4510名老年人认知功能调查结果的分析

目的了解我国老年人认知功能和痴呆患病情况，并就可能影响老年人认知功能的因素进行探讨。方法用ＭＭＳＥ、ＨＤＳ、ＳＰＭＳＱ三种量表测试４５１０名老年人的认知功能，达到量表阳性值者再由精神科医师逐一诊断。结果上海市老年性痴呆患病率为０．６１４％，苏州市为０．３４７％，与我国１９９３年老年性痴呆流行病调查结果相近。结论年龄与认知功能有较密切的关系，ＭＭＳＥ、ＨＤＳ、ＳＰＭＳＱ三种量表得分高低与文化程度有关。因此，痴呆筛选量表的界限值划分宜考虑年龄与文化程度这两项因素。     

吸烟对老年人认知功能影响的研究——“北京市老龄化多维纵向研究”基线调查分析

目的　研究吸烟是否影响中国老年人认知功能。方法　 1 992年‘北京市老龄化多维纵向研究’基线调查采用随机、分层等原则抽取 55岁以上老年人 2 0 4 7例进行了入户调查和体格检查 ,其中包括吸烟史调查和认知功能检查 (MMSE)。结果　 31 .3%的男性和 76.3%的女性从不吸烟 ,45.3%的男性和 1 4 .1 %的女性目前吸烟 (调查时 )。研究发现吸烟对认知功能下降有保护作用 ,不吸烟者与吸烟者比较有 2倍的可能发生认知功能异常。保护作用依赖于吸烟时间的长短和量的多少。饮酒不干扰吸烟对认知功能紊乱的保护作用 ,同时吸烟又饮酒者对认知功能下降的保护作用是仅吸烟者的 2倍。吸烟对认知功能下降的保护作用不受年龄和居住地区的影响 ,但经性别和文化程度分层分析显示吸烟对老年女性和文盲老人的认知功能下降无保护作用。结论　吸烟对认知功能下降有适度的保护作用。但是 ,其他因素如性别和教育水平可能混淆吸烟对认知功能的影响     

男性老人心房纤颤是认知功能降低的独立决定因素

作者曾报道２４ｈ舒张压（ＤＢＰ）升高和糖尿病（ＤＭ）与老年男性非卒中病人的认知功能降低有关。本研究旨在探讨此同一人群中房颤（ＡＦ）与认知功能的相关性，以评估卒中发病及可能的致病因素（高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死、射血分数）。作者对心血管病危险因素的研究始于２０世纪７０年代，对象为居住在瑞典乌普萨拉城（Ｕｐｐｓａｌａ）出生于１９２０～１９２４年的男性居民２３２２人。２０年代后，除去死亡、移居他乡及拒绝调查者外，１２２１位７０岁左右者参与本次调查。对他们还采用简易智力状态检查（ＭＭＳＥ）和连线试验法（Ｔ…     

认知障碍简明评价量表对老年人认知功能衰退的预测价值初探

目的探讨认知障碍简明评价量表(Cog-12)对老年人认知功能下降的预测能力。方法选择56例患者,其中基线水平认知正常29例和轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)27例,将基线与随访2年认知均正常18例作为NC组,认知正常转为MCI 11例作为CM组,基线及随访2年保持MCI状态作为10例MM组,MCI转化为阿尔茨海默型痴呆11例作为AD组。在初入组及随访2年后,分别通过知情者或照料者对患者进行Cog-12、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分,对患者的认知能力进行评价。结果认知正常者中,NC组的MoCA、MMSE评分较CM组明显升高,Cog-12-Ⅰ评分明显降低(P<0.05)。MCI患者中,MM组MoCA评分较AD组明显升高,Cog-12-Ⅰ和Cog-12总分明显降低(P<0.05)。认知正常者中,仅Cog-12为MCI预测因素(P=0.029),在MCI患者中,Cog-12不是MCI预测因素(P=0.082)。ROC工作曲线显示,当Cog-12界值为4.5分时,预测MCI的敏感性为81.4%。结论 Cog-12是有效而全面的认知功能筛查工具,在评估患者整体智能、精神、行为的表现基础上,可有效地发现认知功能的下降,一定程度上预测将发生认知下降的可能。     

