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1.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae, GE) a traditional plant in Oriental countries is known for its enormous benefits to treat headaches, dizziness, vertigo and convulsive illnesses. In the present study, the ethnopharmacological role of GE in neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia and the mechanisms underlying were reported.

Materials and methods

BV-2 microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was employed and the effects of GE on corresponding neuroinflammatory parameters were assessed.

Results

GE extract inhibited LPS-stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines and down regulated the c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which are known to be involved in neuroinflammation. Further, inhibition of NO and iNOS by 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA), one of the active constituent of GE in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells suggest that 4-HBA might be the bioactive candidate.

Conclusion

GE extract and its active constituent 4-HBA could be further exploited to mitigate microglial activation and may be developed as a new therapeutic remedy in treating various neuroinflammatory diseases.  相似文献   

2.
为掌握仿野生栽培红天麻的生活史及物候期,在贵州大方县采用林下仿野生模式栽培红天麻,观察并记录其生长发育各阶段特征。整理的历时24个月的贵州仿野生栽培红天麻生活史,将贵州仿野生栽培红天麻无性繁殖与有性繁殖中箭麻繁育物候期各自划分出5个时期,并详述各期特点。其结果可明确贵州红天麻仿野生栽培流程,为仿野生栽培天麻技术标准的研究与制订提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

3.
本实验建立了同时测定天麻药材中天麻素及8种核苷和碱基类成分的高效液相色谱法:Agilent Zorbax BonusRP(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-(0.04%冰乙酸)水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温36℃,流速1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长254 nm,进样量20μL。该方法分离度良好,天麻素、胞嘧啶、胞苷、尿嘧啶、腺嘌呤、尿苷、胸腺嘧啶、鸟苷和腺苷等的质量浓度在2.04~262.00,0.20~24.67,0.18~23.75,0.20~25.83,0.20~26.67,0.16~20.00,0.22~27.71,0.20~24.29,0.24~30.58 mg·L-1内,相关系数r在0.998 9~0.999 9,具有良好的线性。天麻素和8种核苷及碱基平均加标回收率在96.4%~99.6%,RSD均小于2.7%(n=6)。测定了7个西藏栽培天麻药材中上述9种成分的含量。结果表明,7个天麻样品中天麻素的含量均高于2.0 mg·g-1,均含有较高的腺苷、鸟苷、尿苷和胞嘧啶,而胞苷、尿嘧啶、腺嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶含量较低。该方法简便、准确,重复性好,适用于天麻药材中天麻素和腺苷等8种核苷及碱基类成分的含量测定。  相似文献   

4.

Aims of the study

Although ginseng root possesses dominant central therapeutic effects and has recently undergone investigations for treating different neuronal diseases, most of its mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginseng were studied.

Materials and methods

The protection afforded by different methanol extracts of Panax ginseng (PG) was tested in a serum deprivation-induced apoptotic model using neuronal-like pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. An MTT assay, annexin V-FITC staining, and Western blots were, respectively, applied to identify the viability of cells, the apoptotic form of cell death, and the activity of antiapoptotic signaling.

Results

The known antiapoptotic PI3-K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways in this system were ruled out due to failure of LY 294002 and PD 98059 to block the protection by PG. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor was found to block the protection by PG and PG-induced CREB phosphorylation, suggesting that the PKA/CREB pathway mediates the protective effect of PG. Downregulation of classical and novel PKCs failed to block the protection by PG, while an atypical PKC inhibitor blocked protection by PG.

Conclusions

PKA and atypical PKC are important for the protection afforded by PG in preventing serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis.  相似文献   

5.
6.
目的:借鉴血清药物化学的方法,探讨大川芎方中天麻的药效物质基础,为有效、全面地控制大川芎方及其制剂的质量奠定基础.方法:通过HPLC指纹图谱,比较空白血浆与含药血浆,空白脑脊液与含药脑脊液的成分异同,确定天麻效应组分的体内移行成分,并应用HPLC-DAD-MSn分析技术推测移行成分的化学结构.结果:灌胃大川芎方效应组分后,血浆中较明显来源于天麻效应组分的色谱峰有2个,经推断分别为天麻素和巴利森苷类成分;而脑脊液中未明显检测到来源于天麻效应组分的色谱峰.结论:天麻体内移行成分研究有助于阐明其效应物质基础.  相似文献   

