三七总苷联合葛根黄酮对不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效

目的观察三七总苷联合葛根黄酮对不稳定型心绞痛的治疗效果。方法将64例不稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为两组,分别给予常规治疗(对照组,A组)及在常规治疗基础上添加三七总苷注射液静脉滴注及口服葛酮通络胶囊(实验组,B组),治疗2周。观察两组临床疗效及不良反应。结果 B组的临床疗效显著高于A组;A组的肝肾功能、血糖血脂治疗前后无明显变化,而B组的总胆固醇、甘油三酯及低密度脂蛋白均较治疗前显著降低(P均<0.05)。结论三七总苷联合葛根黄酮治疗不稳定型心绞痛临床疗效肯定。     

Translocation and extra pulmonary toxicities of multi wall carbon nanotubes in rats

This study evaluated the ability of the multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to induce extra pulmonary toxicities in rats following intra-tracheal (IT) instillation of two MWCNT. Two carbon nanoparticles were instilled into the lungs of rats (0.2, 1, and 5?mg/kg b.w.) and at different post-exposure intervals, blood and organs like liver, kidney, etc. were collected. The histopathological examination of liver tissues revealed a dose-dependent periportal lymphocytic infiltration, ballooning, foamy degeneration, and necrosis at all post-instillation periods. However, examination of kidney revealed the tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis with 5?mg/kg dose at 1 month of post-instillation of both MWCNT. These liver and kidney toxicities were further confirmed by the elevated levels of respective tissue damage biomarkers. These results suggest the extra pulmonary toxicities of these carbon nanoparticles might be due to the translocation into the liver and kidney.     

疏肝消脂方对酒精性脂肪肝有效性和安全性的研究

目的探讨疏肝消脂方治疗酒精性脂肪肝的有效性和安全性。方法将64例符合诊断标准的患者随机分为两组,各32例。治疗组应用疏肝消脂方,随证加减。对照组给予易善复治疗。比较两组的临床疗效、肝功能、血脂的变化情况。观测两组治疗前后血常规、肾功能、心电图等实验室指标及不良反应,评价其安全性。结果治疗组总有效率87.5%明显高于对照组的71.9%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者经治疗后AST、ALT、GGT等肝功能指标均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且治疗组下降程度较对照组明显(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后TC,TG,LDL-C均明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C明显升高(P<0.05),且治疗后治疗组TC,TG改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05),而治疗组HDL-C、LDL-C改善程度与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前后血常规、肾功能、心电图比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者在治疗期间均未出现不良反应。结论疏肝消脂方治疗酒精性脂肪肝有较好的疗效,它能明显改善肝功能ALT、AST、GGT;调节血脂TC、TG;且未发现不良反应,安全性较好。     

Iron-deficiency anaemia and its effect on worker productivity and activity patterns

The effects of iron-deficiency anaemia on workers productivity were studied in a tea plantation in Sri Lanka. The quantity of tea picked per day was studied before and after iron supplementation or placebo treatment. After one month's treatment significantly more tea was picked when the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was increased by iron supplementation than when it was not. The degree of improvement was greater in more-anaemic subjects (those with concentrations of 6.0-9.0 g Hb/dl). The level of physical activity of anaemic subjects in their everyday environment was also recorded for four or 24 hours continuously both before and after treatment. After three weeks these levels was significantly greater in the iron-treated than matched placebo-treated subjects. The economic implications of increased work productively with iron treatment are evident, particularly in developing countries. These results also provide strong evidence for the clinical impression that people with iron-deficiency anaemia suffer from tiredness and weakness.     

Selenium supplementation ameliorates static magnetic field-induced disorders in antioxidant status in rat tissues

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation on the antioxidant enzymatic system (such as GPx, GR and SOD), GSH and selenium level in liver, kidney, muscle and brain of static magnetic field (SMF) exposed rats. Male adult rats were divided into control rats (n=6), SMF-exposed rats (128 mT; 1h/day for 5 days), selenium-treated rats (Na(2)SeO(3), 0.2mg/l, in drinking water for 4 weeks) and co-exposed rats (selenium for 4 weeks and SMF during the last 5 consecutive days). Sub-acute exposure to SMF induces a decrease of selenium levels in kidney, muscle and brain. Our results also revealed a decrease of GPx activities in kidney and muscle. By contrast, SMF exposure increased total GSH levels and total SOD activities in liver, while glutathione reductase activity is unaffected. Selenium supplementation in SMF-exposed rats restored selenium levels in kidney, muscle and brain and elevated the activities of GPx in kidney and muscle to those of control group. In the liver, selenium supplementation failed to bring down the elevated levels of total GSH and SOD activity. Our investigations suggested that sub-acute exposure to SMF altered the antioxidant response by decreasing the level of total selenium in kidney, muscle and brain. Interestingly, selenium supplementation ameliorates antioxidant capacity in rat tissues exposed to SMF.     

