老年患者术后认知功能障碍相关麻醉因素研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是老年患者术后常见的并发症。POCD显著增加老年患者致残率和致死率,增加医疗成本并降低患者生存质量。目前认为与POCD相关的麻醉因素是多方面的,包括手术麻醉时间、麻醉方式、麻醉药物、麻醉深度及术后镇痛等。现对目前与老年患者POCD相关的麻醉因素作一综述,以期为高危患者制定合理的麻醉方案提供理论依据,从而减少POCD的发生。     

老年患者全麻术后认知障碍危险因素

<正>老年患者全麻术后出现术后认知功能紊乱(POCD)较为普遍,在骨科手术后的发生率高达56%,而术后出现POCD与院内患者的神经衰弱发生率、护理时间、医疗费用、住院时间和住院死亡率呈现正相关〔1,2〕。本研究通过简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)对老年人全身麻醉术后认知水平进行测试,分析影响老年手术患者POCD的危险因素。1资料与方法     

脊柱结核患者术后认知情况调查分析

目的探讨脊柱结核患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生情况及相关影响因素。方法选自本院于2015年9月至2018年9月收治的脊柱结核患者360例作为研究对象,观察患者POCD发生情况。采用单因素分析影响脊柱结核患者POCD相关因素;采用多因素logistic回归分析影响脊柱结核患者POCD危险因素。调查因素包括性别、年龄、体质指数、合并糖尿病、合并高血压、吸烟史、结核类型、麻醉时间、躁动、术中出血量。结果脊柱结核患者360例,发生POCD患者48例,发生率为13.33%。经单因素分析结果显示,性别、体质指数、合并糖尿病、合并高血压和结核类型POCD发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05);年龄、麻醉时间、躁动和术中出血量POCD发生率比较具有统计学差异(P0.05)。将上述单因素分析具有统计学差异的纳入多因素logistic回归分析,年龄、麻醉时间、躁动和术中出血量为影响脊柱结核患者POCD发生危险因素。结论脊柱结核患者POCD发生率较高,且POCD受多因素影响,其中年龄、麻醉时间、躁动和术中出血量为其危险因素,为降低POCD发生,需采取针对性预防措施。     

睡眠障碍与老年术后认知功能障碍的双向关联研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是老年病人麻醉和手术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症,严重影响病人的生存质量。一系列证据表明,睡眠障碍不仅是老年POCD的重要临床表现,也是其关键危险因素,睡眠障碍与老年POCD之间存在双向关系,其可能的机制包括神经炎症、氧化应激、蛋白沉积、类淋巴系统功能障碍等。本文旨在对睡眠障碍与老年POCD之间的双向关系及其机制关联的研究进展进行综述,并对睡眠障碍治疗POCD的潜在前景进行展望。     

老年病人结直肠癌根治术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的分析老年病人结直肠癌根治术后发生早期认知功能障碍的危险因素。方法 80例接受全身麻醉下结直肠手术的老年病人纳入研究,术前1 d和术后第7天进行认知功能评定,根据"Z"计分法判定是否发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD),采用Logistic多元逐步回归分析POCD危险因素。结果 19例病人被判定为POCD (24.7%)。Logistic多元逐步回归分析显示,糖尿病史(OR=8.391,95%CI:2.208~31.882),术后禁食时间≥3 d(OR=5.236,95%CI:1.998~13.721),术后第2天全身炎症反应(SIRS)评分≥3分(OR=6.995,95%CI:1.948~25.111)是老年结直肠根治术后早期POCD的危险因素。结论糖尿病史、术后禁食时间≥3 d以及术后第2天SIRS评分≥3分对老年病人结直肠术后发生早期POCD产生影响。     

老年胃肠肿瘤根治术患者全麻术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的探讨老年胃肠肿瘤根治术患者全麻术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素。方法 286例择期全麻下行胃肠肿瘤根治术老年患者。分别于手术前1 d、手术后1、3、7 d时经简易智能量表(MMSE)评分,术后评分低于术前1分以上确定有认知功能下降,则诊断为发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)。对患者的术前、术中及术后一般情况各指标进行单因素分析,筛选出早期POCD的可能危险因素。结果 286例老年胃肠肿瘤根治术患者术后1 d POCD发生率为26.2%(75例),术后3 d发生率为23.8%(68例),术后7 d发生率为8.4%(24例);单因素分析结果表明年龄、受教育程度、术前合并高血压、糖尿病、脑梗死或冠心病、术中出现低血压、术后电解质紊乱及住院时间与POCD的发生有关(P0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析表明年龄、受教育程度、术前合并高血压或糖尿病、术中低血压及住院时间是POCD的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论年龄、受教育程度、术前合并高血压或糖尿病、术中低血压及住院时间是老年胃肠肿瘤根治术患者全麻术后早期认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。     