7.
Aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) has been shown to inhibit enzymatic and biological properties of some Bothrops and Crotalus venoms and their purified phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins. In this work we evaluated the influence of C. sylvestris aqueous extract upon neuromuscular blocking and muscle damaging activities of some PLA2s (crotoxin from C. durissus terrificus, bothropstoxin-I from B. jararacussu, piratoxin-I from B. pirajai and myotoxin-II from B. moojeni) in mouse phrenic-diaphragm preparations. Crotoxin (0.5 μM) and all other PLA2 toxins (1.0 μM) induced irreversible and time-dependent blockade of twitches. Except for crotoxin, all PLA2 toxins induced significant muscle damage indices, assessed by microscopic analysis. Preincubation of bothropstoxin-I, piratoxin-I or myotoxin-II with C. sylvestris extract (1:5 (w/w), 30 min, 37 °C) significantly prevented the neuromuscular blockade of preparations exposed to the mixtures for 90 min; the extent of protection ranged from 93% to 97%. The vegetal extract also neutralized the muscle damage (protection of 80–95%). Higher concentration of the C. sylvestris extract (1:10, w/w) was necessary to neutralize by 90% the neuromuscular blockade induced by crotoxin. These findings expanded the spectrum of C. sylvestris antivenom activities, evidencing that it may be a good source of potentially useful PLA2 inhibitors.  相似文献   

8.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ligusticum chuanxiong (LC) as a common component in many traditional Chinese medicinal formulas and decoctions has been used to treat different central nervous diseases, suggesting a neuroprotective function.

Aim of the study

To investigate the functional roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mediating the neuroprotection of LC.

Materials and methods

Different extractions of LC were applied with or without MAPK inhibitor to test their protection against serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in rat neuronal-like pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as revealed by an MTT assay or Hoechst staining. Western blot was used to identify the activations of MAPKs.

Results

The most effective butanol extraction (LC-BuOH) was used in the following experiments. LC-BuOH reversed serum deprivation-induced decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and increased phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, the family of MAPKs. A PKA inhibitor, blocked the protection of LC-BuOH and partially blocked LC-BuOH-induced alterations in MAPKs, suggesting that the LC-BuOH regulates MAPKs through both PKA-dependent and -independent pathways. Although PD 98059, an inhibitor of MEK which activates ERK, blocked LC-BuOH-induced ERK phosphorylation, it did not block the protection of LC-BuOH.

Conclusions

LC-BuOH mediates protection by suppressing JNK/p38 instead of activating ERK activity.  相似文献   

9.
目的 通过天麻全国产地适宜性区划研究,为天麻种植地科学选址、合理种植提供依据。方法 应用药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统(GMPGIS),以183个天麻采样点主要气候因子数值范围和主要土壤类型为依据,预测天麻最大生态相似度的分布及其种植面积,同时结合天麻的生物学特征,阐述优质天麻药材生产过程中麻种及共生菌筛选、优良品种选育、田间管理、采收期及加工方式等关键问题。结果 除云南、四川、贵州、陕西等种植区域外,湖北、吉林、辽宁、湖南、山东等地也具有较大的适宜栽培区域。结论 研究结果可为天麻的产业布局、种植基地建设、人工栽培技术优化等提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
天麻对大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2  
目的:研究天麻对大鼠脑缺血再灌注引起脑损伤的保护作用,探讨其作用机制。方法:线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,144只Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,即假手术组、模型组、天麻提取物高剂量组(150 mg.kg-1)、天麻提取物中剂量组(100 mg.kg-1)、天麻提取物低剂量组(50 mg.kg-1)、尼莫地平组(25 mg.kg-1),各组再分为缺血再灌注6,12,24 h 3个亚组,分别于再灌注6,12,24 h处死,经海马CAI区连续冠状切片,分别用TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡细胞数,免疫组织化学法检测半胱氨酸蛋白酶8(caspase-8)蛋白阳性细胞数。结果:①再灌注6,12,24 h模型组与假手术组相比,神经元凋亡率明显升高(P<0.05),再灌注6,12,24 h天麻提取物低、中、高剂量组、尼莫地平组细胞凋亡率与模型组的比较,明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。②再灌注6,12,24 h模型组与假手术组相比,caspase-8阳性细胞数明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),再灌注6,12,24 h天麻提取物低、中、高剂量组、尼莫地平组caspase-8阳性细胞数与模型对照组比较,明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:天麻能通过有效的抑制脑缺血再灌注后大鼠神经细胞的凋亡起到脑保护作用。  相似文献   

11.
目的:建立RP-HPLC同时测定天麻药材中天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛的含量。方法:采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-0.1%醋酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长270 nm,柱温35 ℃。结果:天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛分别在19.1~383 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.620~12.4 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),2.45~49.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.280~5.63 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 6)与峰面积线性关系良好;平均加样回收率(n=9)均在96.7%~97.7%,RSD均小于1.6%。结论:本法准确可靠,分离度好,适用于天麻药材中天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛的含量测定。  相似文献   

