天津某高校学生干眼患病情况及危险因素分析

调查大学生干眼患病情况并进行危险因素分析,为降低高校学生于眼病患病率提供参考.方法 单纯随机选取就读于天津医科大学的416名本科生,采用调查问卷收集日常用眼习惯,眼表疾病指数(Ocular Surface Disease Index,OSDI)量表进行干眼症状的筛查,裂隙灯下行眼前节检查评估眼表健康状况.结果 共检出95名学生有干眼症状,患病率为22.8%.其中25名为男性,70名为女性,性别间差异有统计学意义(x2=8.23,P<0.01).大学生干眼的影响因素有性别、自行使用眼药水的频率、使用角膜接触镜(P值均<0.05).影响睑板腺功能的因素有性别、饮酒(P值均<0.05);影响泪膜破裂时间的因素有每天使用数字产品的时间(P<0.01);影响泪液分泌量的因素有饮酒(P=0.03).结论 大学生群体干眼患病率较高,女性患病率高于男性.自行使用眼药水是常见的危险因素.     

山西农村社区人群高血压现患状况研究

选取山西农村有条件进行健康教育的社区人群１９７４９人，进行了高血压患病率及其现患因素研究。结果表明，１５岁以上人群高血压总患病率为２１．６１％，其中临界和确诊高血压患病率分别为１３．２９％和８．３２％；男性患病率（２２．８４％）高于女性（２０．５７％）；１５～３４岁人群患病率在１０％以下，而３５～５４岁年龄组患病率波动在２０％～３０％，５５岁以上患病率达４０％以上。男性在５０岁前患病率高于女性，而５０岁以后则女性高于男性。高血压现患因素多元逐步回归分析结果显示，除年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况和父母、同胞高血压患病史等因素外，该人群高血压危险因素主要是超重、肥胖及饮酒、口味偏咸和吸烟等行为因素。     

眼科门诊患者干眼症流行病学调查分析

目的调查眼科门诊干眼症(KCS)检出率及影响因素,为防治工作提供依据。方法对2016年6月至2017年10月眼科门诊就诊的841例患者进行问卷调查,同时进行眼部检查。结果 841例患者中KCS 137例,检出率16.3%,女性检出率(22.6%)高于男性(8.8%);≥40岁检出率(18.4%)高于40岁(12.7%);屈光不正、阅读写作姿势不佳、配戴隐形眼镜、LASIK手术、角结膜炎史、联合使用眼药及家附近1km范围内有污染建筑,是KCS的主要危险因素。结论应保持正确阅读写作姿势,注重环境污染影响,科学配戴隐形眼镜等,控制阅读写作时间,以减少干眼症发生。     

肝病患者干眼症患病情况分析

目的分析肝病患者干眼症患病情况。方法收集2011年1—5月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院眼科中心并经该院肝病专科医师确诊的肝病患者31例(62眼),年龄23～73岁,平均(49.9±12.8)岁。所患肝病包括甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎等肝脏疾病。所有研究对象均除外眼部外伤、手术及眼部屈光激光手术史,未曾配戴角膜接触镜,无眼睑及眼球位置异常及其他眼部疾病史。进行干眼症状的问卷调查,观察指标包括泪液分泌(Schirmer I)试验、泪膜破裂时间(break up tmie,BUT)和角膜染色。结果肝病患者干眼症为23例(74.19%);问卷调查阳性者20例(64.52%);Schirmer I试验显示:肝病患者为(5.42±5.19)mm,BUT检查(5.58±2.29)s,角膜荧光染色评分(0.23±0.61)分;发生睑板腺阻塞者10例(16眼),占总患者数32.26%。结论肝病患者干眼症发病率高,应引起眼科医师重视,患者应定期进行相关检查,及早发现并治疗眼表疾病。     

干眼症的诊治体会

目的分析干眼症的相关发病因素,讨论防治措施。方法收集2007年1月至2009年1o月就诊于我科125例干眼症患者的资料并进行相关检查：包括裂隙灯检查、角膜荧光素检查、泪膜破裂时间检查和基础泪液分泌试验并分析成干眼症的原因、诊断、治疗及预防。结果年龄在30～40岁人群中超过20％患有干眼症,70岁以上患症率高达35％,女性多于男性,长期从事电脑工作、处于空调房间者、司机、教师、公务员、长期配戴角膜接触镜者所占比例较高。结论干眼症的发病与多种因素有关,加强眼科保健知识的宣传教育,积极去除诱因,进行个体化治疗,对减少干眼症的发生有重大意义。     