不同麻醉方式对老年患者髋关节置换术后短期认知功能的影响

目的探讨老年患者髋关节置换术采用不同麻醉方式对认知功能的短期影响。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分I~Ⅲ级、行髋关节置换术的老年患者120例,随机分为3组:A组行硬膜外麻醉、B组行全身麻醉、C组行全麻复合硬膜外麻醉,通过MMSE评分统计认知功能障碍(POCD)发生率,比较3种麻醉方式对术后认知功能的影响。结果 A组患者在手术后6 h、24 h及3 d时POCD发生率均明显低于B组(P<0.05),C组患者在手术后3 d时POCD发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05),但在其他测量时段和B组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);手术后7 d时POCD发生率各组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用硬膜外麻醉能降低老年髋关节置换术患者术后短期POCD的发生率;全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对认知功能影响大于单纯全麻,但其恢复到术前水平时间较短。     

老年非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后认知功能障碍的临床研究

目的探讨老年非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病情况及其危险因素,并分析320排CT评估的脑血管功能情况与POCD的相关性。方法选择行OPCABG的老年患者213例,并根据是否出现POCD分为病例组28例和对照组185例,行320排CT检查、评估脑血管功能、神经系统和认知功能;术后14d再次进行评估,对比分析POCD的危险因素和CT脑灌注成像各参数与POCD的关系。结果与对照组比较,病例组既往脑血管病、糖尿病、头颅CT血管造影重度狭窄和CT脑灌注异常均明显升高(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,既往脑血管病史(OR=1.837,95%CI:1.075~3.141,P=0.026)和脑灌注异常(OR=3.224,95%CI:2.073~5.013,P=0.000)为POCD的独立危险因素。结论早期发现脑血管狭窄、脑灌注不良以及维持血糖平稳对于降低POCD的发生有重要意义。     

患者自控静脉镇痛引起老年人术后认知功能障碍的病例对照研究

目的 探讨患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)引起老年人术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的可能危险因素. 方法用Mini-Mental-State(MMS)方法测试认知功能,以性别、术式、PCIA总量为匹配条件,对择期行骨科手术65岁以上的全身麻醉患者POCD组95例,未发生POCD组97例进行病例对照研究. 结果单因素分析显示,受教育程度、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)低于5分的例数在两组间差异有统计学意义;多因素分析证实,VAS、受教育程度与PCIA引起POCD显著相关,OR值(95%CI)分别为2.379(1.205～4.698)和0.292(0.157～0.543). 结论 PCIA引起POCD的危险因素为VAS低,而受教育程度高可能是其保护因素.     

异氟烷对老年患者全身麻醉术后认知功能的影响

<正>术后认知功能障碍(POCD)多数患者是一过性的,但部分患者可以出现长期的POCD,少数患者可能发生永久POCD〔1〕。老年患者由于体质减退,对手术的耐受能力降低,术后更易发生POCD。从Bedford〔2〕于1955年首次发现并报道了认知功能下降以来,许多研究表明POCD可发生在各个年龄组,其中老年人发病率最高。异氟烷具有麻醉效果好、麻醉深度易于调节、对循环影响轻、毒性小、诱导和苏醒迅速等特点,因此广泛     

脑氧供相关的术后认知功能障碍危险因素的研究进展

POCD指患者在麻醉或手术后出现的精神活动、人格、社交活动以及认知能力等功能的变化,主要表现为记忆力、注意力以及语言理解能力等的损害和社交能力的降低,其发生率相当高,尤其是在老年人当中。围绕POCD展开的临床试验及动物实验较多,对POCD的危险因素以及发病机制进行研究能够为减少POCD的发生提供线索。足够的大脑氧供是大脑组织发挥正常功能的必要条件,各种导致大脑供氧不足因素均有可能导致POCD的发生,本文围绕可能由于脑供氧不足因素导致的POCD进行综述。     

Efficacy and safety of ulinastatin on cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia in elderly patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:With the aging of society, the incidence of diseases increases. And along with the increase of surgery rate, the number of elderly patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is also increasing. POCD seriously affects the mental state and quality of life of patients and their families. Clinical studies have shown that POCD is closely related to inflammatory reaction, and Ulinastatin can inhibit the inflammatory reaction and reduce the incidence of POCD in elderly patients under general anesthesia. However. the effect of Ulinastatin on POCD in elderly patients under general anesthesia has not been systematically evaluated.Objective:Meta analysis will be used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ulinastatin in elderly patients with general anesthesia POCD during perioperative period.Methods:We will search China Science and Technology Journal Database Chinese database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, China biomedical database, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and web of science for randomized controlled trials of the effect of Ulinastatin on POCD of elderly patients with general anesthesia from the establishment of the database to November 2020. The 2 researchers will independently screen the literature and conducted quality assessment and data extraction for the included studies, Revman5.3 software will be used for risk assessment and meta analysis.Results:In this study, the efficacy and safety of Ulinastatin in elderly patients with general anesthesia POCD will be evaluated by the incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment, mini mental state examination (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), visual regeneration, associative memory score, S100 β protein, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL- 10 inflammatory factors and the incidence of adverse reactions.Conclusion:The use of Ulinastatin in perioperative period can significantly reduce the inflammatory level of elderly patients after general anesthesia, effectively prevent the occurrence of POCD and reduce its incidence.Ethics and dissemination:The private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also will not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval is not required. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated in relevant conferences.OSF Registration number:DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/GY3V7     