12.
RP-HPLC同时测定天麻中4种成分的含量   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3  
目的:建立RP-HPLC同时测定天麻药材中天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛的含量.方法:采用Kromasil C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%醋酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长270 nm,柱温35℃.结果:天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛分别在19.1~383(r=0.999 9),0.620~12.4(r=0.999 9),2.45~49.0(r=0.999 9),0.280~5.63 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.999 6)与峰面积线性关系良好;平均加样回收率(n=9)均在96.7%~97.7%,RSD均小于1.6%.结论:本法准确可靠,分离度好,适用于天麻药材中天麻素、腺苷、对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛的含量测定.  相似文献   

13.
目的:研究不同产地和规格(变型)等级天麻中矿质元素的分布特征及分类鉴定依据.方法:采用原子吸收分光光度法、钼锑抗比色法和姜黄比色法对31批次不同产地和规格(变型)等级天麻样品中14种矿质元素进行测定,运用相关性分析、判别分析与主成分分析对测定结果进行系统分析与评价.结果:天麻中K,N,P元素含量高,为影响天麻生长的营养...  相似文献   

14.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Galla Rhois (GR) has long been applied in traditional Korean and Oriental medicine. Although GR has an anti-bacterial effect, the anti-bacterial mechanism and therapeutic efficiency of GR for intracellular parasitic Brucella infection are still unclear.

Aim of the study

The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and therapeutic effects of GR ethanol extract (GRE), which is a natural antibacterial component for the treatment of Brucella abortus infection.

Materials and methods

The antibacterial activity of GRE towards Brucella abortus was evaluated by incubating Brucella abortus with GRE. Following treatment with GRE, Brucella abortus adherence, uptake, intracellular growth, and intracellular trafficking in macrophages were monitored. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with Brucella abortus and treated orally with GRE for 14 days, and then the weight and CFUs from each spleen were monitored.

Results

The viability of Brucella abortus was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Brucella abortus internalization and intracellular growth within macrophages were reduced in GRE-treated cells. The number of bacteria that adhered to GRE-pretreated cells was significantly lower than that of untreated cells. With regards to intracellular trafficking, treatment with GRE augmented the colocalization of Brucella abortus-containing phagosomes with LAMP-1. GRE-treated mice showed considerably decreased weight and bacterial burdens in the spleen compared to untreated mice.

Conclusion

GRE exhibits antibacterial and protective effects on Brucella abortus in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight the beneficial effects of GRE in the prevention and treatment of brucellosis.  相似文献   

15.

Aim of the study

Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume (Orchidaceae) has been traditionally used as a folk medicine in Oriental countries since centuries for their variety of therapeutic benefits. This study is an attempt to investigate the protective effects of GE extract against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and explore the neuroprotective mechanisms involved.

Materials and methods

Human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells were used to demonstrate the protective effects of GE against multiple parameters such as MPP+-induced cell viability, oxidative damage, expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis.

Results

GE effectively attenuated the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. GE was effective in inhibiting both, the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP proteolysis.

Conclusion

Data from this study suggests the protective effects of GE on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic cells, which may be ascribed to its significant anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties, thus, GE might prove to be a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases including progressive Parkinson's disease (PD).  相似文献   

16.
AIM OF THE STUDY: Marsilea minuta Linn. (Marsileaceae) has been referred in Indian traditional medicine system (Ayurveda) for the treatment of insomnia and other mental disorders. Marsiline isolated from Marsilea minuta was reported to have sedative and anticonvulsant property. The ethanol extract of Marsilea minuta was standardised for marsiline (1.15%, w/w) and studied for its antidepressant activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antidepressant activity was studied using forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), learned helplessness test (LHT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced head twitches response in rodents. Standardised extract of Marsilea minuta in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day were administered orally for three consecutive days and evaluated on day 3, 1h after the last dose treatment. Imipramine (15 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was used as the standard drug. Neurochemical mechanism of antidepressant activity was elucidated by using radioligand receptor binding assays for 5-HT2A and benzodiazepine receptors in rat frontal cortex. RESULTS: Immobility time in FST and TST was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by ethanol extract of Marsilea minuta treated animals. A decrease in number of escape failures in LHT was also observed in Marsilea minuta treated rats. Head twitch response induced by 5-HTP was significantly attenuated by Marsilea minuta (400 mg/kg, p.o.) and imipramine showing the involvement of serotonergic system. This effect was corroborated with radioligand receptor binding study where Marsilea minuta (400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P<0.05) down regulated 5-HT2A receptor in frontal cortex, whereas, no marked effect was observed for benzodiazepine receptor. CONCLUSION: The antidepressant effect exhibited by Marsilea minuta extract may be due to its effect on 5-HT2A density in rat frontal cortex.  相似文献   

17.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Gastrodia elata Blume (Fam. Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, epilepsy, and numbness of the limbs, which suggests that it has neuroprotective effect.

Aim of the study

To validate the neuroprotection of Gastrodia elata in preventing neurodegenerations, such as Huntington's disease (HD).

