抑郁患者情绪调节灵活性的作用

目的 采用本土文化的视角探讨抑郁症发展及治疗的机制,即个体情绪调节灵活性在自我收敛与抑郁症各类症状之间的中介作用.方法 采用中庸信念/价值量表内包含的“自我收敛”(亦即忍、让、退)价值测题、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和情绪调节灵活性量表,对112例抑郁症病人进行测评.结果 自我收敛价值和情绪调节灵活性与6大抑郁症状(强迫、人际关系敏感、焦虑、敌对、偏执和精神病性性)之间存在显著相关(|rs|＞0.202,Ps＜0,05),多变量回归分析显示,情绪调节灵活性中介了自我收敛价值在这6个因子上的影响(Sobel-Test Ps＜0.01).结论 忍、让、退等中庸自我收敛价值观使个体能够灵活地调节其情绪,进而可削弱大部分抑郁症状的临床表现.     

初中生的自我价值感与心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨初中生自我价值感与心理健康的关系。方法：运用青少年自我价值感量表及症状自评量表（SCL-90），对699名初中生的自我价值感与心理健康进行测试，并进行相关分析。结果：初中生的自我价值感量表上各因子得分与其在SCL-90自评量表各心理症状得分呈负相关；且各个层面上的高、低自我价值感组的初中生在心理健康量表上的得分有显著性差异。结论：初中生自我价值感水平的高低及其不同因子和层面与其心理健康具有显著的负相关，即初中生自我价值感水平越高，其心理症状就越少，心理健康状况越好。     

团体认知行为治疗对医学毕业生心理健康的影响

目的探讨团体认知行为治疗对求职阶段医学专科毕业生心理健康水平的作用。方法对23名具有明显心理问题的医学专科毕业生进行团体心理治疗,并使用症状自评量表(SCL-90),贝克焦虑量表(BA I),及贝克抑郁量表(BD I)对其进行治疗前后的评估。结果团体治疗后,23名大学生的症状自评量表(SCL-90)(t=3.313,P=0.002),贝克焦虑量表(BA I)(t=5.471,P<0.001),及贝克抑郁量表(BD I)(t=6.038,P=0.001)总分得分与治疗前相比,均有显著下降,同时SCL-90各项因子评分较治疗前亦有明显降低(P<0.01)。结论团体认知行为治疗可以明显缓解毕业生求职阶段的焦虑抑郁状态,改善其心理健康水平。     

40例抑郁症患者心身症状及抑郁焦虑共病情况调查

目的分析抑郁症患者的心身症状及与焦虑共病情况。方法对40例抑郁症患者进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)和汉密顿抑郁(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑(HAMA)量表评定,将SCL-90得分与中国成人常模比较,对汉密顿量表焦虑、抑郁得分进行分级,分析共病情况。结果 40例抑郁症SCL-90的9个症状因子得分均明显高于常模(t=4.91～9.75,P<0.01),HAMD得分分级:重度29例(72.5%)、轻中度11例(27.5%),HAMA得分分级:中度焦虑3例(7.5%)、有肯定焦虑症状30例(75%)、没有明显焦虑7例(17.5%),抑郁焦虑共病率82.5%。结论抑郁症患者心身症状突出,抑郁焦虑共病率较高。     

家庭治疗求治者中庸思维特点及其与家庭功能的关系

目的:通过比较对照组和家庭治疗组中庸信念价值和中庸实践量表评分的差异,探索家庭治疗求治者中庸思维的特点,及其与其家庭功能的关系。方法:采用中庸信念价值量表、中庸实践量表、家庭功能量表对40个寻求家庭治疗的家庭和40个对照家庭进行测评,采用独立样本t检验和Pearson相关对数据进行分析。结果:1在中庸信念价值量表上,对照组父母亲在自我收敛(t=2.76,P0.01)和拔高视野(t=4.82,P0.01)上得分均显著高于家庭治疗组父母亲;2在中庸实践量表上,对照组父母亲在迷惘委曲上得分显著低于家庭治疗组父母亲(t=-6.15,P0.01);3家庭治疗组父母自我收敛得分与其自身家庭功能中行为控制负相关(r=-0.103,P0.05),拔高视野得分与其自身家庭功能中角色负相关(r=-0.223,P0.05),多方慎思与其自身家庭功能中行为控制负相关(r=-0.287,P0.01),沉着克制与其自身家庭功能中问题解决(r=-0.235,P0.05)、行为控制(r=-0.271,P0.05)负相关,迷惘委曲与其自身家庭功能中沟通(r=0.260,P0.05)、情感介入(r=0.289,P0.01)、行为控制(r=0.340,P0.01)、总的功能(r=0.310,P0.01)正相关。结论:家庭治疗求治者呈现出夫妻两者均低中庸信念价值观的特点,家庭治疗求治者低中庸思维不利于其家庭功能的多个方面。     

