葛根素配伍丹酚酸B注射使用对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究葛根素配伍丹酚酸B注射使用对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的保护作用。方法:将62只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、葛根素组(20 mg/kg)和葛根素(20 mg/kg)-丹酚酸B不同配比组(质量比分别为1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2),每组10只。除假手术组外,其余各组大鼠复制MIRI模型。再灌注180 min后,检测大鼠血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平及心肌梗死面积百分比。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清中CK、LDH、MDA水平明显升高(P<0.01),SOD水平明显降低(P<0.01);心肌梗死面积百分比明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠血清中CK、LDH、MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),SOD水平明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中葛根素-丹酚酸B(1∶1)组指标变化最为明显;心肌梗死面积百分比明显降低(P<0.01),其中葛根素-丹酚酸B(1∶1)组和(1∶2)组小鼠的心肌梗死面积小于葛根素注射剂组(P<0.01)。结论:葛根素注射剂配伍丹酚酸B后较单用葛根素注射剂能更有效地抑制MIRI后心肌细胞损伤、减小心肌梗死面积,且以质量比为1∶1时效果最优。     

玉郎伞提取物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究玉郎伞(YLS)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的影响.方法:以Wistar大鼠制备MIRI模型(结扎冠状动脉5 min后再灌注30 min),观察YLS对心肌梗死面积及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)活性生化指标的影响.结果:YLS明显降低心肌梗死范围、提高心肌组织中SOD活力、降低其MDA含量,同时降低血清中CK和LDH活力(P<0.01或P<0.05).结论:YLS对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用.     

黄柏酮通过调控铁死亡途径对心肌缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨黄柏酮对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(MIRI)大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、模型组(model)、黄柏酮低剂量组(Oba-L)、黄柏酮高剂量组(Oba-H)及高剂量黄柏酮联合Nrf2抑制剂ML385组(Oba-H+ML385),每组14只。除sham组外，其余各组均采用左冠状动脉前降支结扎法建立MIRI模型。于造模前7 d经腹腔注射相应药物，每天一次。造模24 h后，超声心动图检测大鼠心功能；TTC染色观察大鼠心肌梗死面积；HE染色观察大鼠心肌组织病理学变化；生化试剂盒测定大鼠血清中CK-MB、LDH、cTnI水平及心肌组织中MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平；DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测心肌组织中ROS水平；比色法检测大鼠心肌组织中Fe²⁺含量；Perl blue染色检测大鼠心肌组织中铁沉积情况；Western blot检测大鼠心肌组织中Nrf2、HO-1、GPX4和SLC7A11蛋白表达水平。结果:黄柏酮可改善MIRI大鼠心肌损伤，明显降低LVEDD、LVESD、心肌梗死面积及血清中CK-MB、LDH...     

玉郎伞黄酮对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨玉郎伞黄酮(YF)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的保护作用.方法60只健康SD大鼠,随机分为假手术(Sham)组、缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)对照组、溶剂生理盐水(NS)组和3个预处理组(YF低、中、高剂量组,各组大鼠♀♂各半).结扎冠状动脉左前降支30min后,再灌注60min,建立MIRI模型.用不同剂量YF在结扎冠状动脉左前降支前30min分别做预处理.再灌注结束后采血,测定血浆中谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(IDH)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶1(LDHl)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的改变,测量心肌梗死范围.结果与MIRI组比较,YF预处理能明显降低血浆中AST、LDH、LDHl和MDA含量,能提高SOD活性,降低心肌梗死范围.结论YF对大鼠心肌MIRI具有显著的保护作用.     

17-甲氧基-7-羟基-苯并呋喃查尔酮对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察17-甲氧基-7-羟基-苯并呋喃查尔酮(YLSC)对心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠的影响。方法 SD大鼠50只随机分为5组,每组10只:假手术组,模型组,溶媒组,YLSC低、高剂量(2.50,5.00 mg/kg)组。缺血30 min再灌注60 min复制大鼠I/R模型,观察大鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量的变化,伊文思蓝和氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)双重染色确定心肌梗死面积,TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测心肌蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和caspase12的表达。结果与模型组相比,YLSC能显著减少心肌梗死面积和CK、LDH、AST的漏出,降低心肌细胞凋亡率,并抑制内质网应激标志蛋白GRP78和caspase12的表达。结论 YLSC能减少大鼠I/R损伤,其心肌保护作用可能与减轻内质网应激有关。     

葡萄籽原花青素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究葡萄籽原花青素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 SD大鼠50只随机等分为5组:假手术组、模型组、葡萄籽原花青素低、中、高剂量组。结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支,30 min后剪断结扎线形成再灌注模型。测定5组大鼠在1 h后的血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,并比较心肌梗死面积。结果不同剂量的葡萄籽原花青素(50～200 mg/kg)均可降低大鼠CK、LDH、AST和MDA的水平,提高大鼠体内SOD的水平,还能有效降低大鼠心肌梗死的面积,与模型组比较,均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论葡萄籽原花青素可以显著的改善心肌缺血再灌注大鼠体内的生化指标,减少心肌梗死的面积,对于心肌缺血再灌注具有很好的保护作用。     

