WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：病机部分（一）

In traditional Chinese medicine, there are quite a number of terms, phrases and expressions used to describe pathogenesis of diseases. The English word pathogenesis is frequently used to translate the Chinese concept of 病机 which literally means the mechanism of a disease. Such a translation, though still under debate, has been generally accepted by more and more translators.     

STUDIES ON THE NEW DRUG BAO JIA SU BENZOATE——A PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC TROPANE ISOLATED FROM A CHINESE MEDICINAL HERB BAO GONG TENG

Bao Jia Su is an alkaloid isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb. It is of great interest that this alkaloid is the first cholinergic tropane from natural source ever discovered. Bao Jia Su benzoate (BJSB) has been fully studied in Shanghai Second Medical University since 1976. Its acute LD_(50) is 8.85±1.2mg/kg when injected intraperitoneally into mice. Atropine and scopolamine are specific antidotes to BJSB. The study on the mechanism of the action has revealed that it is a M-cholinergic receptor full agonist and possesses cholinergic action similar to that of pilocarpine. Ophthalmologic study indicates that it is a good alternative for pilocarpine in glaucoma therapy. EEG response of BJSB is almost the same as that of eserine and quite the contrary to that of scopolamine. BJSB can induce tremor and rigidity as oxotremorine and the author suggests that perhaps it may be a hopeful tool drug in screening antiparkinsonian agents. The observations on the effects of BJSB on cardiovascular system indicate that it may be used in the treatment of sinus tachycardia and it may be a valuable drug to be used in microsurgery as local vessel dilator.     

ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CHINESE MEDICINE——Concerning the Use of Western Medical Terms to Represent Traditional Chinese Medical Concepts：Answer to Prof. XIE and His Colleagues

This paper strongly rejects the notion that the use of biomedical terms to represent traditional Chinese medical concepts is helpful to the internationalization of Chinese medicine. It further argues that this practice destroys the integrity and independence of Chinese medical concepts. Taking the term 风火眼 fěng huǒ yǎn as an example, it shows that the biomedical term ＂acute conjunctivitis＂ often suggested as the translation for this term is unsatisfactory, because （ 1 ） the clinical reference is not identical, （2） it introduces the concepts of ＂conjunctiva＂ and ＂inflammation＂, which are not Chinese medical concepts, and （3） destroys the Chinese medical concepts ＂wind＂ and ＂fire＂ expressed in the Chinese, which reflect the way the disease is traditionally diagnosed and treated. While for English readers not familiar with Chinese medicine, ＂acute conjunctivitis＂ may be immediately intelligible, for those seeking a deep understanding of the subject, the literal translation （loan translation） ＂wind-fire eye＂ is much more helpful. This paper supports these arguments with numerous other examples.     

Research on frequency of application with modern Chinese herbal medicine

Objective:To study the relationship between 500 kinds of commonly used Chinese herbal medicine and the classification of their efficacies in Chinese Materia Medica in relation to the common diseases listed in Internal Medicine.Methods:Database retrieval frequency of the quantitative statistical method was adopted.First,the 8 980 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine recorded in Chinese Materia Medica were used as the original search objects,and 4 493 kinds which were cited in more than five articles were picked out and then rechecked for further title citations.Second,as judged based on the Criterion,the numbers of articles which included the medicines in the line of standards were examined.As a result,500 species of Chinese herbal medicine were singled out based on their retrieval frequency and were then used for compilation of the classification statistics according to their efficacy and the common diseases in Internal Medicine.Results:From the classification of Chinese medicines,herbs with wide efficiency and a meek nature had higher frequencies, but those which were not appropriate as decoctions had relatively lower frequencies.However,according to the average frequency,the Chinese herbal medicine for nourishing qi and tonifying blood,at 36 346 times and 34 544 times,respectively,were the most commonly used.Analyzed from the frequency of application of the Chinese medicine in the treatment of common diseases,most of the top 10 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine with the highest frequencies generally coincided with the 500 selected medicines.In addition,the Chinese medicines with clear pharmacological efficiency were easily isolated and purified to be made into injections, although other forms are more commonly used.Conclusion:The results of the research objectively reflected the current applications of Chinese herbal medicine,and could be used as references in teaching,research,clinical applications,and in compiling and increasing the drugs in textbooks and Pharmacopoeia.     