汾阳市9~14岁儿童干眼患病现状及危险因素分析

了解山西省汾阳市9~14岁学龄儿童干眼的患病率及相关危险因素,为儿童干眼病的预防及治疗提供依据.方法 2012年10月至2013年12月期间,对汾阳市四至六年级学龄儿童采用整群抽样方法,抽取调查对象2 553人,均进行眼睛评价问卷调查及干眼体征检查.结果 受检人数共2 326人,应答率91.11%.其中诊断为干眼病的482人,患病率20.72%;男生患干眼病287名,患病率22.04%,女生患干眼病185名,患病率为18.06%,男生高于女生(x2=5.604,P=0.018).干眼组年龄、角结膜荧光染色(FL)、泪液分泌试验(SIT)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)与非干眼组相比差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为18.665,65.523,37.086,26.245,P值均<0.05).干眼症状中眼干涩、异物感、烧灼感、眼部分泌物、眼痒、视物模糊症状干眼组较多见,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为30.428,29.993,36.322,9.362,31.664,62.833,P值均<0.05).两组眼睛评价问卷调查评分总分差异有统计学意义(t=15.201,P<0.05).性别、挑食、屈光不正、结膜炎是干眼的危险因素(P值均<0.05).结论 山西省汾阳市9~ 14岁学龄儿童干眼的患病率高,男生高于女生.性别、挑食、屈光不正、结膜炎是干眼发生的危险因素.     

干眼症临床发病因素及防治的分析研究

目的探讨干眼症的相关发病因素以及防治措施。方法对某院眼科门诊就诊的180例干眼症患者详细询问病史,进行泪膜破裂时间测定(BUT)、泪液分泌功能测定(Schimer)、角膜荧光素染色检查(FLS)等眼科相关检查。结果该组病例中,女性多于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.348,P﹤0.05);年龄40岁以上者多于40岁以下者,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.920,P﹤0.05);长期应用滴眼液者、视频终端综合症者、长期佩戴角膜接触镜者、有眼部手术史者所占比例较大。结论干眼症的发生与多种因素有关,加强干眼症知识的宣传与普及,积极去除诱因或接受相关治疗,对预防或减少干眼症的发生有重要意义。     

探究眼科门诊40岁以下人群干眼症相关危险因素

目的:本文主要分析40岁以下人群干眼症可能存有的危险因素,希望通过对其的预防,降低临床干眼症发生率,为疾病的临床治疗提供相关的理论支持。方法:选取2017年09月01日-2018年03月01日于本院眼科门诊进行诊治的患者中盲选156例作为本次的研究对象,患者的年龄均低于40岁,经患者和家属同意之后,展开面对面访谈的问卷调查,并进行针对性的眼科检查,对眼科的检查结果进行记录。将本次确定的80例干眼症患者作为实验组,76例非干眼症患者为观察组,对病例进行对照研究。结果:研究对象156例患者中,男性共73例,女性83例。确认干眼症患者共80例,患病率为51.28%。在单因素分析之中,屈光不正、每日阅读与写作时长、阅读写作姿势与标准姿势有明显差异、每日看电脑时长、鼻炎史、隐形眼镜佩戴、每日看手机时长、应用抗生素滴眼液、眼药联合应用、近视激光手术史、在空调房中待着时间长、角结膜炎史以及家或公司附近存有污染建筑,成为了主要的危险因素。性别、文化水平、饮酒、年龄、吸烟史、高血压等因素与之无明显关联。在进行多因素分析中,最终考虑屈光不正、近视激光手术史、每日阅读与写作时长、鼻炎史、佩戴隐形眼镜、阅读写作姿势与标准姿势有明显差异、角结膜炎史、距离家或公司附近有污染建筑,成为主要危险因素。结论:在40岁以下人群干眼症患者之中,主要是因为其自身不良的生活习惯、周边环境存有污染以及自身行为方式成为了干眼症的危险因素。     

