毛人及正常人头发扫描电镜的比较观察

本文报道最近在河南省发现的母子两代毛人各一例,其母亲为罕见的毛人合并豆乳及多乳。为研究毛人毛发的特点,我们对毛人及正常人的头发进行了扫描电镜比较观察。通过表面观察、截面观察和数据分析,发现二者的毛小皮虽均呈叠瓦样排列,但在毛小皮的谷峰距离、疏密度、排列方向以及毛干截面特征等方面均有一定的差异。另外对毛小皮游离缘的微突微凹值、毛小皮的数据分析等亦进行了比较观察。     

正常人头发的扫描电镜观察

<正> 用扫描电镜(SEM)对8人(男4,女4)不同部位的30段头发进行观察,所见毛小皮鳞片瓦撑覆盖与光学显微镜(LM)所见一致,但更清楚微细。毛小皮形态和排列分六型:平行、局部交叉、局部粘连、混合型、疏、密型。粗毛的小皮覆盖层次密距离短,游离缘锯齿小而平滑些;细毛层次疏少,距离长,锯齿大而尖些。未观察到年龄性     

正常新疆维吾尔族人头发的扫描电镜观察

本文应用扫描电子显微镜对新疆维吾尔自治区南部地区12名(6女,6男),年龄在17岁至20岁之间的维吾尔族人不同部位的头发进行了初步观察研究。发现头发呈圆柱形,毛小皮鳞片呈叠瓦状。但鳞片排列方式、紧密度及形态因个体及部位不同而异。根据毛小皮排列方式可分为三型:即平行型,交错型及混合型,又根据毛小皮排列的紧密度分为密型和疏型。毛干的直径因个体不同大致可分为粗发和细发,粗发毛小皮单位距离内的层数大于细发,毛小皮排列多呈平行线。细发毛小皮排列多呈交错、混合型。     

正常人头发的扫描电镜观察

本文应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对8人的(男4、女4)不同部位、不同情况(剪取、自然脱落发及电烫发后)的30段头发进行了初步观察研究。发现毛干毛小皮的鳞片瓦样覆盖与光学显微镜(LM)下观察是一致的。但在 LM 下看不到的在 SEM 下则显示非常清楚,因而 SEM 是研究毛干外形微细结构的良好工具。头发小皮形态和排列各不相同,初步归纳了六种类型:即平行、局部交叉、局部粘连、混合型以及疏、密型等。粗毛小皮覆盖层次密,游离缘微突微凹之锯齿小而平滑些,细毛层次疏少,锯齿较大而尖些,因而前者游离缘之间距离短而后者长。未观察到年龄和性别上的特征。上述复杂的形态结构与生理病理状态的关系还有待进一步研究。     

喂服滋阴补肾中药后老龄大鼠体毛的扫描电镜观察

本研究旨在探讨老龄大鼠喂服滋阴补肾延缓衰老的中药后 ,其体毛干做为超微结构变化的指征。实验中共应用 SD大鼠 17只。其中 2 0月以上老龄大鼠 8只 ,饲喂中药老龄大鼠 9只 ,另以 4月龄青年大鼠 ,做宏观对比及电镜分析对照。中药为自拟滋阴补肾非公布方 ,喂饲 90天。在背部正中采毛 ,并清洗 ,按表面扫描电镜法进行常规制样 ,扫描电镜观察摄影。结果如下 :1正常老龄大鼠毛干直径约 46～ 10 3μm,毛小皮呈现叠瓦排列 ,游离缘向外 ,层叠如山峰状。向毛干的游离端 ,体毛直径逐渐变细且外形出现不整 ,毛小皮也相对变高变窄。最引人注意的是 ,在…     

兔眼睫状体超微结构特征

目的：研究兔眼睫状体的超微结构特征，并探讨其功能。方法：采用扫描和透射电子镜观察兔眼睫状体。结果：睫状突的游离面隆起呈袢状，上皮细胞游离面具有大量粗而短的微绒毛及散在的微顶浆分泌小泡。睫状环游离面也存在纵行的微嵴，该处上皮细胞表面的微绒毛及分泌泡数量均较睫状突上皮者少。睫状上皮由两层立方形上皮细胞构成。表层(即腔面)为非色素细胞，内含丰富的细胞器，面向后房的细胞质膜呈高度褶叠，并可见微绒毛及分泌泡；深层的色素上皮细胞面向睫状体基质面的细胞质膜也有褶叠。睫状体基质的疏松结缔组织内可见大量有窗孔的毛细血管。结论：睫状体与房水的选择性通透分泌有关，构成“血-房水屏障”。     

