was used, and the results were analysed. Age at diagnosis and the number of teeth lost were set as independent and dependent variables, respectively. Among the total 65,973 subjects, 10,056 aged <12 years and 11,714 with missing values in dependent and independent variables were excluded. Asthmatic subjects were divided into the following age groups based on the age at diagnosis: 0–6 years, 7–12 years, 13–18 years, 19–28 years, and 29–64 years. In each analysis, the calibration was performed by adding covariates to each model.

Results: Compared with the no asthma group (β?=?0), the values of β in asthmatic subjects belonging to the age groups 0–6 years (β?=?0.794, 0.521, 0.560) and 7–12 years (β?=?0.527, 0.407, 0.437) were high in all models.

Conclusions: Our findings revealed significant increase in tooth loss due to caries after early asthma diagnosis at 0–6 years (β?=?0.560, p?β?=?0.437, p?相似文献