Functional saponins in tea flower (flower buds of Camellia sinensis): gastroprotective and hypoglycemic effects of floratheasaponins and qualitative and quantitative analysis using HPLC

As a part of our characterization studies on the bioactive saponin constituents of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis, flower buds), the methanolic extract and 1-butanol-soluble portion (the saponin fraction) from the flower buds were found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats and on serum glucose elevation in sucrose-loaded rats. Among the constituents of the 1-butanol-soluble portion, floratheasaponins A, B, and C showed gastroprotective and hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore, we have developed qualitative and quantitative methods using HPLC for the principle saponins, floratheasaponins A-F, in tea flowers, which were previously found to show antiallergic and antiobesity effects. Using those methods, the saponin composition of Indian tea flowers were found to be similar to those of Chinese (Anhui) but not of Japanese tea flowers. On the other hand, it was found that the floratheasaponin contents in tea flowers varied markedly during the blooming period, and they were abundant at half-bloom. Additionally, the contents of caffeine in the tea flowers were examined using HPLC.     

正交实验优选威灵仙总皂苷提取工艺

目的建立威灵仙总皂苷的提取工艺。方法以齐墩果酸为对照,以总皂苷含量为指标,设计L9（3^4）正交实验,确定合理的提取工艺。结果8倍量70％乙醇提取2次,每次1．5h为优化提取方案。结论本工艺条件对威灵仙总皂苷的提取收率高且稳定,为威灵仙总皂苷的工业化生产和新药开发提供了依据。     

中药黄芪改善低剂量地塞米松处理大鼠胰岛素敏感性的分子基础

目的研究中药黄芪的多糖部分与皂苷部分对地塞米松诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠的胰岛素敏感性的影响,探讨何者为黄芪改善作用的主要活性部位及其对胰岛素抵抗相关基因表达的影响。方法以2μg/天的剂量给雄性SD大鼠（每组6只）皮下注射地塞米松注射液,连续4周,同时给以相同生药剂量（10g生药/kg）的黄芪多糖提取物或黄芪皂苷提取物。试验结束后,动物处死取血,测定血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血糖与胰岛素水平;取肾脏组织与睾丸脂肪垫提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR方法分别检测血管紧张素原（angiortensinogen）、脂联素（adiponectin）、瘦素（leptin）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）与甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（GAPDH）基因的表达水平。结果黄芪多糖提取物与黄芪皂苷提取物均表现出降低大鼠血清甘油三酯、血糖与胰岛素水平的作用,在同等生药剂量下,黄芪皂苷组对大鼠胰岛素敏感性指数的改善优于黄芪多糖组。两种提取物均能显著降低肾脏组织中血管紧张素原的表达及脂肪组织中肿瘤坏死因子α的表达,并同时上调脂联素与瘦素基因的表达,两种处理间未发现显著性差异。结论中药黄芪的多糖部分与皂苷部分均有增加胰岛素敏感性的作用,该作用可能与下调血管紧张素原、肿瘤坏死因子α基因及上调脂联素与瘦素基因的mRNA水平密切相关,部分说明了黄芪对II型糖尿病与糖尿病肾病的改善作用。两个提取部分未表现出作用上的显著性差异提示其中可能含有其他共性的重要活性成分有待发现。     

Hypocholesterolemic property of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Yucca schidigera</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quillaja saponaria</Emphasis> extracts in human body

This study was undertaken to observe the effects of the blend of partially purified Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts on cholesterol levels in the human's blood and gastrointestinal functions, and to determine if a new cholesterol-lowering drug can be developed by the further purification of the extracts. Ultrafiltration and sequential diafiltration increased the amounts of steroidal saponin in aqueous yucca extract and terpenoid saponin in aqueous quillaja extract from 9.3% and 21.4% to 17.2% and 61.8%, respectively. Taking 0.9 mg of the blend (6:4, v:v) of the resulting filtrates a day for 4 weeks resulted in the decreases in total and LDL cholesterol levels in blood plasma of hyper-cholesterolemic patients with enhancement in gastrointestinal symptoms of patients.     