Materials and methods

MTT assay was used to validate the protection of Gastrodia elata. In pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell. Transient transfection of mutant huntingtin (Htt) in PC12 cell was used as an in vitro model of HD. Filter retardation assay was used to measure Htt-induced protein aggregations. Proteasome activity was monitored by transfection of pZsProSensor-1 and imaged by a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Results

This protection of Gastrodia elata could be blocked by an A2A-R antagonist and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, indicating an A2A-R signaling event. Gastrodia elata could reverse mutant Htt-induced protein aggregations and proteasome de-activation through A2A-R signaling. In addition, activation of PKA tended to activate proteasome activity and reduce mutant Htt protein aggregations. The proteasome inhibitor, MG 132, blocked Gastrodia elata-mediated suppression of mutant Htt aggregations.

Conclusion

Gastrodia elata prevented mutant Htt aggregations and increased proteasomal activity by targeting the A2A-R through PKA-dependent pathway.  相似文献   

18.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The vine stem of Spatholobus suberectus is a widely used blood-activating and stasis-dispelling medicine for the treatment of diseases related to blood stasis syndrome in traditional medicine in Korea, Japan, and China.

Aim of the study

To demonstrate the clinical effects of Spatholobus suberectus against blood stasis syndromes using in vitro and in vivo platelet aggregation studies and to investigate its exact mechanisms.

Materials and methods

We extracted vine stems of Spatholobus suberectus, using 95% EtOH (SSE) and investigated its antiplatelet activity on platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP in human platelet-rich plasma (PRP). For the mechanism study, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) assay using flow cytometric analysis and a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) assay were performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of SSE in a thromboembolic mouse model.

Results

SSE significantly inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human PRP concentration-dependently without affecting plasma clotting time. It also significantly inhibited fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor and partly inhibited the formation of TXA2. In the in vivo study, oral administration of SSE dose-dependently suppressed the death of thromboembolism model mice induced by intravenous injection of collagen plus epinephrine.

Conclusions

SSE showed antiplatelet activity without anticoagulant effects mainly through the inhibition of fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor. Our current results support the clinical usage of SSE in the East Asian region treating atherothrombotic diseases and may represent a new natural source to develop antiplatelet agents.  相似文献   

19.

Aim of study

Oesophageal cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world and the second most common cancer among South African men. It also has one of the lowest possibilities of cure, with the 5-year survival rate estimated to be only 10% overall. Sutherlandia frutescens, or the “cancer bush”, is a medicinal plant indigenous to southern Africa that is believed to have anti-cancer and anti-proliferative properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential apoptosis-inducing effects of two S. frutescens extracts and one Sutherlandia tomentosa extract on the SNO oesophageal cancer cell line.

Materials and methods

Cell viability and morphology of SNO cells were evaluated following exposure to the extracts. Apoptotic markers including cytochrome c translocation and phosphatidylserine externalisation were quantified by flow cytometry. The activity of caspases 3 and 7 was evaluated with spectrofluorometry. Apoptosis was evaluated in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. The effect of the extracts was compared to non-cancerous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Results

Time- and dose-response studies were conducted to establish treatment conditions of 2.5 and 5 mg/ml of crude plant extracts. Microscopy studies revealed that S. frutescens- and S. tomentosa-treated SNO cells had morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry confirmed that the extracts do, in fact, induce apoptosis in the SNO cells. Caspase inhibition studies seem to indicate that extracts A (S. frutescens (L.) R. Br. subsp. microphylla from Colesberg), B (S. frutescens (L.) R. Br. subsp. microphylla from Platvlei) and C (S. tomentosa Eckl. & Zeyh from Stil Bay) are able to induce caspase-dependent as well as -independent cell death. The S. frutescens and S. tomentosa extracts were found to be more cytotoxic to cancerous SNO cells when compared to the PBMCs.

Conclusions

S. frutescens and S. tomentosa extracts show promise as apoptosis-inducing anti-cancer agents.  相似文献   

20.

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Parquetina nigrescens is a shrub that is commonly used in different parts of West Africa for the treatment of several ailments which includes pain, fever and inflammatory conditions.

Aim of the study

The present study was designed to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaves in rats.

Materials and methods

Five groups were used for each study, groups 1 and 5 served as control (saline) and reference (indomethacine) respectively, while groups 2–4 received the extract (50–200 mg/kg) orally. Formalin paw licking and hot plate latency tests were used for analgesic studies. Carrageenan oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formaldehyde arthritis models were used to quantify the anti-inflammatory activities while the brewer’s yeast was used for inducing pyrexia.

Results

The results of the analgesic study show that the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) analgesia in the hot plate and in the formalin tests. In the anti-inflammatory study, Parquetina nigrescens produced significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of the various types of inflammation. The extract also inhibited the pyrexia induced by brewer’s yeast.

Conclusion

The result justifies the traditional uses of Parquetina nigrescens for the treatment of fever, inflammatory and painful conditions.  相似文献   

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