不同组分HHK扫描电镜观察

目的：观察Ｆ、Ｂ、Ｚ三种不同的ＨＨＫ表面及断面结构,确立不同降解速度ＨＨＫ的形态学指标,阐明其在自体腱形稆的形态机理,以更好地为临床服务。材料与方法：人发经过不同生化方法处理,制备混合编制快速（Ｆ）、中速（Ｂ）、慢速（Ｚ）三种不同降解速度的ＨＨＫ人工腱在扫描电镜下观察。结果：发现Ｆ组毛小皮大部分脱落,皮质中微丝束融合成消失;Ｚ组毛小波少部分脱落,皮质中微丝不排列略紊乱,而Ｂ组的改变介于前两者之间,     

不同铬浓度处理牛心包瓣体外疲劳试验后之组织电镜观察

０１％及０６５％浓度的三氧化二铬处理的牛心包瓣膜，经加速体外疲劳模拟试验后之组织用电镜观察发现：０１％铬浓度处理的牛心包瓣膜组织铬鞣剂分布均匀，原纤维直径粗细一致，弹力纤维存在，横纹轮廓清晰明显，胶原纤维排列整齐。０６５％铬浓度处理的牛心包瓣膜组织看到原纤维外有较明显的铬鞣剂积聚，胶原纤维周期横纹模糊不清，纤维直径粗细不一，纤维表面不平滑，部分胶原纤维溶解、断裂，排列紊乱     

声门区淋巴管分布与声门区早期喉癌的治疗

目的：为了进一步弄清喉声门部淋巴管分布的特点，为声门部的喉癌处理提供理论依据。方法：用淋巴管间接注射法，对胎儿、婴幼儿的新鲜尸体喉标本的淋巴管染色进行显微研究。结果：声带游离缘无淋巴管。声带游离缘外侧声带表面内有数条与声带平行的较粗的淋巴管，前后端交织成网；声带游离缘外下方声带内侧面淋巴管丰富、粗大且交织成网。声带游离缘两侧淋巴管分别于前联合粘膜下、声带突粘膜上下相互吻合。声门上、下区淋巴管分别与声门区淋巴管有丰富的吻合。早期声门型喉癌，进行不同的手术治疗，疗效满意。结论：早期声门型喉癌，应行不同的手术治疗，同时也应考虑行综合治疗。     

大鼠中枢神经系统衰老的形态学研究—大脑顶叶皮质神经元的超微形态改变

本文对不同年龄雄性Wistar大鼠顶叶皮质神经元的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明随增龄神经元的各种结构发生了明显的形态与数量改变,包括:(1)表面复合器的致密带加长、变宽;(2)高尔基体及粗面内质网分布紊乱,池腔扩张或狭小关闭,线粒体膨胀、固缩或退行性变。脂褐素、各种致密泡、致密体及异常结构增多;(3)核形态较不规则,周边染色质减少,核质致密化,核内包涵物少见。此外,随老化胞突部基质变暗,微管增多,形态变异,壁上有异物附着。     

维吾尔族、哈萨克族、回族青年人头发毛干的电镜观察

应用扫描电镜研究了头皮百会穴处的头发,材料分别取自甘肃省在兰州医学院学习的回族健康学生.维吾尔族和哈萨克族的材料取自新疆维吾尔自治区在新疆医学院学习的健康学员.毛干上皮表面的超微结构清楚可见,最外层细胞呈屋顶叠瓦状排列,在三个民族的6例中,屋顶叠瓦状细胞呈波浪形,它们的结构很相似,因为维吾尔族、哈萨克族、回族他们是蒙古人种和高加索人种的混血.文中认为百会穴处头发毛干纹理与民族的形成即血缘有关.     

Ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts as revealed by freeze-substitution fixation

Human scalp hair is important as a diagnostic clue to many diseases, in medical jurisprudential investigations, and also as a subject of cosmetic treatments. While many ultrastructural studies of the human hair root including the hair follicle have been reported, few studies have been done on the human hair shaft. We report here the ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts prepared by a rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation that allows the observation of fine cell structures. Healthy scalp hair shafts from Japanese females 12–13 years of age were rapid-frozen and then freeze-substituted in OsO₄-acetone. In addition, this technique was applied to the study of some changes of the hair shafts (i.e., hair damaged by thioglycolic acid cold permanent waving and white hair). By this method, the hair shaft was rapid-frozen throughout without appreciable ice damage although the hair shaft was nearly 100 μm in diameter. The rapid-freezing technique resulted in excellent preservation of the ultrastructure of the hair shafts: lamellar structures in the cuticle and fine fibrous ultrastructures in the cortex were observed without chemical treatments. Thioglycolic acid treatment affected the ultrastructure of both the cuticle and the cortex. Except for the absence of melanin granules, no significant differences in the ultrastructure were observed between white hair and black hair. The rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation appears to be the most reliable approach for the morphological evaluation of fully keratinized cells and tissues. Anat. Rec. 251:406–413, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Ultrastructural localization of desmoglein and plakophilin in the human hair suggests that the cell membrane complex is a long desmosomal remnant

Unlike the superficial part of the corneous layer of the epidermis (Stratum corneum) where desmosomes are degraded and corneocytes flake away, the trichocytes in the hair remain attached to each other after cornification. The permanence and fine localization of cell junctions, in particular of desmosomal proteins in the cornifying and mature human hair, is not known. The present electron microscope immunolocalization study indicates that two protein markers for desmosomes such as desmoglein 4 and plakophilins 1 and 3 are still present in mature cortical and cuticle cells. These proteins remain mainly localized in the cornified cytoplasmic side of desmosomal remnants of cortical cells, but also in the delta layer of the extracellular region of the membrane complex. This suggests that the delta layer represents an extensive desmosomal remnant formed between mature cortical cells and in cuticle cells. The endocuticle appears to be the site of accumulation of desmosomal proteins and degraded nuclear material. The cornification of desmosomal junctions in both cortical and cuticle cells likely contributes to stabilize the integrity of the hair shaft.     

健康青年人头发表面细胞的扫描电镜观察

作者应用扫描电镜研究了头皮百会穴处１０段头发。材料取自甘肃省汉，满，蒙，回，藏族在兰州医学院学习的健康学生。毛干上皮表面的超微结构清楚可见，最外层细胞呈屋顶叠瓦状排列，叠瓦状细胞可以粗略地分为两类，即汉藏类和满蒙回类。五个民族头发的上皮聚类分析不同，从大致轮廓来看，头部百会穴处头发毛干，似与民族的形成有关。     

Observations of a human hair shaft with an x-ray microscope

We observed the internal structures of a human hair shaft using x-ray microscopes with a spatial resolution in the range from a few microns to less than 100 nm. The energy of the x-ray used is 6.95 keV. The Zernike phase contrast together with a spatial resolution better than 100 nm enabled us to see the cuticles of scales, the cortex of macrofibrils and the medulla. All these internal features and more can easily be observed with no sample preparation including staining.     

Ultrastructural localization of hair keratins,high sulfur keratin-associated proteins and sulfhydryl oxidase in the human hair

Hardening of the human hair shaft during cornification results from the bonding of keratins and keratin-associated proteins. In situ hybridization and light immunocytochemical studies have shown the general distribution of different keratins and some associated proteins but not determined their ultrastructural localization. I report here the localization of hair keratins, two high-sulfur keratin-associated proteins and sulfhydryl oxidase has been studied under the transmission electron microscope in the cornification zone of the human hair. The ultrastructural study on keratin distribution in general confirms previous light microscopic studies. Sulfur-rich KAP1 is mainly cortical but the labeling disappears in fully cornified cortical cells while a diffuse labeling is also present in differentiating cuticle cells. Sulfur-rich K26 immunolocalization is only detected in the exocuticle and endocuticle. Sparse labeling for sulfhydryl oxidase occurs in differentiating cortical cells but is weak and uneven in cuticle cells and absent in medulla and inner root sheath. Labeling disappears in the upper fully cornified cortex and cuticle. The observations indicate that sulfhydryl oxidase and keratin associated proteins are initially produced in the cytoplasm among keratin bundles accumulating in cortical and cuticle cells but these proteins undergo changes during the following cornification that alter the epitopes tagged by the antibodies.     