空心莲子草总皂苷对D-半乳糖胺肝损伤的保护作用

目的通过实验考察空心莲子草总皂苷对小鼠化学性肝损伤的保护作用。方法采用D-半乳糖胺制备肝损伤小鼠模型。测定各组动物血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)的含量,并取肝脏作病理组织学检查。结果空心莲子草总皂苷可降低损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST的活性和MDA的含量。结论空心莲子草总皂苷对小鼠化学性肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Ciclosporin metabolite pattern in blood and urine of kidney graft patients in relation to liver function

Summary Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant, is metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 system. Changes in the pattern of its metabolites in blood and urine in patients with disturbed liver function have been studied.Forty seven kidney graft patients receiving 2.9 mg/kg/d ciclosporin b.i.d., and no additional medication that would interfere with ciclosporin metabolism, were allocated to three groups according to liver function: I with normal liver function (n=19), II with elevated liver enzyme activity or bilirubin concentration in serum (n=20), and III with cholestasis (n=8). Ciclosporin and 17 metabolites were determined in blood and 24 h-urine.In blood the trough concentrations of metabolites M19 and M1A were significantly higher in group III than in groups I and II. The total quantity of metabolites excreted in 24 h-urine was significantly different for H230, M4N69 and M1A (group III>I=II). Renal excretion of the daily dose of ciclosporin in patients in group I was 2.7%, group II 3% and group III 5.7%. In group III compared to group I the ciclosporin metabolite pattern was shifted to a relatively higher concentration of M19 in blood and of H 230, M19 and M1A in urine.Since high ciclosporin metabolite concentrations appear to be associated with nephrotoxicity, the metabolite pattern in patients with impaired liver function should be monitored.     

Chronic exposure of mice to environmentally relevant, low doses of cadmium leads to early renal damage, not predicted by blood or urine cadmium levels

Mice were exposed to cadmium (Cd) concentrations ranging from 0 to 100mg CdCl(2)/l in the drinking water for 1, 4, 8, 16 and 23 weeks. Urine samples were taken regularly, Cd content was determined in blood, liver, kidney and urine and histological analyses of the kidney were performed. Kidney cortex Cd content increased linearly with time and dose, while blood levels reached a plateau at 8 weeks and liver at 16 weeks in mice exposed to 100mg CdCl(2)/l after which both started to decrease. Urinary Cd levels were not correlated with the kidney Cd content. A multivariate regression model taking into account the actual Cd intake, calculated from the volume of water taken in by each animal and the exposure concentration, confirmed that blood is an indicator of acute exposure, while kidney Cd content is a reliable indicator of chronic exposure. The urinary protein content was significantly increased from 16 weeks on in mice exposed to 100mg CdCl(2)/l (p<0.05), while other signs of proximal tubular damage (glucosuria, enzymuria) were not detected. Histologically more vacuoles and lysosomes were present in the proximal tubule cells with increasing time and dose. The results indicate that chronic exposure to low doses of Cd induced functional and histological signs of early damage at concentrations in or below the ones generally accepted as safe. Our study does not corroborate the statement that urine Cd levels are a reliable indicator of total Cd body burden, at least when the body burden is low.     

Dietary diphenyl diselenide reduces the STZ-induced toxicity.

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Selenium supplementation has some benefits in experimental models of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated whether dietary diphenyl diselenide, a simple synthetic organoselenium compound with antioxidant properties, reduces the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced toxicity. STZ-induced diabetic rats were fed with either standard and diphenyl diselenide (10 ppm) supplemented diets. In experimental trials, dietary diphenyl diselenide significantly decreased mortality rate (p<0.05) induced by STZ treatment. No correlation between this effect and glycemic levels were found. Diphenyl diselenide intake also promoted an increase in vitamin C, -SH levels (liver, kidney and blood) and in catalase (liver and kidney) activity, which were decreased in STZ-treated rats. In enzyme assays, diphenyl diselenide supplementation caused a significant improvement in platelets NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in STZ-induced diabetic rats when compared to the control and diabetic groups (p<0.05). Nevertheless, this supplementation did not modify the inhibition induced by STZ in delta-ALA-D activity. Our findings suggest that diphenyl diselenide compound showed beneficial effects against the development of diabetes by exhibiting antioxidant properties.     

花卷茶提取物对高胆固醇血症大鼠血脂和内皮功能的影响

目的研究花卷茶提取物对高胆固醇血症大鼠血脂和内皮功能的影响及机制。方法雄性SD大鼠高脂饲养4周诱发高胆固醇血症,其中实验组在高脂饲料饲养2周后开始每日灌胃给予不同剂量的花卷茶系列之十两茶水提物（50、100和200mg.kg-1）,持续2周。实验结束后,颈动脉取血测定血脂、一氧化氮（NO）、非对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）和丙二醛（MDA）含量;分离胸主动脉检测血管内皮依赖性舒张功能。结果十两茶提取物能呈剂量依赖性降低高脂血症大鼠血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白及甘油三酯水平。十两茶提取物能显著改善高脂所诱导的血管内皮舒张功能障碍,降低血浆ADMA和MDA含量以及增加NO水平,且呈剂量依赖性。结论花卷茶系列之十两茶提取物具有降低血脂和保护血管内皮功能作用,其作用与抑制脂质过氧化、调节ADMA/NO系统有关。     