苗药理气活血滴丸对心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠的保护作用

目的:研究苗药理气活血滴丸对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)模型大鼠的保护作用。方法:将60只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、辛伐他汀组(阳性对照,40 mg/kg)和理气活血滴丸低、中、高剂量组(43.75、87.50、175.00 mg/kg),每组10只。各给药组大鼠每天ig相应药物1次,连续10 d;假手术组和模型组大鼠ig等体积生理盐水。末次给药45 min后,除假手术组外其余各组大鼠均复制MIRI模型。复灌后监测大鼠心律失常情况;采用苏木精-伊红染色观察心肌组织病理学变化;采用酶动力学法测定血清中心肌酶[肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)]活性;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠心律失常程度较高,心肌组织损伤严重,血清中CK、LDH活性及TNF-α、IL-6含量均明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,辛伐他汀组和理气活血滴丸中、高剂量组大鼠心律失常程度降低,心肌组织病理损伤得到改善,血清中CK、LDH活性及TNF-α、IL-6含量均显著降低(P<0.01),且理气活血滴丸高剂量组与辛伐他汀组各指标水平接近(P>0.05)。结论:理气活血滴丸对MIRI模型大鼠具有一定保护作用,其机制可能与减少心肌细胞心肌酶的漏出、降低血清中TNF-α和IL-6含量、抑制炎性损伤有关。     

失笑散对异丙肾上腺素致大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用

目的探讨失笑散颗粒对异丙肾上腺素所致大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用。方法将心电图正常的Wistar健康大鼠随机分为6组（每组10只）。测定AST、CK-MB、CK、LDH、CPK、BNP、CRP、TnT。结果模型对照组大鼠的J值、AST、CK-MB、CK及LDH水平（0．199±0．132）MV、（203．43±32．81）、（80．72±27．53）、（398．37±47．26）、（400．17±128．37）U／L,明显高于空白对照组（P〈0．05）;与模型对照组相比,失笑散颗粒低剂量组能使心肌损伤大鼠的心电图J值下降值、AST、CK-MB、CK、LDH、CPK、BNP、CRP、TnT及LDH水平降低,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而中剂量组及高剂量组、阳性对照组均能使心肌损伤大鼠的心电图J值下降值、AST、CK-MB、CK、LDH、CPK、BNP、CRP、TnT水平明显明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论失笑散颗粒对异丙肾上腺素所致大鼠心肌缺血有明显的保护作用,能有效地减轻心肌损伤。     

促红细胞生成素对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制研究

目的 观察促红细胞生成素(EPO)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的保护作用及可能的机制.方法 60只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为三组:假手术组,缺血再灌注损伤(I/RI)组和EPO+L/RI组.采用开胸结扎LAD 30 min、再灌注150 min的方法建立大鼠MIRI模型,模型制备前给予EPO腹腔注射5000 u/kg,其余两组大鼠腹腔注射等量0.9％氯化钠注射液.采用硫代巴比妥(TBA)法测定血清丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用酶连免疫吸附反应(ELISA)法测定心肌损伤标志物(cTn Ⅰ、CK、CK-MB)含量.结果 L/RI组大鼠血清MDA、MPO水平显著高于假手术组(t=10.445、9.848,均P＜0.05);经EPO干预后,EPO+I/RI组大鼠血清MDA、MPO水平显著低于I/RI组(t=5.087、6.683,均P＜0.05).I/RI组大鼠血清cTn Ⅰ、CK、CK-MB水平显著高于假手术组(t =8.153、5.411、3.729,均P＜0.05);经EPO干预后,EPO+ I/RI组大鼠血清cTn Ⅰ、CK、CK-MB水平显著低于I/RI组(t=4.808、4.089、3.002,均P＜0.05).结论 EPO对MIRI有保护作用,其保护作用可能是通过其抗氧化、抗炎以及对心肌细胞的保护效应来实现的.     

荭草花提取物对心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠的保护作用研究

目的:研究荭草花提取物对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)模型大鼠的保护作用,为其药用资源的深度开发提参考。方法:将24只大鼠随机分为假手术组(生理盐水)、模型组(生理盐水)、复方丹参片组(阳性对照,0.17 g/kg)和荭草花提取物组(以生药计为86 g/kg),每组6只。每天灌胃给药1次,剂量均为2 m L/100 g。连续给药4 d后,除假手组外,其余各组大鼠均采用左冠状动脉前降支法复制MIRI模型。再灌注24 h后再给药1次,给药结束后监测各组大鼠心电图ST段变化,检测各组大鼠血浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌酸激酶(CK)、心肌钙蛋白(cTn-I)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和一氧化氮(NO)水平,计算各组大鼠心肌梗死率并观察其心肌组织病理形态学变化。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠心电图ST段显著抬高(P<0.01);血浆中LDH、CK、CK-MB、cTn-I水平显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、NO水平显著降低(P<0.01);心肌梗死率显著升高(P<0.01),心肌组织发生炎性细胞浸润、心肌细胞胞质结构疏松等病理形态学改变。与模型组比较,复方丹参片组和荭草花提取物组大鼠心电图ST段显著下移(P<0.05);血浆中LDH、CK、CK-MB、cTn-I水平显著降低(P<0.05),SOD、NO水平显著升高(P<0.05);心肌梗死率显著降低(P<0.05),心肌组织中炎性细胞浸润、组织水肿等病变不同程度减轻。结论:荭草花提取物可能通过抗氧化损伤发挥其对MIRI的保护作用。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.