GVAX肿瘤疫苗研究进展

肿瘤免疫治疗是通过调节机体的免疫功能从而达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的一种治疗手段,有望成为继手术、放疗、化疗之后第四种抗肿瘤治疗方法。根据机体抗肿瘤免疫效应机制的不同,肿瘤免疫治疗可分为主动免疫治疗和被动免疫治疗两大类。GVAX肿瘤疫苗是一种典型的肿瘤主动免疫治疗,近年来在肿瘤免疫治疗研究中已成为新的热点,并取得了不少进展。本文就GVAX瘤苗的原理,在实验动物模型及临床试验研究中的疗效、安全性、临床应用前景等内容作一综述。     

肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展

肿瘤免疫治疗通过调动或激发机体自身的免疫功能,增强肿瘤周围微环境中各种抗肿瘤能力,从而抑制和杀伤肿瘤细胞。相对于传统的肿瘤治疗方法,肿瘤免疫治疗具有自身特有的诸多优势,也可提高传统治疗方法的疗效,减轻传统治疗方法的不良反应。本文就肿瘤相关抗原、肿瘤免疫治疗的分类、肿瘤免疫治疗与传统肿瘤治疗手段的联合应用、以及肿瘤免疫治疗的优势等方面相关的研究进展进行综述。     

肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗措施中重要的一种 ,但由于肿瘤免疫源性较弱并对机体免疫反应的主动逃避 ,肿瘤免疫学治疗还只能作为一种辅助治疗。本文综述了目前肿瘤免疫治疗学的进展 ,着重介绍了四类肿瘤疫苗 ,展望了肿瘤免疫治疗学不断发展的广阔前景 ,也指出了肿瘤免疫治疗学存在的问题     

081 肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗措施中重要的一种，但由于肿瘤免疫源性较弱并对机体免疫反应的主动逃避，肿瘤免疫学治疗还只能作为一种辅助治疗。本文综述了目前肿瘤免疫治疗学的进展，着重介绍了四类肿瘤疫苗，展望了肿瘤免疫治疗学不断发展的广阔前景，也指出了肿瘤免疫治疗学存在的问题。     

肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗措施中重要的一种，但由于肿瘤免疫源性较弱并对机体免疫反应的主动逃避，肿瘤免疫学治疗还只能作为一种辅助治疗。本文综述了目前肿瘤免疫治疗学的进展，着重分析了四类肿瘤疫苗，展望了肿瘤免疫治疗学不断发展的广阔前景，也指出了肿瘤免疫治疗学存在的问题。     

纳米载药系统在肿瘤靶向免疫治疗中的研究进展

<正>肿瘤的免疫治疗系指向肿瘤患者输注具有抗肿瘤活性的免疫细胞或抗体,直接杀伤肿瘤或激发机体抗肿瘤免疫应答来治疗肿瘤的生物疗法。肿瘤免疫治疗由于其较低的毒性和较高的特异性,被认为是一种很有潜力的治疗手段~([1-2])。随着对肿瘤学和免疫学研究的深入,肿瘤的免疫治疗逐渐成为继手术治疗、放疗、化疗的又一大新型治疗方式。为进一步加强肿瘤免疫治疗效果、降低药物的副作用,相关研究人员不断探索并研究了一系列具有肿瘤免疫治疗作用的新型     

减毒沙门菌作为新型肿瘤疫苗运送载体——癌症免疫治疗新希望

抗肿瘤免疫治疗是通过提高肿瘤特异性抗原的免疫原性及肿瘤细胞对效应性杀伤细胞的敏感性,调动机体免疫系统抵抗肿瘤细胞增殖和浸润的免疫治疗方法.与常规手术治疗、放射治疗和化学药物治疗相比,免疫治疗具有伤害小、毒性低等优点,但其在疫苗策略领域中的效果并不理想.近年来的研究表明,适当的载体有望显著提高疫苗的效果.减毒沙门菌是一种活疫苗载体,具有佐剂的作用,能够有效激活机体免疫细胞,在抗肿瘤免疫治疗中具有广阔的应用前景.     

肿瘤细胞免疫治疗的研究进展

肿瘤细胞免疫治疗近年来受到越来越多的关注,相关领域发表的专业论著也逐年增多。作为一种新兴的肿瘤治疗模式,肿瘤细胞免疫治疗的安全性高,疗效显著。除了可直接发挥抗肿瘤的作用外,肿瘤细胞免疫治疗还可以通过纠正机体免疫功能低下,增强机体抗肿瘤细胞的免疫功能而兼顾治疗与保健的双重疗效。本文将就肿瘤细胞免疫治疗的发展史、原理及其研究现状和对未来的展望进行简要的概述。     

肿瘤疫苗的研究进展

肿瘤疫苗是通过肿瘤相关抗原来激活肿瘤特异性的免疫反应,以达到杀伤、清除肿瘤细胞的目的,它是一种治疗性的主动免疫治疗方法。肿瘤免疫治疗已有超过120年的历史,近年来随着肿瘤免疫学和分子生物学的进展,肿瘤免疫治疗的理论和实践都取得了长足的进步。抗肿瘤免疫反应是一个涉及抗原、佐剂、运载工具和给药途径等多因素、多步骤的过程,因此肿瘤疫苗的成功离不开肿瘤免疫监视和逃避等理论更新、疫苗设计策略的革新和实践。本文就肿瘤疫苗的基本原理及临床研究进展做一概述。     

程序性死亡因子1及其配体在脑胶质瘤中的研究进展

脑胶质瘤一直是中枢神经系统肿瘤研究的重点及难点,高级别胶质瘤因其浸润生长快,位置特殊,综合治疗后效果并不理想。肿瘤免疫治疗通过维持肿瘤与免疫系统的平衡,恢复机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,从而限制肿瘤的发生、发展。目前免疫治疗已运用与多种实体瘤中,并取得了令人欣喜的结果,也为脑胶质瘤的治疗提供了新的思路。阻断PD-1/PD-L1是目前肿瘤免疫治疗的热点。本文就PD-1/PD-L1在脑胶质瘤中的研究及治疗进展进行综述。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.