老年患者术后认知障碍炎症机制的研究进展

术后认知障碍（POCD）是老年患者严重的术后并发症。P0cD大大增加了老年患者术后致残和致死风险，严重降低患者的生活质量。但目前POCD具体发病机制仍不清楚，尚缺乏有效的治疗方法。近些年的研究结果提示术后炎症反应是POCD发病的主要机制，本文将从临床研究和基础研究两方面对POCD炎症机制的研究进展做一综述，并对有助于改善POCD的抗炎药物做一介绍。     

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in geriatric patients

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe long-term complication after surgical procedures. POCD is mainly seen among geriatric patients. Hospitalization, extent of surgery, and systemic inflammatory response might contribute to POCD. The possible influence of the type of anesthesia is discussed. POCD is often not recognized; thus, incidence rates are likely to be underestimated (19-40%). POCD is associated with major consequences for the individual patient, e.g., delayed long-term recovery, reduced quality of life, and an increased mortality rate. Multiple risk factors have been identified over the last decade. However, the exact etiology is still unknown. This mini-review summarizes the recent developments concerning POCD prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.     

术后认知功能障碍影响因素的研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是患者全身麻醉手术后常出现的神经系统并发症,严重者会影响预后和生活质量。POCD的发生是一复杂的病理生理过程,受许多因素影响。了解POCD的影响因素可在外科医师、麻醉医师、患者及家属之间建立一个促进早期康复、改善患者预后的通道。本文对POCD影响因素及其可能机制进行了综述。     

The risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after laparoscopic surgery: A retrospective analysis

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is very common in clinical settings, it is necessary to analyze the risk factors for POCD in elderly patients after laparoscopic surgery to provide insights into clinical surgery management.Elderly patients undergone laparoscopy between September 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020 were included. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale was used to evaluate the POCD, and the characteristics and clinical data of patients with and without POCD were collected and compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the potential influencing factors.A total of 572 patients with laparoscopic surgery were included. The incidence of POCD was 11.89%. There were significant differences in the history of cerebral infarction, preemptive analgesia, preoperative use of dexmedetomidine, general anesthesia combined with continuous epidural block, duration of surgery, low SpO₂ during anesthesia induction, PaCO₂ after pneumoperitoneum, postoperative PCEA and VAS score at the third day after operation (all P < .05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that history of cerebral infarction (OR3.12, 1.02∼5.13), low SpO₂ during anesthesia induction (OR2.03, 1.19∼4.47), Longer duration of surgery (OR1.82, 1.01∼3.16) were risk factors for POCD in elderly patients with laparoscopic surgery, while postoperative PCEA (OR0.43, 0.01∼0.91), General anesthesia combined with continuous epidural block (OR0.59, 0.04∼0.87), preoperative use of dexmedetomidine (OR0.70, 0.08∼0.94) and preemptive analgesia (OR0.75, 0.13–0.90) were the protective factors for POCD in elderly patients with laparoscopic surgery.For the elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, the health care providers should be fully alert to the POCD based on those relevant factors.     

Edaravone at high concentrations attenuates cognitive dysfunctions induced by abdominal surgery under general anesthesia in aged mice

Metabolic Brain Disease - Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common neurological disease affecting the elderly patients after surgery. Unfortunately, no effective treatment for this...     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后神经系统并发症

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）后患者神经系统并发症（NC）的种类、发生率、危险因素和防治方法。方法收集北京安贞医院2010年6～10月入院行OPCAB的82例老年患者进行前瞻性研究。术前收集NC危险因素,手术前后进行神经系统查体和头颅320排CT脑灌注检查,术后进行神经系统查体确认有无NC的发生。根据术后是否发生NC分为NC组和非NC组,组间进行危险因素单因素分析。结果NC总发生率为17．01％（14／82）,无死亡病例,其中术后认知功能障碍（POCD）发生率为14．63％（12／82）,焦虑、抑郁的发生率为6．10％（5／82）,缺血缺氧性脑病发生率为3．66％（3／82）,缺血性脑血管病发生率为1．22％（1／82）;NC组与非NC组间进行既往史单因素分析显示,术后NC组脑卒中病史、CT平扫示病灶、糖尿病病史与非NC组相比,有统计学差异;CT脑灌注检查提示,两组脑灌注达峰时间有统计学差异。结论对于行OPCAB患者,应重视术前筛查,完善实验室检查、脑灌注检查等,有助于术前筛查出术后发生NC的高危患者,以给予相应的预防治疗;OPCAB对神经系统而言相对安全但仍需要更多资料进一步研究。