老年衰弱综合征发生情况及其相关因素

目的 分析老年衰弱综合征发生情况及其发生的相关因素。方法 选取进行外科手术治疗的342例老年患者，均在术前采用简易衰弱量表(FRAIL)评估并设计一般人口资料调查表，统计老年衰弱综合征发生情况，并分析诱发老年衰弱综合征发生的相关因素。结果 342例老年外科患者中，衰弱综合征89例(26.02%),衰弱前期168例(49.12%),无衰弱85例(24.85%);衰弱综合征组年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、共病情况、工具性日常生活能力(IADL)评分下降、营养状态、认知功能与无衰弱组、衰弱前期组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.001);经有序Logistic回归分析显示，年龄较大、BMI增加、共病情况≥4种、IADL评分下降、营养不良或存在营养不良风险、认知功能障碍是老年衰弱综合征发生的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论 老年衰弱综合征发生风险较高，且发生的相关因素可能为年龄较大、BMI增加、共病情况≥4种、IADL评分下降、营养不良或存在营养不良风险、认知功能障碍。     

老年人群血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平与认知功能的相关性研究

目的 分析老年人群血清LDL-C水平与认知功能的关系。方法 依照研究设计，提取美国健康与营养调查项目2011年至2014年数据库中的老年人群1345例，根据认知功能评分分为认知降低组513例，认知正常组832例。认知功能评分包括单词记忆评分、语言流畅性评分和数字符号替代测试，基于3种认知功能评分之和创建的总体认知功能评分作为评价指标。应用单因素和多因素线性回归分析评估LDL-C水平与认知功能的关系，应用限制性立方样条模型分析LDL-C与认知功能的非线性关系，并对不同性别、年龄、教育程度等进行分析，进一步研究LDL-C与认知功能的关系。结果 2组种族、教育程度、婚姻状况、饮酒、吸烟、使用他汀情况比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与认知正常组比较，认知降低组年龄、糖尿病比例明显增高，TC、LDL-C、HDL-C水平明显降低，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。多因素线性回归分析显示，校正年龄、性别、教育程度、种族、吸烟、饮酒后，LDL-C水平与总体认知功能评分呈正相关(β=1.56,95%CI:0.63～2.49,P<0.01);LDL-C水平与总...     

老年脑白质疏松对患者认知功能障碍的影响

目的探讨老年脑白质疏松(LA)认知功能的影响因素。方法选取2013年6月至2015年5月该院神经内科门诊就诊或病房收治的98例老年LA患者,根据其蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评分分为认知功能减退组(26分)和认知功能正常组(≥26分),比较两组的基线资料,采用多因素Logistic回归探讨患者发生认知功能减退的影响因素,采用Aharon-pettetz标准进行LA分级。结果全部患者的Mo CA总分为(22.95±3.73)分;其中视空间与执行功能、抽象、延迟回忆等方面损害严重,而命名和定向等功能无显著降低。98例老年LA患者中Mo CA总分26分者62例,认知功能损害发生率为79.5%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明年龄、高血压危险分层、社会支持评分及LA分级是患者发生认知功能损害的独立影响因素(P0.05)。结论老年LA患者的认知功能损害发生率很高,尤其是≥75岁、高血压危险分层为高危/极高危、社会支持水平较低、LA分级为3级或4级的患者。     

低血压对老年人认知功能的影响

目的探讨低血压对老年人认知功能的影响。方法选择因头晕、头昏、乏力就诊的患者141例,通过问诊了解既往血压>5年的老年低血压患者(低血压组)67例,老年正常血压者(正常血压组)74例,所有受试者行蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)检测,以及头颅MRI和颈部血管超声检查。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,低血压是认知功能障碍的危险因素(P=0.020)。与正常血压组比较,低血压组的MoCA、MMSE评分明显降低(P=0.000),MoCA的视空间与执行功能、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆评分明显降低,差异有统计学意义,MoCA和MMSE评分呈正相关(r=0.922,P<0.05)。与正常血压组比较,低血压组脑白质损害分级显著升高(P<0.01)。两组颈部血管超声比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论低血压是认知功能障碍的危险因素,老年低血压患者认知功能较正常血压者下降。     

轻度认知功能障碍与社区中老年人群全因死亡风险的关联

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)与社区老年人群全死因死亡风险的关联, 为早期识别高危人群提供参考。方法 2011年9月—11月采用典型抽样法选择5个城市社区55岁及以上居民作为研究对象, 对其开展一般情况问卷、简易智能量表、日常生活能力量表、老年人抑郁量表基线调查并完成体格检查, 以基线是否患有轻度认知功能障碍为暴露, 分别在2017年、2019年和2021年通过入户面访和搜索死因监测信息系统进行随访观察死亡情况。采用Cox回归模型分析死亡风险影响因素。结果共1 046例研究对象完成随访纳入研究, 基线年龄(66.4±6.6)岁, 符合MCI判定标准者199例(19.0%)。研究对象平均随访时间(112±16)个月, 随访期间共观察到106例死亡, 其中MCI组死亡40例(累计死亡率21.1%), 认知功能正常组死亡66例(累计死亡率10.1%), 两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.80, P<0.001)。Kaplan-Meier法估计MCI组中位生存时间显著短于认知功能正常组[(108±1.5)月比(113±0.5)月, χlog-rank2=28.02, P<0.0...     

