MRI及病理学鉴别早期化脓性脊柱炎及布氏杆菌脊柱炎中的应用及价值

背景：病理学检测及MRI已在临床广泛应用,但将两者结合用于脊柱炎症早期鉴别诊断的研究较少。 目的：通过观察病理与MRI征象改变,探讨病理学及MRI在早期化脓性脊柱炎与布氏杆菌脊柱炎鉴别诊断中的价值。 方法：对22例化脓性脊柱炎及20例布氏杆菌脊柱炎患者行CT引导下经皮穿刺椎体活检及MRI检查,病理学切片观察结果包括病变骨组织结构及活力,组织细胞及其主要成分;MRI观察结果包括病变部位信号改变及征象变化。比较分析2组患者病理及MRI检查结果的构成比,统计方法为卡方检验。 结果与结论：下列结果中,化脓性脊柱炎组发生率高于布氏杆菌脊柱炎组,且差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)：嗜中性粒细胞浸润为主;椎间盘明显异常信号,椎体病变位置椎体前+后方,病变椎体形态明显变化,椎旁软组织异常信号,骨内或椎旁脓肿形成。提示病理学及MRI在早期化脓性脊柱炎与布氏杆菌脊柱炎的鉴别诊断中具有较高价值。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

MRI在脊柱结核诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值分析

目的 分析MRI在脊柱结核诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 选取我院收治的37例经手术病理证实的脊柱结核患者,对脊柱结核的MRI检查资料进行回顾性分析,观察脊柱结核的MRI影像学特征.结果 脊柱结核多发生于1个部位,累及2个及以上椎体,MRI表现为T1WI不均匀低信号,T2WI高信号.椎间盘改变主要包括:间隙狭窄,椎间盘破坏、椎间隙消失,T1WI低信号18例,T2WI不均匀混杂高信号24例,均匀高信号9例.患者均可见脓肿,T1WI均呈低信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号27例,均匀高信号10例.结论 MRI对于脊柱结核的诊断与鉴别诊断具有较高的价值,应在临床进一步推广使用.     

全脊柱MRI对强直性脊柱炎急性炎症的诊断价值

目的 探讨全脊柱MRI在强直性脊柱炎（AS）急性炎症诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年7月~2019年2月我院58例明确诊断为AS的住院患者,所有患者均行全脊柱MRI扫描,分析图像质量以及AS脊柱急性炎症的发病部位、数目及MRI特征。结果 全脊柱MRI图像分辨率高,能清楚显示椎体、椎间盘、椎小关节、肋椎关节等解剖结构。58例患者均出现脊柱急性炎症,包括44例椎角炎、12例椎间盘炎、44例肋椎关节炎、43例椎小关节炎、33例棘突附着点炎,其MRI表现为相应部位出现斑片状、条状或片状水肿信号。结论 全脊柱MRI能清晰显示AS脊柱急性炎症病灶,对治疗决策有重要价值。     

儿童胸椎化脓性脊柱炎误诊分析（附1例报告）

<正>化脓性脊柱炎（Pyogenic spondylitis）是一种相对少见的脊柱感染性疾病,主要包括化脓性椎间盘炎、脊柱骨髓炎、椎间盘炎合并椎体骨髓炎以及硬膜外脓肿。有证据表明,近年来,化脓性脊柱炎的发病率和致死率正逐渐升高。化脓性脊柱炎好发于老年人和有慢性疾病患者[1],儿童化脓性脊柱炎患者十分罕见,因而容易漏诊误诊。本文回顾2017年9月6日我院收治1例10岁化脓性脊柱炎患者,对其误诊及漏诊原因进行分析,报道如下：     

脊柱结核与脊柱转移瘤的磁共振弥散加权成像影像学特征分析

目的:探讨磁共振弥散加权成像（MRI-DWI）技术诊断脊柱结核与脊柱转移瘤的临床价值。方法:选取经病理学检查确诊的脊柱结核患者48例、脊柱转移性肿瘤62例,收集时间为2015年1月到2016年8月。所有患者均行MRI-DWI检查,对两组患者的影像学资料进行分析,探讨MRI-DWI鉴别诊断脊柱结核与脊柱转移性肿瘤的临床价值。结果:在b=500 s/mm2时,脊柱结核组患者的正常椎体表观弥散系数（ADC）值与脊柱转移瘤患者的正常椎体ADC值比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;脊柱结核患者椎体病灶、骨髓水肿、椎旁病变组织的ADC值显著高于脊柱转移瘤患者,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。脊柱结核组患者的信噪比与脊柱转移瘤患者比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。脊柱结核患者衰减百分比显著高于脊柱转移瘤患者,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。MRI-DWI鉴别诊断脊柱结核与脊柱转移瘤的灵敏度为93.55%、特异度为93.75%、漏诊率为6.45%、误诊率为6.25%,诊断一致性kappa值为0.871。结论:MRI-DWI技术鉴别诊断脊柱结核与脊柱转移瘤具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,与病理学结果的一致性较高。     

