微量有害气体对固态胺再生CO_2反应器性能影响模拟试验研究

目的研究载人密闭舱内空气中微量有害气体对固态胺再生CO_2反应器性能的影响。方法选取舱内6种典型微量有害气体,进行固态胺反应装置的吸附—解吸循环模拟试验,测试反应装置对二氧化碳吸附量的变化,以及对微量有害气体的吸附情况。并对循环试验后的固态胺材料进行红外光谱测试。结果经过30轮循环试验,结果表明固态胺反应器对6种微量有害气体有少量的吸附作用,但这对固态胺反应器吸附二氧化碳的性能基本没有影响,CO_2吸附量保持稳定。红外光谱测试结果也表明固态胺材料的官能团基本没有变化。结论座舱内微量有害气体对固态胺再生CO_2反应器的性能影响较小,正常情况下可以忽略。     

低浓度CO_2吸附过程中水对固态胺吸附性能的影响研究

目的研究水对固态胺材料吸附低浓度CO2性能的影响。方法通过比较无水和水存在时固态胺材料吸附0.4%(v/v)CO2的性能,考察水对固态胺材料的吸附性能的影响。结果当吸附气中水含量3.71~12.84 mg/L时,固态胺材料的CO2平衡吸附量从50.53 mg/g提高到69.83 mg/g,水含量在12.84~22.37 mg/L时,固态胺材料的CO2平衡吸附量从69.83 mg/g下降至~48 mg/g。吸附气水含量为8.5 mg/L时,水参与下固态胺材料的CO2吸附速率更大。结论实验所用固态胺材料的CO2平衡吸附量受到水的影响,适量水存在能提高固态胺材料的CO2平衡吸附量,但水含量达到一定程度后,固态胺材料的CO2平衡吸附量有下降趋势。在20℃吸附温度下,一定量的水含量(8.5 mg/L)不但能提高固态胺材料对CO2的吸附速率且并不影响固态胺材料的CO2脱附性能。     

固态胺CO2控制系统试验结果与分析

目的考验固态胺CO2控制系统主要功能和性能指标是否达到设计要求,同时考核系统与舱内环境的匹配性及工作协调性。方法在逼近真实负荷条件下,在模拟试验舱内进行了15d连续试验,测量并定时记录直接反映固态胺CO2控制系统对舱内大气与环境影响及控制的主要因素,通过这些因素的变化评价系统的性能。结果系统解吸的平均功率500W,平均排湿量为46g／h,3名乘员生活的舱内CO2浓度最高不超过0．6％,在所定的温、湿度控制条件下,舱内温度维持在25℃、相对湿度在45％。结论系统的,性能基本达到了设计要求,流程改进方案合理,既实现了废热的合理利用,又满足了密闭舱内环境对系统的温、湿度的限制,系统无故障工作15d,已具有进行长时间工作的品质。     

固态胺材料的CO2真空解吸动力学研究

目的 研究固态胺材料的CO2真空解吸反应动力学.方法 研究并比较了不同温度下固态胺材料的CO2真空解吸和氮气吹扫解吸反应.结果 不同温度下的CO2真空解吸和氮气吹扫解吸反应均具有一级反应特征,反应速率常数随温度的提高而增大.本征反应活化能为54.29 kJ/mol,表观活化能为60.60 kJ/mol.结论 较低的活化能有利于固态胺吸附剂在接近室温条件下解吸CO2.表观活化能略高于本征反应活化能显示系统中外扩散对解吸速率的影响不能完全忽略.     

固态胺二氧化碳去除系统中反应罐的设计

目的 设计一种能满足长期载人航天器内固态胺吸附／水蒸气解吸CO2控制系统要求的反应罐。方法 根据系统要求及固态胺本身特性,解决如下关键问题：（1）额定的阻力损失需要减少床高与吸附,浓缩需要增加床高的问题;（2）有限的解吸热量与一定解吸温度保持的问题;（3）微重力下如何适应固态胺的膨胀与收缩的问题。结果 成功地实现了CO2的吸附,解吸及浓缩,系统可控制座舱CO2浓度在0．5％以下,浓缩的CO2浓度＞95％,可直接进入CO2还原系统,系统阻力低于160mmH2O,解吸能耗降到650W以下,结论 设计的反应罐能满足微重力条件下固态胺二氧化碳去除系统的要求。     