残疾人与正常群体心理生活质量的比较研究

目的了解残疾人心理生活质量的现状及各维度间的关系。方法随机选取宁波市某社区居民135名,分别用人脸量表、生活满意度量表、自尊量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和信赖他人量表进行调查。结果①残疾人在抑郁、焦虑、敌对和人际敏感4个因子上得分均显著高于正常人(t=3.148,3.807,3.088,4.155;P<0.01),而在生活满意度因子上,残疾人得分显著低于正常人(t=-3.943,P<0.01);②主观幸福感与生活满意度(P<0.01)、信赖他人(P<0.05)呈正相关,而与焦虑、敌对和人际敏感呈负相关(P<0.01);生活满意度与自我价值感呈正相关(P<0.05),与抑郁(P<0.01)、焦虑(P<0.01)、敌对(P<0.05)和人际敏感(P<0.05)呈负相关;自我价值感与抑郁(P<0.05)、人际敏感(P<0.01)呈负相关,与信赖他人呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论与正常人群体相比,残疾人心理生活质量整体较差;残疾人的幸福感、自我价值感、情绪状况及人际关系各维度之间相互影响。     

大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康关系的初步研究

目的：探讨大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康的关系。方法：运用自尊量表、大学生自我统合量表、症状自评量表对471名大学生进行测试。结果：高、低自尊组和自我统合组的大学生在SCL-90各因子上的得分有显著性差异；自尊与SCL-90的多数因子得分呈显著性负相关；自我统合的得分与SCL-90的各因子均有显著性负相关。结论：大学生自尊、自我统合与其心理健康具有密切关系，且自我统合比自尊与心理健康的关系更密切。     

支气管哮喘患者心理健康与应对方式

目的研究支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况与应对方式。方法以症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质应对方式问卷对60例确诊的支气管哮喘患者和50例正常对照者进行调查研究。结果患者组SCL-90总分、躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病性得分显著高于对照组(t=4.441,5.722,4.124,3.232,5.631,4.300,3.863,1.712,1.982;P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁和焦虑得分显著高于对照组(t=5.101,7.142;P<0.01)。患者组的积极应对方式显著低于对照组(t=-5.591,P<0.01),消极应对方式显著高于对照组(t=4.482,P<0.01)。相关分析显示,积极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈负相关(r=-0.238,-0.259,-0.324;P<0.001),消极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.407,0.435,0.442;P<0.001)。结论支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况较低,存在明显的焦虑和抑郁情绪,且更多采用消极应对方式。     

团体心理辅导对大学新生情绪、自尊和学业自我效能感的影响

目的探讨团体心理辅导对大学新生情绪、自尊和学业自我效能感的影响。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)筛选出9名具有抑郁症状的大学新生进行团体心理辅导,对团体辅导前后大学新生的抑郁、焦虑、自尊和学业自我效能感的得分进行对比分析。采用抑郁自评量表(SDS),焦虑自评量表(SAS),自尊量表(SES),大学生学业自我效能感问卷进行评估。结果抑郁得分显著降低(t=2.824,P0.05);自尊得分显著升高(t=-2.341,P0.05);学业自我效能感有显著提高(t=-2.926,P0.05)。结论团体心理辅导对大学新生情绪、自尊和学业自我效能感有明显改善作用。     

高职大学生时间管理倾向与自我效能感的关系

目的 了解高职大学生时间管理倾向能力与焦虑、抑郁及自我效能感之间的关系.方法 应用青少年时间管理倾向量表(ATMD)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和一般自我效能感量表,对513名高职大学生进行抽样测试研究.结果 ①是与不是班干部的同学在时间管理倾向上存在显著差异(t-2.733,P＜0.01);②时间管理倾向与抑郁、焦虑存在显著负相关(r=-0.340,-0.181;P＜0.01),与自我效能感存在显著正相关(r=0.283,P＜0.01);③抑郁情绪在时间管理倾向与自我效能感之间起部分中介作用.结论 班干部在时间管理倾向上好于不是班干部的同学;时间管理能力越强,抑郁、焦虑情绪越低,自我效能感越高;抑郁情绪影响着时间管理倾向对自我效能感的作用.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.