炎症对老年患者术后认知功能障碍影响的研究进展

老年人的认知功能在术后常常会明显下降,Bedford[1]于1955年首次报道了认知功能下降,认为老年患者术后有7％的认知功能下降.术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是指手术后出现的记忆能力下降、注意力不能集中等认知功能改变,严重者还会出现人格改变和社会行为能力下降.其发生的原因是多方面的,一般认为跟三方面因素有关,即患者、手术和麻醉,如高龄、嗜烟酒、心理应激、麻醉药物、术中病理生理改变、手术创伤、炎症反应、缺氧、栓子等因素,而这些因素在老年患者的手术中都普遍存在.     

Prevalence and characteristics of older community residents with mild cognitive decline

Background: Cognitive impairment is a major health issue, but epidemiological data on mild cognitive decline have been almost absent in Japan. Methods: Of all residents aged 65 years and over living in Yoita town, Niigata Prefecture, Japan in the year 2000 (n = 1673), 1544 participated in the interview survey held at community halls or at home (92.3% response). They underwent the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) for assessment of cognitive function and answered questionnaires comprising socio‐demographic, psychological, physical and medical, and social activity items. Higher‐level functional capacities were evaluated with the Tokyo Metropolitan Index of Competence (TMIG‐Index of Competence). According to subject’s age and MMSE score, all subjects were classified into 3 groups: control (MMSE > 1 SD below age‐specific means), mild cognitive decline (MMSE ≥ 21 and ≤ 1 SD below age‐specific means), and severe cognitive decline (MMSE ≤ 20), and compared various characteristics among these groups. Results: Mean MMSE score of the subjects showed a linear decline with advancing age. Among the participants, 232 (15.2%) were classified as mild cognitive decline. Compared with the controls, the subjects with mild cognitive decline reported poorer subjective health, more depressive moods, more history of stroke, more prevalence of basic activity of daily living (BADL) disability, and lower higher‐level functional capacity, even after controlling for possible confounding factors. They also reported a low level of social activities: both participating in group activities and enjoying hobbies were less frequent. Their food intake pattern tended to be monotonous. Conclusions: Older persons with mild cognitive decline comprised a substantial proportion (15.2%) of the community‐dwelling older population. In addition to lower cognitive function, they had lower levels of functional capacity and social activity.     

Effects of cognitive function on functional decline among community-dwelling non-disabled older Japanese

This study examined whether cognitive impairment, falls, and urinary incontinence (UI) were independent predictors of functional decline using a 2-year observation of a non-disabled older Japanese cohort living in a community from 1999 to 2001. A total of 139 men and 214 women aged 70-94 years at the baseline who were independent in both activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were analyzed in this study. Independent variables, such as cognitive impairment, falls, UI, and other possible factors associated with functional decline were obtained from an interview survey at the baseline. A dependent variable was functional status in ADL and IADL obtained at the time of the 2-year follow-up. During the 2-year follow-up, cognitive function was a significant predictor for both IADL dependence and ADL and/or IADL dependence. Using a group of subjects with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of 30-27 points as a reference group, a significant correlation was identified between lower MMSE scores and an increased odds ratio for functional decline. Lower cognitive function was a significant predictor of functional decline, even among those older Japanese whose cognitive function was deemed to be within the normal range.     

Carotid atherosclerosis,cytomegalovirus infection,and cognitive decline in the very old: a community-based prospective cohort study

To investigate various risk factors of cognitive decline in the very old, we studied 494 subjects over 85 years old without diagnosis of dementia at baseline from the Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health, an ongoing, community-based cohort in Japan. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and at 3-year follow-up using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Plasma samples were assayed for levels of cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and blood chemistry. Carotid artery plaques were measured using an ultrasonography. In the cross-sectional analyses using Tobit regression, individuals with high carotid artery plaque score (≥5.0) had MMSE scores that were 1.08 points lower compared to those with no plaque (95 % confidence interval (CI) ?1.95 to ?0.20; p?=?0.016), adjusted for age, sex, and education. Individuals with CMV IgG titers in the highest quartile had MMSE scores that were 1.47 points lower compared to individuals in the lowest quartile (95 % CI ?2.44 to ?0.50; p?=?0.003). CMV and carotid atherosclerosis showed evidence of an interaction, where the association between CMV and MMSE was present only in subjects with carotid artery plaque. In the longitudinal analyses using linear regression, carotid atherosclerosis, smoking, low grip strength, and poor activities of daily living (ADL) status were associated with faster cognitive decline, adjusted for age, sex, education, and baseline cognitive function. Our findings suggest that carotid atherosclerosis is consistently associated with low cognitive function in the very old and modifies the association between latent CMV infection and cognition.     