载人航天器固态胺吸附动力学模型研究

目的研究固态胺吸附过程的动力学模型,为后续载人航天器固态胺系统的设计提供精确的理论分析方法。方法在分析多个动力学模型的基础上,选择分数阶动力学模型作为固态胺吸附模型;设计不同温度下吸附性能实验,利用热重仪,获得固态胺样品的吸附能力,辨识出分数阶吸附动力学参数k、m、n;采用其它吸附模型,并识别其参数,计算模型误差,获得最佳动力学模型。结果 H-S分数阶模型在各个条件下的误差均最低,与仿真曲线结果一致,能正确反映固态胺复杂吸附机理;温度升高,固态胺CO_2吸附性能呈线性显著下降趋势;浓度越高,吸附速率越快,吸附量也越大。结论 H-S分数阶是目前反映固态胺吸附动力学过程的最佳模型,能反映出多个工况下多个吸附阶段综合作用的结果,在固态胺系统仿真与设计时可采用此动力学模型作为理论依据。     

便携式生保系统碳分子筛净化CO2的数值模拟

目的建立吸附装置吸附分离CO2的数学模型，研究吸附装置的性能对CO2浓度控制的影响。方法主要采用理论方法进行研究，用数学模型表达物理模型。模型考虑了筛床内部的传质和压力变化因素对吸附性能的影响。结果利用所建立的模型对CO2的净化装置的工作过程进行了模拟并对结果进行了分析，得到了吸附解吸过程中碳分子筛床浓度的变化特点。结论定性地验证了模型的正确性，研究了湿度和碳分子筛床尺寸对CO2吸附的影响，但还需要通过试验验证，提高理论计算的准确性。     

可再生固态胺纤维PPAM对CO2的吸附性能

目的 以聚丙烯纤维为基体,制备一种对CO2具有良好吸附性能的固态胺纤维PPAM,并探究其吸附性能.方法 通过预辐照接枝制备PPAM,以红外、热重、元素分析及电子显微镜分析等手段表征PPAM的化学与物理结构及其稳定性.从胺化率、吸附温度等方面评价材料对CO2的吸附性能.结果 高胺化率有利于PPAM材料对CO2的吸附.该材料在30℃下能达到最高吸附容量4.72 mmol/g.经过5次循环再生吸附后,吸附容量仍能达到初次吸附量的99％.结论 PPAM具有良好的热稳定性,对CO2具有高吸附容量和优异的循环再生性能,是一种理想的固态胺吸附剂.     

固态胺二氧化碳控制系统中的CO2浓缩技术研究

目的 解决固态胺ＣＯ２吸附方案应用于长期载人航天器座舱中所存在的ＣＯ２浓缩与回收问题。方法 根据ＣＯ２在固态胺中的吸附与解吸基本原理,提出了解决ＣＯ２浓缩与回收的技术途径,并设计了浓缩与回收装置。结果 研制的浓缩系统能保证浓缩的ＣＯ２平均浓度达到９５％以上,ＣＯ２回收率在９０％左右。结论 所设计的技术方案满足进入ＣＯ２还原系统的要求。     

固态胺吸附和解吸CO2的数值模拟

目的建立固态胺吸附床吸附和解吸CO2的数值模型并进行计算机模拟验证。方法利用多孔介质吸附理论及平衡吸附压力的概念建立固态胺吸附和解吸CO2的动力学模型,用有限体积法建立吸附床吸附和解吸CO2的一维动态数值模型,并编写模拟程序。结果利用数值模拟程序模拟了固态胺吸附床吸附和解吸CO2的过程,得到了吸附和解吸过程中吸附床及出口参数变化的特点。结论定性地验证了模型的正确性,但需要通过与实验对照改进模型及参数,提高模拟的准确性。     