脊柱原发骨质疏松性压缩骨折MRI特征及诊断价值

目的分析脊柱原发性骨质疏松性压缩骨折MRI特点及其诊断价值.方法回顾性分析经X线诊断、临床证实的48例脊椎原发骨质疏松性压缩骨折的MRI表现.结果共82个椎体表现为压缩变形,其中凹陷形41个,楔形31个,扁平形10个.矢状位T1WI52个椎体表现不同类型的低信号,30个椎体未见异常信号.结论脊柱原发骨质疏松性骨折的MRI表现较具特征性,是临床诊断的一种可靠的检查手段,能准确地与恶性肿瘤所致的椎体病理性骨折鉴别.     

脊柱原发骨质疏松性压缩骨折MRI特征及诊断价值

目的　分析脊柱原发性骨质疏松性压缩骨折MRI特点及其诊断价值 .方法　回顾性分析经X线诊断、临床证实的 4 8例脊椎原发骨质疏松性压缩骨折的MRI表现 .结果　共 82个椎体表现为压缩变形 ,其中凹陷形 4 1个 ,楔形 31个 ,扁平形 10个 .矢状位T1WI5 2个椎体表现不同类型的低信号 ,30个椎体未见异常信号 .结论　脊柱原发骨质疏松性骨折的MRI表现较具特征性 ,是临床诊断的一种可靠的检查手段 ,能准确地与恶性肿瘤所致的椎体病理性骨折鉴别     

植骨融合内固定修复腰椎布鲁杆菌性脊柱炎:6个月随访脊柱稳定性

背景:布鲁杆菌性脊柱炎单纯病灶清除植骨融合术后卧床时间长,患者起床活动后容易诱发脊柱不稳,植骨不愈合率较高,疗效不佳。目的:探讨采用病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定修复腰椎布鲁杆菌病脊柱炎、稳定脊柱结构的疗效。方法:2007年1月至2013年8月新疆医科大学附属中医医院收治腰椎布鲁杆菌病性脊椎炎患者31例,男22例,女9例;年龄42-73岁,平均52岁;病程3-13个月,平均5个月。所有患者在利福平和米诺环素及链霉素联合药物治疗的基础上,采取一期病灶清除植骨融合,脊柱钉棒系统内固定。比较患者手术前后JOA评分评价预后及功能恢复情况,随访X射线片观察植骨融合情况。结果与结论:所有患者均获6-24个月的随访,平均随访12.6个月。患者修复后JOA评分较治疗前提高,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);随访期间无复发及严重并发症发生;修复后5 d内复查X射线片,见所有患者植骨及内固定位置良好,末次随访X射线片显示植骨愈合良好,脊柱稳定。提示腰椎布氏菌杆性脊柱炎在三联药物治疗的同时,行病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定治疗,能维持脊柱稳定性、减少并发症,可取得可靠的修复效果。     

脊柱转移瘤在磁共振常规序列的特征及其诊断价值

[摘要]目的 分析和探讨脊柱转移瘤在核磁共振（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）常规序列的特征表现以及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析我院脊柱病区2011年1月~2014年2月的符合病例收集纳入标准113份病例。其中脊柱转移瘤组有42例，非脊柱转移瘤组有71例。平均年龄（63±13）岁。对所有病例的年龄、性别、症状、体征、病史及初次检查MRI特征进行诊断脊柱转移瘤灵敏度和特异度分析。结果 发病年龄、性别和神经障碍的组间差异无明显统计学意义。肿瘤病史和发热在组间的差距具有统计学意。具有统计学意义的MRI特征差异有病变累及颈椎（28.6%，93%）、椎旁肿物（57.1%，94.4%）、脊椎附件破坏（73.8%，83.1%）、STIR序列病变累及椎体后部（61.9%，85.9%）。结论 在引起脊柱病变的多种疾病诊断中，MRI的应用是至关重要的，特征差异有病变累及颈椎、椎旁肿物、脊椎附件破坏、STIR序列病变累及椎体后部是具有诊断意义的特征标志。通过脊柱转移瘤在MRI常规序列上的特征来诊断脊柱转移瘤具有重要意义。     

脊柱结核的CT诊断及价值

目的 探讨CT对脊柱结核的诊断及价值.方法 回顾性分析44例脊柱结核的CT表现.结果 病变部位:胸椎12例,腰椎24例,胸腰段同时受累4例,腰骶椎4例,单椎体发病11例,多椎体发病33例.结论 CT对脊柱结核的诊断具有重要价值.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.