佛山市顺德区高三学生干眼症流行病学调查分析

目的 研究高三学生干眼患病率情况,分析其患病影响因素。 方法 利用电脑随机数字表法抽取部分2017年佛山市顺德区高三学生在高考体检中的眼科检查结果进行分析,通过学生填写干眼症影响因素调查问卷和干眼症状调查问卷收集相关信息,同时结合泪液分泌试验、泪膜破裂时间(breakup time,BUT)及角结膜荧光染色检查进行干眼症诊断,采用单因素χ²检验和多因素logistic 回归分析干眼症的影响因素。 结果 共抽取学生640人,干眼的患病率为41.6%(266/640)。平均BUT为(4.46±1.67)s,Schirmer I试验(无表面麻醉)结果为:平均(14.46±3.15)mm/5 min,角膜荧光素染色阳性者212例(79.7％)。多因素logistic回归分析显示近视程度、户外活动时间、智能手机使用时间是患干眼症的影响因素 (P值均＜0.05)。 结论 高三学生的干眼患病率偏高。近视程度越深,户外活动越少,智能手机使用时间越久,干眼症患病率越高。     

眼睛也要“补水”

过去干眼症属于老年病．现在发病年龄却越来越提前．是眼科门诊最常见的疾病之一。在有中央空调工作的办公室人群．特别是长期操作电脑者．患干眼症的概率相当高。很多千服症患者在开始眼睛不适的时候自购眼药点眼，如果使用的眼药不当．则无法缓解干眼症状．还会加重眼睛的干涩。     

Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher rates of hospitalization than the general population

OBJECTIVE: We describe the rate, causes, and predictors of hospitalization for all patients with type 2 diabetes in a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy and compare their hospitalization rates with those of the general population. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: All patients were recruited and followed up for hospital admissions from January 1996 to June 2000. The role of risk factors was analyzed with a conditional proportional hazard model for repeated events. RESULTS: More than 50% of the patients had been admitted to hospital at least once for any cause, and 30% had had multiple admissions, accounting for nearly 90% of all days in hospital. For these patients, older age, high glycated hemoglobin level, obesity, insulin treatment, presence of nephropathy, coronary and peripheral artery disease and comorbidity were statistically independent predictors of hospital admission. The standardized hospital admission ratios were 158.8 for men <65 years of age and 113.3 for men > or = 65 years and 245.2 for women <65 years of age and 135.3 for women > or = 65 years of age. The highest ratios were for diabetes, vascular (cardiac and cerebral) diseases, and eye diseases in younger women. CONCLUSION: Patients with type 2 diabetes, and particularly younger women, had higher rates of hospitalization than the general population, with an excess risk of about 30%.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of coronary heart disease in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes

The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of coronary heart disease was examined in 152 Type 2 diabetic patients (65 men, 87 women) aged 35–54 years and in 105 randomly selected control subjects (46 men, 59 women). Coronary heart disease, defined by symptoms and ECG abnormalities, was 1.2 times higher in male and 3.4 times higher in female diabetic patients than in the controls. In logistic regression analysis (including diabetes, age, body mass index, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and hypertension) diabetes showed an independent, significant association to coronary heart disease in women, whereas hypertension was independently related to coronary heart disease in men.Corresponding author.     

Prevalence and correlates of angina pectoris in the Italian nine communities study. Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research Council

We investigated the prevalence and correlates of angina pectoris in 6573 men and women aged 20-59 participating in the Italian National Multicenter Study on Risk Factors for Arteriosclerosis. In both sexes, the prevalence of angina pectoris, as assessed by the Rose questionnaire, increased sharply with age (from 0.8% to 5.1% for men and from 1.7% to 6.9% for women). In all age groups, there was a higher prevalence of angina pectoris for women than for men. In men, a strong positive association was found between angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (both by self-report and electrocardiographic documentation) and self-reported dyspnea. In women, myocardial infarction (self-reported), electrocardiographic-documented myocardial ischemia, intermittent claudication, and dyspnea were all associated with angina pectoris. In both sexes, angina pectoris was positively associated with body mass index. Males with diabetes had two times the prevalence of angina pectoris as males without diabetes; in females, diabetes was only weakly associated with angina pectoris. None of other major ischemic heart disease risk factors (blood pressure, serum lipids, or smoking) was associated with angina pectoris.     

Adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in renal transplant recipients: Are there differences between sexes?