Oral herbal medicines for psoriasis: A review of clinical studies

Various forms of complementary and alternative medicine are used in psoriasis.Among these,herbal medicines are frequently used as systemic and/or topical interventions either as a replacement for or in conjunction with conventional methods.The benefit of such use is unclear.This review is to provide an up-to-date review and discussion of the clinical evidence for the main kinds of herbal therapies for psoriasis.Searches of the biomedical databases PubMed(including MEDLINE), EMBASE and CINAHL were conducted in December 2011 which identified 32 clinical studies,all published in English.Twenty of these primarily tested topical herbal medicines and were thus excluded.The 12 studies that evaluated systemic use of herbal medicines were included in the review.Four were case series studies and the other 8 were controlled trials.In terms of interventions,4 studies tested the systemic use of plant oils combined with marine oils and 8 studies tested multi-ingredient herbal formulations.The clinical evidence for plant and animal derived fatty acids is inconclusive and any benefit appears to be small.For the multi-herb formulations,benefits of oral herbal medicines were shown in several studies,however,a number of these studies are not controlled trials,a diversity of interventions are tested and there are methodological issues in the controlled studies.In conclusion,there is promising evidence in a number of the studies of multi-herb formulations.However,well-designed,adequately powered studies with proper control interventions are needed to further determine the benefits of these formulations.In addition,syndrome differentiation should be incorporated into trial design to ensure effective translation of findings from these studies into Chinese medicine clinical practice.     

Introducing Considerations in the Translation of Chinese Medicine

This article introduces the document, Considerations in the Translation of Chinese Medicine, published in PDF form online in both Chinese and English. This 20-page document includes several sections describing why the Considerations is necessary, the specificity of texts in Chinese medicine; the history of translation in Chinese medicine; who constitutes an ideal translator of Chinese medicine; what types of language exist in Chinese medicine; and specific issues in the translation of Chinese medicine, such as domestication versus foreignization, technical terminology, period-specific language, style, polysemy, and etymological translation. The final section offers a brief advisory for consumers, and concludes with a call to further discussion, and action, specifically in the development of international collaborative efforts towards the creation of more rigorous guidelines for the translation of Chinese medicine. The current article provides an overview of several of these sections, and includes links to the original document.     

International access to the Chinese medical literature through MEDLINE.

This article reviews, for authors publishing in the Chinese literature, the characteristics of MEDLINE users, the format of MEDLINE citations and the main retrieval strategies used with the system. References were retrieved and data collected through MEDLINE searches of the database 1988-June 1992. Thirty-six indexed journals from the People's Republic of China (PRC) were analyzed. The items of a MEDLINE citation are described. Titles of Chinese journals are listed in English as well as Chinese in the annual "List of Serials Indexed" of Index Medicus. Articles from journals in the PRC are indexed at the China MEDLARS Center, Beijing, PRC. For the 36 journals analyzed, 12,530 citations appeared in MEDLINE during the search period. Basic search strategies are described. Users doing author searches may have difficulties with common Chinese surnames, especially if only one given name initial is used. Journal searches of specialty journals, as well as address field searches for publications from a particular institution, may be helpful to scientists planning a visit to China. Effective use of MEDLINE has become an opportunity and responsibility for scientists and physicians over the world. Suggestions for preparation of English titles and abstracts to assure optimal information transfer and retrieval efficiency are: think about your audience; do not waste words; include key features in the title; be consistent with names and affiliations; use MeSH terms; include important non-MeSH terms in text; use structured abstracts; and obtain MEDLINE printouts of your own citations.

     

Immediate effect of Fu’s subcutaneous needling for low back pain

The traditional Chinese acupuncture has been reported to alleviate pain and is widely accepted as a complement therapy for pain relief in the world.1In 1996, a novel acupuncture strategy, Fu＇s subcutaneous needling （FSN）, was developed from the traditional Chinese acupuncture, but quite different from it.2 In FSN, needles are penetrated and swayed in the subcutaneous layer, but not the muscular layer. The choosing of its insertion points doesn＇t obey the principles of traditional Chinese medicine. To date, FSN has been widely used by clinicians in China for its good job in pain management though the systemic and rigorous studies are still lack.     

