蚕食清创联合银离子敷料治疗糖尿病足溃疡

目的探讨蚕食清创联合银离子敷料治疗糖尿病足溃疡的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月眉山市人民医院收治的238例糖尿病足患者的临床资料,其中125例患者采用蚕食清创联合银离子敷料治疗糖尿病足溃疡(蚕食清创组),113例采用外科清创联合银离子敷料治疗(外科清创组),比较2组患者的临床疗效、创面愈合时间、并发症发生情况。结果蚕食清创组创面愈合时间为(37.5±10.8)d,外科清创组为(45.3±11.7)d,蚕食清创组愈合情况优于外科清创组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);蚕食清创组总有效率为92.80%,外科清创组为73.45%,蚕食清创组总有效率高于外科清创组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者治疗期间均未发生并发症。结论蚕食状清创联合银离子敷料治疗糖尿病足溃疡效果满意,缩短了创面愈合时间,降低了医疗费用。     

碘伏冲洗在封闭负压疗法用于糖尿病足溃疡治疗中的护理研究

目的探讨封闭负压疗法治疗糖尿病足溃疡时,护理干预措施中加用碘伏冲洗,并观察疗效。方法收集糖尿病足溃疡Ⅱ级、年龄50～80岁的糖尿病患者82例分为实验组66例和对照组16例,常规进行手术清创后,对照组仅行封闭负压吸引,实验组行封闭负压吸引联合0.05%碘伏冲洗,持续吸引、间断冲洗。比较两组创面细菌清除率、创面清洁时间、堵管率、更换引流管次数。结果 81例患者溃疡创面均全部愈合,1例患者因其他疾病死亡;创面面积8cm2时,实验组与对照组的创面细菌清除率分别为93.1%和80.2%;清洁时间分别为13.5d和21.1d,堵管率分别为0%和80%;更换引流管次数分别为2.1次和5.6次;创面面积8cm2时,实验组与对照组的创面细菌清除率分别为92.6%和76.5%,清洁时间分别为22.4d和30.7d,堵管率分别为5%和83.3%,更换引流管次数分别为3.4次和9.3次。实验组的创面细菌清除率、创面清洁时间、堵管发生率、更换引流管次数明显优于对照组。结论在治疗糖尿病足溃疡时,护理干预措施碘伏冲洗联合封闭负压疗法优于单纯的封闭负压疗法,够能提高细菌的清除率,防止引流管堵塞,减少引流管更换次数,缩短创面清洁时间,为创面进一步治疗节省时间,减少患者费用,值得进一步推广应用于临床。     

聚乙烯乙醇水化海藻盐泡沫创面敷料封闭负压引流修复糖尿病足溃疡

背景：生物敷料封闭负压引流可促进急、慢性创面愈合。目的：观察采用生物敷料封闭负压引流修复糖尿病足溃疡的临床效果。方法：纳入糖尿病足溃疡患者40例,予以清创或清创植皮后,根据患者意愿选择创面治疗方式,试验组(n=20)进行聚乙烯乙醇水化海藻盐泡沫创面敷料封闭负压引流治疗,对照组(n=20)进行常规伤口换药治疗。修复7 d时,对比两组目测类比评分、血沉、C-反应蛋白水平;对比两组创面愈合时间、治疗终止时的患者满意度及经济费用。结果与结论：试验组目测类比评分、血沉、C-反应蛋白水平均低于对照组(P均< 0.05)。试验组创面愈合时间短于对照组(P < 0.05),患者满意度高于对照组(P < 0.05),两组间经济费用比较差异无显著性意义;试验组未发生局部或全身毒性、过敏等不良反应。表明采用聚乙烯乙醇水化海藻盐泡沫创面敷料封闭负压引流修复糖尿病足溃疡安全有效,可促进创面愈合,降低局部炎症反应。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