Heat stress and carbon monoxide exposure during C-130 vehicle transportation

INTRODUCTION: Running gasoline engines in a confined space causes heat stress and carbon monoxide (CO) buildup. Loading the C-130 aircraft by driving the vehicles onto the platform may expose the C-130 cabin crew to these environmental hazards. This study was aimed at investigating heat stress and CO exposure in the C-130 cabin during vehicle airlift. METHODS: There were four summer flights (two two-vehicle, two three-vehicle; 2 d, 2 nights) studied. The cabin heat stress index (wet bulb globe temperature, WBGT) and CO levels before vehicle loading (control) were compared with those after vehicle loading. Furthermore, two- and three-vehicle transportations, as well as day and night transportations, were compared. RESULTS: Ground temperature ranged from 18.2 to 33.4 degrees C. Mean heat stress index was higher in vehicle transportation than control flights, the greatest difference being 5.9 degrees C (p < 0.001). The WBGT levels exceeded the recommended exposure limit in 28 of 38 measurements during day flights. The cabin heat stress increased sharply with vehicle loading, and continued to increase for a range of 60-140 min after loading. Elevated cabin CO levels were found in three-vehicle flights as compared with two, and in night flights as compared with day. CONCLUSIONS: In hot climates, C-130 vehicle transportation may exacerbate heat stress. The in-flight heat stress can be predicted by the ambient temperature, duration of the vehicle transportation, and number of transported vehicles. The cabin CO level is related to the number of transported vehicles. We recommend the use of effective environmental control systems during C-130 vehicle transportation in hot climates.     

Estimated ventilation requirements for personal air-cooling systems

BACKGROUND: Individuals wearing encapsulating garments require auxiliary cooling systems to sustain physical and cognitive performance when exposed to high temperatures or workloads. Heat transfer in such cooling systems is typically based on either air or liquid as the heat exchange medium. Designing air-cooled systems requires knowledge of the quantity of heat to be extracted and cooling system design criteria, inlet air temperature and humidity and ventilation rates. METHODS: This paper addresses this issue by viewing the human as a simple time averaged heat source whose temperature must be maintained within a specified range. Integrating heat production over time permits heat extraction to be separated from physiological thermoregulation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Framing physical workload and ambient conditions in terms of military relevant scenarios for rear cabin helicopter aircrew (25 yr old male working at 45% VO2max), families of curves were identified that define air conditioning system design criteria for given conditions.     

不同压力下通风服的除CO2除湿和散热

推导和分析了通风服头盔内的ＣＯ２分压同通风压力，流率及ＣＯ２排出率的关系方程，通过风流率同压力，除湿率和出口风湿关系方程以及通风流率同压力和散热率的关系方程，分析结果表明，为保持同样的头盔内ＣＯ２分压所需的质量流率随压力的降低呈直线降低；除湿所需的质量流率也随压力的降低而降低；低压下的散热效率由于除湿效率的提高而提高。这些方程可用于估算通风服流率和头盔流率，并可用于计算机自动计算通风散热量和排湿量     

Cabin environment and perception of cabin air quality among commercial aircrew

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the perception of cabin air quality (CAQ) and cabin environment (CE) among commercial cabin crew, and to measure different aspects of CAQ on intercontinental flights. METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was mailed in February-March 1997 to all Stockholm-based aircrew on duty in a Scandinavian flight company (n = 1,857), and office workers from the same company (n = 218). The answers were compared with an external reference group for the questionnaire (MM 040 NA). During this time, smoking was allowed on intercontinental flights, but not on other shorter flights. Smoking was prohibited on all flights after 1 September 1997. The participation rate was 81% (n = 1,513) in the aircrew, and 77% (n = 168) in the office group. Air humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2) and respirable dust were measured during intercontinental flights, during both smoking and nonsmoking conditions. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression analysis, keeping age, gender, smoking, current smoking, occupation, and perceived psychosocial work environment simultanously in the model. RESULTS: Air humidity was very low (mean 5%) during intercontinental flights. In most cases (97%) the CO2 concentration was below 1,000 ppm. The average concentration of respirable particles was 67 microg x m during smoking conditions, and 4 microg x m(-3) during non-smoking conditions. Complaints of draftiness, too high temperature, varying temperature, stuffy air, dry air, static electricity, noise, inadequate illumination, and dust were more common among aircrew as compared with office workers from the same company. Female crew had more complaints on too low temperature, dry air, and dust. Current smokers had less complaints on stuffy air and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Younger subjects and those with atopy (childhood eczema, allergy to tree or grass pollen, or furry animals) reported more complaints. Reports on work stress and lack of influence on working conditions were strongly related to perception of a poor cabin environment. Flight deck crew had more complaints about inadequate illumination and dust, but less complaints about other aspects of the cabin environment, as compared with flight attendants. Aircrew who had been on a flight the previous week, where smoking was allowed, had more complaints on dry air and ETS. CONCLUSION: Complaints about work environment seems to be more common among aircrew than office workers, particularly draft, stuffy air, dry air, static electricity, noise, inadequate illumination and dust. We could identify personal factors of importance, and certain conditions that could be improved, to achieve a better perception of the cabin environment. Important factors were work stress, lack of influence on the working conditions, and environmental tobacco smoke on some longer flights. The hygienic measurements in the cabin, performed only on intercontinental smoking flights, showed that air humidity is very low onboard, and tobacco-smoking onboard leads to significant pollution from respirable dust.     