薄荷脑促扑热息痛透过胎儿皮肤实验的电镜观察及其助渗机制的探讨

主要研究了中药薄荷脑作为渗透促进剂对药物扑热息痛透过胎儿皮肤的影响.结果表明:在透皮吸收药理实验小,薄荷脑具有显著促进扑热息痛透皮吸收作用(P<0.01):扫描电镜观察显示,用薄荷脑实验组的胎儿皮肤表面绉折增多,角质层局部断裂脱屑、翻卷呈破棉絮状,表皮细胞间隙加宽,毛囊口扩展.毛干的毛小皮剥脱而变细.提示薄荷脑促扑热息痛透皮吸收的机制与改变皮肤表皮结构密切相关.     

Epidermal migration during the healing of suction blisters in rat skin: A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study

Fluid-filled blisters, created on the skin of the inner surface of the pinna of heparinized rats by the application of suction, showed an intact basal lamina through which protruded hairs and remnants of hair follicles. The origin of epithelial cells and their spreading over the basal lamina were studied at intervals over 36 hours using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of epidermal cells arose from the outer root sheath of hair follicles and began to spread radially before 12 hours. By 36 hours the cells were confluent over most of the blister base. Inflammatory cells were few in number and rested mainly on the bare basal lamina rather than on the resurfacing cells. Some elongated epidermal cells showing tapering foot processes appeared to be migrating in from the epidermis at the edge of the blisters. The cells spreading from hair follicles were flat and polygonal. On these sheets of cells a few small folds and many filopodia were present at intercellular junctions and at the free margin of the leading cells. Large numbers of short microvilli covered the surface of some of the epidermal cells, especially at 24 and 36 hours; other epidermal cells were relatively smooth.     

Histopathology of the airway epithelium in an experimental dual-phase model of bronchial asthma

BACKGROUND: Lesions of trachea cuticles are a pathological histological characteristic of bronchial asthma. Furthermore, collected tracheal cuticles desquamated from the respiratory tract are found in patients' sputum when asthma attacks occur or after the induction of allergen inhalation. From these facts, it is assumed that desquamation of trachea cuticle cells is a pathological symptom of bronchial asthma. However, there has not been any chronological report of desquamation of trachea cuticles through the process of bronchial asthma attacks. OBJECTIVE: For this report, we made an experimental bronchial asthma model using guinea pigs, and conducted chronological examinations of trachea cuticle lesions related to pathological symptoms of bronchial asthma using a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. METHODS: The experimental asthma models were made by injection of ovalbumin into the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs. Then the airway responses to inhaled aerosolized ovalbumin were induced. The trachea were enucleated and examined under an optical microscope, a transmission electron microscope (hereafter abbreviated as TEM), and a scanning electron microscope (hereafter abbreviated as SEM) after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h and 7 days after the immediate airway responses. RESULTS: Intercellular oedema of ciliated epithelium was observed in the sensitization groups immediately after the immediate airway response. SEM observation revealed increased mucus secretion and shortening of cilium. A slight case of desquamation or deciduation of ciliated epithelium was also beginning to appear. TEM observation revealed a dilation of ciliated epithelium intervals. Infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes was already detectable beneath the ciliated epithelium. The degree of ciliated epithelium desquamation and infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes progressed with time. When the late airway response occurred 4 hours later, eosinophilic leucocytes had increased drastically, and ciliate epithelium had desquamated to the extent that basal cells were exposed. Seven days after the immediate airway response, epithelium intercellular oedema had improved, and cilium had been reproduced. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that desquamation of epithelium caused by trachea cuticle lesions appears at an early stage of an asthma attack, owing to the contraction of the trachea, and that the damage is intensified by the infiltration of eosinophilic leucocytes.