On English translation of infant Tuina points in traditional Chinese medicine

1 Introduction In recent years,several international standardized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nomenclatures have been published,including the major ones A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature by World Health Organization (WHO) in 1991[1],International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region[2] by WHO in the Western Pacific Region (WPRO) in 2007 and International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine[3] by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (WFCMS) in 2007.However,an English translation of points applied in infant Tuina therapy is neither contained in any of these standardized nomenclatures,nor in major Chinese-English dictionaries of Chinese medicine[4-6].Infant Tuina is an effective and common therapy used in the pediatric department of Chinese medicine.As the points used in infant Tuina therapy are different from the points used in standard acupuncture,and are essential to practice,the authors believe it is important to make an English translation of infant Tuina points and explore the principles and protocol of their translation.     

关于WHO/ICTM术语问题的几点建议

2008年,世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）启动了＂疾病名称国际分类第11版＂（International Classification of Diseases-11,ICD-11）的修订工作[1]。与ICD前10版不同的是,在第11版的修订工作中,专门设置了第23章,拟将传统医学纳入其中。但就目前的发展来看,能纳入其中的,只有源自中国的传统医学,即中医药学。     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：八纲辨证（一）（英文）

The so-called eight principles include阴,阳,表,里,寒,热,虚,实which are usually transliterated and translated as yin,yang,exterior, interior,cold,heat,deficiency and excess.These eight principles serve as a theoretical basis for treatment based on syndrome differentiation. These eight principles are easy to understand, translate and standardize.     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：各科辨证（二）

外伤瘀滞证pattern/syndrome of stasis and stagnation due to traumatic injury：a pattern/syndrome attributedtotraumaticinjury causinglocal stagnation of qi and blood,manifested by local ecchymosis,pain and tendernessIn Chinese language,瘀and滞are two concepts which are si milar to each other in meaning under certain context,     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究:津液辨证(英文)

Intraditional Chinese medicine (TCM),the so-called津液refers to all the fluid and liquid flowingand maintaining inside the human body.In Chineselanguage,津液is a phrase composed of twoChinese characters which describes two differentkinds of fluid or liquid in the human body .According to the theory of TCM,津refers to thepart of fluid that is thin in texture and flowss moothly inside the body while液refers to thepart of fluid that is thick in texture and mainlymaintains in the joints of the body to nourish andlubr...     

中医药学相关学科名称的翻译

笔者在参加世界卫生组织（world Health Organization WHO）有关传统医学国际标准的研制以及中医相关国家标准（英文）的制定时,注意到中医一些基础学科名称的英文翻译在国内外还存在着一定的差异。2010年8月26日,国家中医药管理局委托上海市中医药发展办公室组织专家对我们所承担的“1995和1997中医国家标准”的英文翻译进行了审定。在审定会上,笔者代表课题组向与会专家汇报了本项研究所依据的理论、方法和程序。     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：内科疾病（六）

白淫 white ooze ： seminal fluid in the urine or persistent vaginal discharge The so-called 白淫, as defined above , usually refers to seminal fluid in the urine or persistent vaginal discharge.Thus in the current translation , it is translated either as＂spermaturia＂or＂semenuria＂if related to male or as＂leukorrhagia＂if related to female.In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：病因部分（二）

In the previous issue, we have introduced some of the Chinese medical terms about causes of diseases included in WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as WHO Standard） and International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as WFCMS Standard）. We have also made brief comments on international standardization of the English translation of these terms according to the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine：     

中医古籍英译史实研究综述

中医古籍,即1911年以前的中医书籍。作为中医理论、思想和文化的主要载体,中医古籍越来越被国内外的专家学者所重视。如何让其走出国门,促进世界医学的共同发展和世界文化的繁荣昌盛,成为当代一个极为重要的课题。中医古籍英译研究,     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：内科疾病（五）

肝着 liver fixity： a diseased condition arising when qi and blood of the liver meridian become depressed and stagnant     

语义翻译和交际翻译在中医英语翻译中的应用

什么是文化？根据美国著名翻译理论学家奈达（Eugene A．Nida）的观点,文化就是“一个社会全部的信仰和各种实践活动（the totality of beliefs and practices of asociety）”。有些社会学家和人类学家将文化定义为“能够表现出一个社会生活特征的所有信仰方式、习俗、机构、物体和技术（the total pattern of beliefs,customs,institutions,objects and techniques that characterize the life of a human community）”。