Effects of the licorice extract against tumor growth and cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer

Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents and plays a major role in the treatment of a variety of human solid tumors. However, its toxicity limits the clinical use. Recently, the administration of antioxidants has been suggested to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to estimate the antitumor activity of the licorice extract alone and in combination with cisplatin, and its protective potential against cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model. The administration of the licorice extract significantly inhibited tumor growth in BALB/C mice inoculated with CT-26 colon cancer cells. The combination of the licorice extract and cisplatin diminished the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin but promoted considerably antitumor activity of the licorice extract. In mice with cisplatin treatment for 15 d, the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine remarkably were increased by kidney damage, and the serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were elevated by liver damage. The administration of the licorice extract plus cisplatin recovered these functional indices in the kidney and liver to almost the control levels. In addition, the administration of the licorice extract significantly reduced the cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. Taken together, the administration of the licorice extract inhibits the growth of mouse colon carcinoma without any adverse effects, and reduces the cisplatin-induced toxicity. Therefore, the licorice extract may be a candidate for an anticancer and chemopreventive agent. However, cancer patients with cisplatin therapy should avoid the supplementation of the licorice extract.     

Zinc supplementation ameliorates static magnetic field-induced oxidative stress in rat tissues

The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of zinc supplementation on the antioxidant enzymatic system, lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation in liver and kidney of static magnetic field (SMF) exposed rats. The exposure of rats to SMF (128mT, 1h/day during 30 consecutive days) decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and kidney. By contrast, sub-chronic exposure to SMF increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in liver and kidney. Our results revealed an increase of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-desoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) in kidney of SMF-exposed rats. However, this biomarker of DNA oxidation remained unchanged in liver. Zinc supplementation (ZnCl(2), 40mg/l, per os) in SMF-exposed rats restored the activities of GPx, CAT and SOD in liver to those of control group. However, only CAT activity was restored in kidney. Moreover, zinc administration was able to bring down the elevated levels of MDA in the liver but not in the kidney. Interestingly, zinc supplementation attenuated DNA oxidation induced by SMF in kidney to the control level. Our investigations suggested that zinc supplementation minimizes oxidative damage induced by SMF in rat tissues.     

Pathological and biochemical effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of celecoxib in Wistar albino male rats

Celecoxib is intended for acute pain, menstrual cramps, pain, and inflammation of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of celecoxib (10 and 50?mg/kg/day) treatment on rats orally for 28 days. We examined effects on some biochemical parameters and kidney and liver tissues of celecoxib-treated Wistar albino male rats. At the end of the study, hepatic and renal function tests were performed and liver and kidney of rats were microscopically examined to detect systemic toxicity of celecoxib. Celecoxib-treated rats had statistically significant decreases of cholesterol, total bilirubin, total protein, urea, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase levels increased in 10- and 50-mg/kg/day celecoxib-treated rats. Histological examinations showed mononuclear cell infiltration, hyperplasia, and cellular degeneration in liver and tubular damage and mononuclear cell infiltration in kidney. We suggest that high doses of celecoxib may cause changes in liver and kidney histopathology, liver function, and in some biochemical parameters.     

绿茶提取物对肝脏炎性和纤维化病变的保护作用

目的研究绿茶提取物对肝脏疾病的保护作用。方法603例无饮茶习惯的乙肝病毒慢性携带者随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组口服以绿茶提取物茶多酚为原料制成的茶叶片,对照组口服安慰剂,6个月后比较两组间血清转氨酶指标和肝纤维化指标的差异。结果与对照组比较,绿茶提取物降低了血清肝功指标ALT(P<0.01)、AST(P<0.05)和血清肝纤维化指标PCⅢ(P<0.05)、Ⅳ-C(P<0.05)、HA(P<0.01)。结论绿茶提取物对肝脏的炎性病变和纤维化病变均有一定的保护作用。     

Effect of the absorption enhancer saponin on the intrarenal distribution of 5-fluorouracil following its kidney surface application in rats

The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of the absorption enhancer saponin on the intrarenal distribution of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) following the kidney surface application of 5-FU in rats. We selected an experimental system utilizing a cylindrical diffusion cell attached to the kidney surface. The intrarenal concentration of 5-FU 120 min after right kidney surface application of 5-FU with saponin at concentrations of 0.25 and 1 mg/ml was modified. Among four sites in the right kidney, the concentration of 5-FU under the diffusion cell was selectively increased by saponin. These results suggest it may be possible to control the intrarenal distribution of the drug following its application with an absorption enhancer on the kidney surface.