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate high body adiposity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors prevalence, in renal transplant recipients (RTR), comparing men with women.MethodsIn this retrospective cross-sectional study, 102 patients (55 men) who were 49 ± 1.2 y and 114.3 ± 9 mo post-transplant (post-tx) were evaluated. Pretransplant (pre-tx) period data and weight gain during the first year post-tx were obtained from patient charts and post-tx data were collected during a routine visit at nephrology clinic. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² defined overweight and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² defined obesity.ResultsPre-tx overweight prevalence was low and similar between men and women (26%), whereas only women showed obesity (11%). Post-tx body weight increased significantly in the entire group, leading to an increase in overweight (to 38% in men and 51% in women) and obesity (to 11% in men and 23% in women) prevalence. Post-tx comparisons between men and women showed that women had higher (women versus men; P < 0.05) BMI values (26.7 ± 0.8 versus 24.7 ± 0.5 kg/m²), weight gain during first year post-tx (9.2 ± 1.1 versus 5.5 ± 1 kg), abdominal obesity (57% versus 23%) and diabetes (34% versus 16%) prevalence. The associations between adiposity and CVD risk factors showed that pre-tx overweight increased the risk for diabetes in post-tx; pos-tx high BMI and abdominal obesity increased the risk for metabolic syndrome; abdominal obesity increased the risk for dyslipidemia in women.ConclusionsHigh body adiposity prevalence was high after transplantation and increased the risk for metabolic syndrome, an important CVD risk factor. Women showed higher total body adiposity values, abdominal obesity, and diabetes prevalence than men. Abdominal obesity increased the risk for dyslipidemia in women.     

Psychosocial factors in adherence to pharmacological treatment and diabetes mellitus control in patients over 65

AimTo explore the influence of anxiety/depression symptoms and social risk in patients older than 65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both in non-adherence to pharmacological treatment (Non-AdhT) and in poor control of T2DM.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and participantsAdults over 65 years of age with T2DM treated at the Madrid Primary Care Service.Main measurementsData collection: Electronic Health Record database. Variables: Poor control of T2DM (HBA1c) and Non-AdhT (Morisky-Green test); main clinical variables: symptoms of depression/anxiety and social risk. Global multivariate logistic regression models and disaggregated by sex were used to Non-AdhT and poor T2DM control.ResultsData were obtained on 884 subjects. Non-AdhT prevalence: 4.4%; prevalence of poor T2DM control: 37.2%. Multivariate logistic regression models for No-AdhT in men showed a higher risk if they had symptoms of anxiety/depression (OR: 3.88; 95%CI: 1.15–13.07); and in women, if they had social risk (OR: 5.61; 95%CI: 1.86–16.94). Multivariate logistic regression models for poor control of T2DM in men revealed a higher risk if they did not have AdhT (OR: 3.53; 95%CI: 1.04–12.02).ConclusionsIn people over 65 years with T2DM, although Non-AdhT is low, the prevalence of poor T2DM control is high. Symptoms of depression or anxiety are a risk factor to Non-AdhT in men, while social risk has the same effect in women. Non-AdhT in men increases the risk of poor T2DM control. From a gender perspective, it is important to detect social and mental health problems in older adults with diabetes and to reinforce strategies to improve their adherence to drug treatment in these patients.     

Gender differences in clinical status at time of coronary revascularisation in Spain

OBJECTIVE: To study gender differences in clinical status at the time of coronary revascularisation. DESIGN: Retrospective study of clinical records. Two stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select a nationally representative sample of patients receiving a coronary revascularisation procedure in 1997. SETTING: All of Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios (OR) in men and women for different clinical and diagnostic variables related with coronary disease. A logistic regression model was developed to estimate the association between coronary symptoms and gender. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis the prevalence of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease was higher in women than in men: obesity (OR=1.8), hypertension (OR=2.9) and diabetes (OR=2.1). High surgical risk was also more prevalent among women (OR=2.6). In the logistic regression analysis women's risk of being symptomatic at the time of revascularisation was more than double that of men (OR=2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Women have more severe coronary symptoms at the time of coronary revascularisation than do men. These results suggest that women receive revascularisation at a more advanced stage of coronary disease. Further research is needed to clarify what social, cultural or biological factors may be implicated in the gender differences observed.     