Correlates of change in cognitive function during a two-year follow-up period in a comprehensive health examination for the community-dwelling elderly for the prevention of geriatric syndromes and bed-ridden state

PURPOSE: We explored correlates of change in cognitive function during a two-year follow-up period among the community-dwelling elderly in Japan, using a population-based prospective approach. METHOD: The participants analyzed in the present study were 260 men and 222 women aged 70 to 84 years at baseline, living in an urban Japanese community. Data such as change in cognitive function during two years (calculated by subtracting baseline Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score from follow-up MMSE score: a negative value means a decrease in MMSE scores during the two-year period) as an outcome variable, age, education, hearing and vision problems, IADL deficit (measured by the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology of Index of Competence), problems related to memory complaint, living alone, hemoglobin level, as explanatory variables, and the baseline MMSE score, depressive status (measured by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview), chronic conditions (hypertension, stroke, and diabetes mellitus) as covariates, were collected during a comprehensive health examination survey for the elderly. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We conducted multivariate regression analysis by genders to explore correlates of change in cognitive function. The results showed that higher age (beta = -0.18), presence of hearing problem (beta = -0.21), presence of IADL deficit (beta = -0.15), and memory complaint (beta = -0.20) in men, and higher age (beta = -0.27), low education level (beta = -0.25) and lower hemoglobin level (beta = 0.16) in women, were significantly associated with change in cognitive function when adjusting for the potential confounders. These factors may be reliable predictors for cognitive decline.     

Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive decline in older people.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the role of orthostatic hypotension (OH) as a risk factor for cognitive decline among home-dwelling and institutionalized older people and to describe other predictors of cognitive decline. DESIGN: Follow-up study with two clinical examinations. SETTING: A community-based setting in northern Finland. PARTICIPANTS: All of the 1159 people aged 70 or more living in five rural municipalities around the town of Oulu in Northern Finland in 1991. At the time of the follow-up examination, 2.5 years later, 884 of the original participants were alive and 651 were re-examined. MEASUREMENTS: In 1991, 907 people (78.3% of the total population) were tested for orthostatic hypotension, and their cognitive capacity was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The calculation/spelling tasks were excluded from the final version used in the statistical analysis. The re-assessment of cognitive capacity was made on 651 subjects (73.6% of those alive) who had participated in the first examination. The data were analyzed using polychotomous and linear regression analysis models. RESULTS: The prevalence of OH was 28.7%, with no age or sex differences. The mean sum score for the shortened MMSE in 1991 was 21.6 (+/-3.98) for persons with OH and 21.1 (+/-4.08) for non-OH persons. During the follow-up, the sum score declined in the OH group by .44 (+/-2.81) points and in the non-OH group by .83 (+/-3.61) points. No type of OH (systolic or diastolic 1- or 3-minute values or their combination) predicted cognitive decline; the only predictors were old age and low level of formal education. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic hypotension is a common clinical condition that affects every fourth person aged 70 years or older. By temporarily inducing cerebral hypoperfusion, it may cause or exacerbate cognitive dysfunction. In an unselected population, OH was not associated with cognitive deterioration, nor did it predict cognitive decline during a 2-year follow-up.     

Low systolic blood pressure is associated with impaired cognitive function in the oldest old: longitudinal observations in a population-based sample 80 years and older

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The primary aim of the present study was to examine whether there is an association between blood pressure and the risk of subsequent cognitive decline in the oldest old. Various factors associated with blood pressure and cognitive function were considered. METHODS: The study comprised 599 individuals of a population-based sample, 199 men (mean age at baseline 82.8 years, range 80-95) and 400 women (mean age at baseline 83.3 years, range 80-100). Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). For a subgroup of 385 subjects (130 men, 255 women), data were available on blood pressure and MMSE at baseline and two followups at two-year intervals. Baseline blood pressure was studied in one group with reduced cognition and in another group with intact cognition across the following four years. The association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with the MMSE score through the follow-up period was analysed controlling for frailty (time to death), age, gender, apoprotein E, homocysteine, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and stroke. RESULTS: A medical history of arterial hypertension was associated with lower MMSE scores and a higher prevalence of dementia and cognitive decline at baseline. However, intact cognition through the observation period was associated with higher baseline SBP. This relationship also remained when the frailty of aging subjects, indicated by remaining time to death, was taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Lower SBP in the oldest old is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment even after adjustment for compromised vitality. In late life, the risk of cognitive decline needs to be considered in clinical practice.     