舱温降低对人体的影响

为探讨舱温降低对人体的影响，观察了穿着不同热阻服装的５名男性青年受试者在２０℃、、１５℃、１０℃三种舱温条件下，直肠度、皮肤热液、体表红外热图等指标的变化。结果表明，随着舱温的下降，平均皮温及肢端温度降低，体表热流明显增高，皮肤红外热图 分布也有明显改变。     

载人航天器通风除湿系统运行参数的优化分析

目的：研究载人航天器通风除湿系统运行参数及一些组件的设计与优化方法，方法：建立了载人航天器通风除湿系统的数学物理模型，通过设计合适的系统运行参数及时有效地除去舱内产生的热量、水分、防止结露，满足人体的舒适性要求，并且采用计算的方法，分析了各种运行参数及组件对系统当量质量的影响。结果：载人航天器进舱气流温度、相对湿度及通风率、稻谷散湿量都影响舱内气体的露点温度及舒适性。舱内空气参数的有两种方式：以控制温度为主要目标的设计方法，回路中不需要使用余热回收换热器，结构简单，但有时不能满足除湿要求，优先满足湿度控制目标的方法，能够稳定控制舱内露点的温度、有利于防止结露，但系统结构较为复杂，结论：在保证系统性能的前提下，采用优化设计措施可以减轻空气处理系统的质量及耗电量，实现系统的轻量化。     

空间站实验舱进出风口大小影响的数值研究

目的：使舱内的流动与换热更好地满足空间站实验舱内的舒适性和仪器舱内的通风冷却性能的要求。方法：在数值研究中,采用了更为接近实验状况的计算模型,模型考虑了通风管道及进出风口对舱内流场的影响,这种模型可避免对多个出风 流量分配作出假设。在微重力条件下,研究了空间载人舱通风系统中进出风口大小对空间站实验舱流场的影响,根据对空间站实验舱内的不同功能区域,提出了区域均匀性指标。结果：根据研究工况的计算结果可知进风口渐扩和出风口渐缩这种变截面的进出风口的综合性指标最好,结论：在空间站的设计和建设中可以考虑使用这种变截面的方案。     

Physiological and practical evaluation of a biological/chemical protective device for infants

The Chemical Infant Protective System (CHIPS) is a special hood-like system into which a small battery-operated blower delivers filtered air. Because it is a semiclosed system, there is a risk of dangerous CO2 accumulation within the device, which particularly affects infants with acute or chronic respiratory disorders. Eleven infants hospitalized with various respiratory illnesses wore the device for 15 minutes. Inspired O2, inspired CO2, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and inside temperature and humidity were measured before and during this test period. Inspired O2 and heart rate during the test period were significantly lower than baseline levels (O2, 19.1 vs. 20.1%; heart rate, 133 vs. 142 beats/min). Inspired CO2 and inside temperature during the test period were significantly higher than baseline levels (CO2, 0.23 vs. 0.06%; temperature, 25.0 vs. 23.1 degrees C). Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and humidity were not different from baseline levels. A short-term stay within the CHIPS in well-ventilated surroundings did not result in significant clinical and physiological impact for sick infants. Nevertheless, trends were identified that may be worrisome during longer periods and in sealed rooms.