Sex differences in preinfarction characteristics and longterm survival among patients with myocardial infarction

The prevalence of primary risk factors, previous medical history, and physical activity were assessed among 262 women and 1259 men who suffered a first nonfatal myocardial infarction between 1968 and 1977 in G?teborg, Sweden. The probability of suffering a myocardial infarction based on the conventional factors cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure and smoking habits was estimated in both sexes by means of a multiple risk function. Comparisons between sexes were made with age alone and age and estimated primary risk as confounders. Survival rate and reinfarction rate were calculated for a 5-year period of follow-up. Women with infarctions had higher serum cholesterol levels (p less than 0.001) and higher blood pressure values (p less than 0.001) but were less often smokers than men (p less than 0.001). The female patients also reported chest pain and dyspnea on exertion, and low physical activity both at work and during leisure time significantly more often than men; these differences remained after controlling for estimated primary risk. An overrepresentation of hypertension and diabetes prior to myocardial infarction was found among women below 45 years of age compared with men. A high frequency of women in this age group was also on sick leave or disability pension at onset of myocardial infarction, suggesting that mainly women with several risk factors including socioeconomic factors suffer an infarction at this age. No similar and consistent differences were found between women and men of older ages. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 80% in women and 81% in men. Below age 45 the survival rate was lower among women than men (p less than 0.01). No sex difference was found in the recurrence rate of nonfatal reinfarctions. This indicates that once women have suffered a myocardial infarction they are exposed to at least as high a risk as men.     

Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study

BACKGROUND: Obesity and increases in body weight in adults are considered to be among the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate and compare the associations between weight changes during 2 different periods of adult life and the risk of type 2 diabetes and age at diagnosis. DESIGN: The study included 7720 men and 10 371 women from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study with information on weight history; 390 men and 303 women of these participants received a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes during 7 y of follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of weight changes between ages 25 and 40 y and ages 40 and 55 y. RESULTS: RR estimates in men and women were slightly higher for each unit of BMI gain between ages 25 and 40 y [men: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.30); women: 1.24 (1.20, 1.27)] than between ages 40 and 55 y [men: 1.13 (1.10, 1.16); women: 1.11 (1.08, 1.14)]. Severe weight gain between ages 25 and 40 y was associated with a higher diabetes risk in men (1.5 times) and in women (4.3 times) than were stable weight in early adulthood and weight gain in later life, and it resulted in an average lower age at diabetes diagnosis in men (5 y) and in women (3 y). CONCLUSION: Weight gain in early adulthood is related to a higher risk and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes than is weight gain between 40 and 55 y of age.     

Socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes in African American and non-Hispanic white women and men: evidence from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the associations of poverty income ratio (PIR), education, and occupational status with type 2 diabetes prevalence among African American and non-Hispanic White (White) women and men aged 40 to 74 years. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, controlling for age and examination-related variables. RESULTS: Among African American women, there was a strong, graded association between PIR and diabetes, which remained significant after other risk factors were adjusted for. All 3 variables were significantly associated with diabetes among White women. Among White men, only PIR was significantly associated with diabetes. Controlling for risk factors substantially attenuated these associations among White women. There were no significant associations for African American men. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status is associated with type 2 diabetes prevalence among women, but not consistently among men. Diabetes prevalence is more strongly associated with PIR than with education or occupational status. These associations are largely independent of other risk factors, especially among African American women. Economic resources should be addressed in efforts to explain and reverse the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United States.     

Hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus in an American Indian population

BACKGROUND: The clinical relationship between diabetes and hypothyroidism is becoming more widely recognized. Although American Indians are disproportionately afflicted with diabetes, the occurrence of hypothyroidism within this group has not been previously reported. METHODS: We present data from a retrospective chart review of health clinic data from a rural isolated northeastern tribe. A total of 156 cases of diabetes and 25 cases of hypothyroidism were identified among 892 eligible individuals living in the service area. RESULTS: Both conditions exhibited strong sex differences. The prevalences of diabetes (21%) and hypothyroidism (5%) among women were higher than those observed among men (13% and 0.2%, respectively). The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism among women with diabetes (8.8%) varied by age ranging from 5% among women younger than 60 years to 21% among women aged 60 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the need for further investigation of the association between diabetes and hypothyroidism in American Indian populations with high prevalence rates of diabetes. This association may be of particular interest to family physicians and other clinicians caring for American Indian populations.