Near vision impairment predicts cognitive decline: data from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the association between sensory impairment and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly from five southwestern states. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 2,140 noninstitutionalized Mexican Americans aged 65 and older followed from 1993/1994 until 2000/2001. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome, cognitive function decline, was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination blind version (MMSE-blind) at baseline and at 2, 5, and 7 years of follow-up. Other variables were near vision, distance vision, hearing, demographics (age, sex, marital status, living arrangements, and education), depressive symptoms, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, heart attack, and functional status. A general linear mixed model was used to estimate cognitive decline at follow-up. RESULTS: In a fully adjusted model, MMSE-blind scores of subjects with near vision impairment decreased 0.62 points (standard error (SE)=0.29, P=.03) over 2 years and decreased (slope of decline) 0.13 points (SE=0.07, P=.045) more per year than scores of subjects with adequate near vision. Other independent predictors of cognitive decline were baseline MMSE-blind score, age, education, marital status, depressive symptoms, and number of activity of daily living limitations. CONCLUSION: Near vision impairment, but not distance vision or hearing impairments, was associated with cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans.     

Effects of demographic and environmental variables on cognitive performance in a rural community sample of elderly people living in Southern Italy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of our study was to understand how demographic and environmental factors may be associated with cognitive functions in a rural population of Southern Italy, with a very high percentage of elderly persons with little formal education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the population registry of San Marcellino (province of Caserta), out of 1089 persons aged over 60 years, a random sample of 300 residents received a door-to-door visit. Two hundred and twenty-six subjects were judged as not having significant cognitive impairment, on the basis of their personal history and Clinical Dementia Rating score (< 1). They were administered the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: A positive statistically significant correlation was observed between MMSE score and education, but not between MMSE score, age and gender. Normative data showed that 90% of the normal population from this area had an adjusted MMSE score of more than 16.20, a value far below the traditional cut-off score of 23/24 for diagnosis of dementia. Subjects living with their families showed better performance than persons living alone or only with spouses. CONCLUSIONS: This finding is consistent with other epidemiologic surveys, and suggests the possible role of ecological and environmental factors in preventing or compensating cognitive decline, at least in persons coming from homogeneous rural areas. Low social demands in a protective family environment do not stimulate high intellectual performance, and signs of dementia may not be recognized by persons living in this context until the patient reaches a severe stage of disease.     

Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and correlates of combined declines in cognitive and physical performance. DESIGN: Cohort study of community-dwelling older women with moderate to severe disability. SETTING: The community surrounding Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in the Women's Health and Aging Study I with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score or 24 or greater and walking speed greater than 0.4 m/s at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive decline was defined as an MMSE score less than 24 and physical decline as a walking speed of 0.4 m/s or less in at least one of the three annual follow-up visits. Participants were stratified into groups based on cognitive or physical decline or both. Group characteristics were compared, and results were adjusted for age, race, education, and significant covariates. RESULTS: Of 558 women that met the baseline MMSE and walking speed inclusion criteria, 21% developed physical decline, 12% developed cognitive decline, and 11% experienced combined cognitive and physical decline. After adjustment, physical decline was associated with age, nonwhite race, former smoking, baseline walking speed, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment. Cognitive decline was associated with age and baseline MMSE score. Combined decline was associated with age, baseline walking speed, MMSE score, IADL impairment, as well as current smoking (odds ratio (OR)=5.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.49-21.54) and hemoglobin level (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.47-0.98). CONCLUSION: Potential predictors of cognitive and physical performance decline were identified. The association between smoking and lower hemoglobin levels and combined cognitive and physical decline may represent potentially modifiable risk factors and should be confirmed in future studies.     

Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: a review

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies have identified a number of health and lifestyle factors that correlate with cognitive function in old age. It is important to know whether these factors also predict change in cognitive function over time. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate published findings on genetic, health and lifestyle predictors of cognitive change in late adulthood. METHODS: Studies reporting data on education, health, blood pressure, activity and apolipoprotein E (APOE) as predictors of cognitive change were reviewed. A total of 34 studies were identified that reported data on these predictors. The average follow-up period of studies reviewed was 7.68 years. RESULTS: Results showed that education, hypertension, objective indices of health and cardiovascular disease, and APOE were associated with cognitive change. Results regarding the effect of physical activity on cognitive change were inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of data on some predictors, the longitudinal trends are generally consistent with cross-sectional findings on predictors of cognitive performance in old age. More research is required to compare the influence of predictors on different types of cognitive abilities.