利用组织工程双层皮肤修复糖尿病溃疡的研究

目的 探讨组织工程双层皮肤修复糖尿病溃疡的效果.方法 利用同种异体的皮肤表皮细胞和皮肤成纤维细胞分别作为表皮和真皮的种子细胞制备组织工程双层皮肤,选取已制备的溃疡面积相当的糖尿病溃疡动物模型20例,随机分为实验组和对照组各10例,临床选取26例溃疡面积差异无统计学意义的糖尿病患者,随机分为试验组和对照组各13例,分别将制备的皮肤用于动物模型和用于临床糖尿病足溃疡患者,同时控制血糖,对溃疡进行清创处理,以制备的组织工程双层皮肤覆盖创面,行常规护理;对动物模型的创面愈合情况和临床创面愈合效果分别进行统计和分析.结果 动物实验中,实验组愈合速度明显快于对照组,平均愈合时间较对照组提前6d,实验组与对照组愈合时间差异有统计学意义（F=0.178,P＞0.05,方差齐,t=-10.919,P＜0.05）;移植4周时,实验组愈合率为60％,对照组10例均未完全愈合,愈合率为0,两组愈合率比较差异有统计学意义（t=0.011,P＜0.05）.临床试验中,移植6周时,试验组愈合率为84.6％;对照组愈合率为23.1％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=0.001,P＜0.05）.试验组的平均愈合时间为43.25 d,对照组的平均愈合时间为76.69 d,与对照组相比,试验组创面的平均愈合时间缩短了约33 d,对照组的愈合速率较试验组明显缓慢,试验组与对照组的创面愈合时间差异有统计学意义（方差齐性检验结果,χ^2=16.971,P ＜0.05,方差不齐,χ^2=7.649,P＜0.05）.结论 应用组织工程双层皮肤修复糖尿病足溃疡是一种切实可行的临床治疗方法.     

超声水刀清创系统辅助治疗糖尿病足部皮肤溃疡的观察

目的 观察超声水刀清创系统和传统纱布对糖尿病足部皮肤溃疡的治疗效果.方法 将62例糖尿病足皮肤溃疡患者随机分为2组,以溃疡愈合率、平均愈合时间,经皮氧分压为观察指标.结果 超声刀组愈合率与常规治疗组比较,其愈合率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),平均愈合时间和经皮氧分压的差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 超声水刀清创系统可提高糖尿病足部皮肤溃疡的愈合率,缩短平均愈合时间,其效果可能与经皮氧分压的改善有关.     

负压创面治疗技术在糖尿病足溃疡中的应用及护理

目的 探讨负压创面治疗技术（NPWT）在治疗糖尿病足溃疡中的应用及护理要点.方法 2012年8月至2013年4月对9例糖尿病足wagner分级为3～4级的糖尿病足患者在糖尿病足病灶清除术后使用NPWT治疗,2～3周后植皮或换药,观察创面愈合效果及加强术后负压引流的护理、伤口的护理及基础护理.结果 应用NPWT治疗糖尿病足溃疡创面,术后创面肉芽组织生长良好,骨外露基本覆盖,为后期治疗创造良好治疗条件,9例糖尿病足患者的溃疡全部愈合.结论 应用NPWT、术后负压引流的护理、伤口的护理及基础护理是保障NPWT治疗糖尿病足的关键环节.     

负压封闭吸引对糖尿病溃疡愈合的促进作用

目的 在"创而床准备(WBP)"理论指导下,观察负压封闭吸引局部处理糖尿病溃疡的疗效.方法 收集2000年1月至2005年1月间收治的27例糖尿病溃疡患者作对照组,2005年1月至2007年6月的8例糖尿病溃疡患者为试验组.两组患者均经常规系统的治疗,试验组在创面的黑、黄期采用清创后负压吸引治疗.观察两组创而各分期间的演进情况.比较两组手术Ⅰ期修复率、入院首次及实施负压治疗后1、2、3周创面细菌学检查结果 .观察各期创面组织标本的HE染色和黄、红两期Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原纤维苦味酸-天狼猩红染色结果 及对其含量进行图像分析.结果 试验组患者创面各分期的演进速度、于术Ⅰ期修复率均优于以照组(100%比46%,P<0.05).治疗2周后试验组创面末检出致病菌,对照组检出率为66.7%(P<0.05).HE染色显示试验组各期间的演进类似于急性创面愈合过程,且试验组黄期Ⅰ、m型胶原总含量为12.28%,对照组为24.77%(P<0.01).结论 基于WBP方案的负压吸引治疗能促进糖尿病溃疡的创面愈合过程.     

负压封闭引流和传统修复方法促进糖尿病足愈合的比较

背景:负压封闭引流能有效促进组织缺损创面的愈合修复,其有广阔的临床应用前景,但在糖尿病足治疗领域的效果至今少有报道。目的:探讨应用持续负压封闭引流与传统方法修复糖尿病足创面临床效果的比较。方法:收集糖尿病足患者60例,随机分为2组。传统治疗组调控血糖辅以创面换药,采用传统清创干预;负压封闭引流治疗组采用传统治疗结合使用新型的海藻盐泡沫敷料干预,每组30例。评价2组应用负压封闭引流治疗糖尿病足的临床效果。结果与结论:与传统治疗组相比,负压封闭引流治疗组病足在换药次数、血糖控制平稳时间、创面准备时间愈合时间、治愈率均显著改善(P0.05)。结果说明,负压封闭引流治疗糖尿病足溃疡创面,可促进创面炎症消退,刺激创面肉芽生长,同时能为皮肤缺损创面二期植皮或者皮瓣转移覆盖修复,创造有利的修复条件,明显缩短治疗时间,效果显著优于传统治疗法。     

负压创伤治疗技术及生物半透膜覆盖治疗糖尿病皮肤慢性溃疡

背景：糖尿病患者全身营养状况不良和免疫功能低下导致其皮肤慢性溃疡愈合困难,常规创面治疗方法效果不佳。 目的：探讨负压创伤治疗技术在糖尿病皮肤慢性溃疡治疗中的安全性和有效性。 方法：纳入2007年7月至2010年12月在广西壮族自治区人民医院内分泌科治疗的糖尿病皮肤慢性溃疡患者144例,其中糖尿病足溃疡132例,压疮12例。分别采用负压创伤治疗技术或传统清创、换药方法治疗;同时均辅以控制血糖及血压、抗凝、抗感染及对症支持治疗。 结果与结论：采用负压创伤治疗技术治疗的109例患者溃疡愈合60例,显效30例,有效14例,无效5例,总有效率95.4%。采用传统清创、换药方法治疗的35例患者溃疡愈合17例,显效10例,有效3 例,无效5例,总有效率85.7%。两组总有效率比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。且负压创伤治疗可明显提高糖尿病足溃疡患者溃疡周边组织氧分压,负压泵连续运行最长120 d,无并发症出现。说明负压创伤治疗技术在糖尿病皮肤慢性溃疡治疗中具有良好的安全性和有效性。     

异种(猪)脱细胞真皮基质在糖尿病足溃疡修复中的应用效果

目的探讨异种(猪)脱细胞真皮基质(ADM)在糖尿病足溃疡修复中的应用效果。 方法选取宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市第一人民医院烧伤整形外科2015年3月至2017年6月收治的76例糖尿病足溃疡患者,采用电脑随机分组法将患者随机分为两组,每组38例,实验组患者应用异种(猪)ADM覆盖治疗,对照组应用磺胺嘧啶银乳膏包扎治疗,观察创面的愈合疗效、愈合时间、换药次数、换药2 h后疼痛视觉模拟评分、愈后患者满意度评分和创面病原菌检出率。对数据行χ²检验、t检验。 结果治疗2周后实验组治疗总有效率(94.74%)高于对照组(78.95%),差异有统计学意义(χ²＝4.145,P<0.05);实验组创面愈合时间[(24.21±3.21)d]短于对照组[(31.89±4.64)d],实验组创面换药次数[(8.34±1.12)次]少于对照组[(15.11±1.69)次],实验组疼痛视觉模拟评分[(3.29±0.25)分]低于对照组[(4.79±0.74)分],实验组愈后患者满意度评分[(9.08±0.49)分]高于对照组[(8.16±0.72)分],差异均有统计学意义(t＝8.359、20.560、10.364、6.548,P值均小于0.05);治疗1周后,两组创面分泌物病原菌检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ²＝2.657,P>0.05)。 结论异种(猪)ADM作为糖尿病足创面覆盖物,改善局部微环境,促进创面肉芽组织生长,缩短创面愈合时间,减少细菌侵入,减轻患者心理和经济负担。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.