细胞和组织射频介电弛豫特性分析

本文分析了人血红细胞悬液、人脑胶质瘤和周围组织样本在５－５００ＭＨｚ频率范围的射频介电弛豫特性。介电数据由轴传输线反射法生物介电测量系统测量得出。描述介电驰豫分布性质的Ｃｏｌｅ－Ｃｏｌｅ非线性方程，有五个拟合参数：中心弛豫频率ｆｃ、远离的ｆｃ的静态介电常数εｓ和高频介电常数ε∝、弛豫分布参数α、静态电导率σｓ。不同年龄组的人血红细胞悬液样本，ｆｃ接近，说明其介电弛豫机制相似，介电差异主要表现在σｓ     

急性心梗病人血红细胞悬液射频介电弛豫特性的初步研究

作者在以前健康人血红细胞悬液射频介电测量基础上，进一步测量了１０例急性心肌梗塞病人血红细胞悬液在５－５００ＭＨｚ频率下的介电弛豫特性。有５例介电参数明显地低于正确正常值下限，且随病情缓解而回升。这一结果表明急性心梗与红细胞介电弛豫特性之间存在一定的相关性。     

细胞悬浮液介电谱检测与应用研究进展

细胞悬浮液介电谱是一种快速、实时、无损进行细胞物理特性定量研究的方法,在研究细胞构成和细胞生命活动过程中具有重要意义。细胞的结构和组成使其成为介电谱研究最适合的体系之一。细胞悬浮液介电谱随着检测频率的增加呈现α、β和γ三个典型的弛豫,对弛豫类型的解析有助于了解细胞组分和活动的信息。而细胞电参数模型的发展将细胞介电特性的研究深化到亚细胞层面,有助于了解更加细致的细胞组分和生命活动的信息。本文对细胞的介电行为,细胞悬浮液介电谱的检测、解析以及应用进行简要综述。     

在体和离体兔组织射频介电特性的测量

作者制作了同轴线传感器，根据同轴传输线反射原理，建立起计算机控制的生物组织介电测量系统，在６０～３０００ＭＨｚ频率范围对兔器官组织进行了有效在体和离体介电测量，５０只兔器官组织的统计分析结果表明，不同兔器官组织之间介电参数的最大差异可达３０．４％，在体和离体测量得出介电常数之间未见显著性差异，但电导率有频率依赖性的显著差异，因此将人体的离体介电参数延用到实际活体场合时，必须慎重。     

人血液细胞介电谱的实验研究

在0．01～100MHz范围内，测量人血液细胞的介电谱，确立人血液细胞对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。利用频域阻抗技术测量了正常人血液细胞交流阻抗，绘制细胞的介电常数和电导率与电场频率的关系曲线。建立了人血液细胞的介电谱和Cole—Cole图，明确了人血细胞的介电频响的数据特征。在射频电场中，人血液细胞的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性，表现为具有两个特征频率的介电弛豫：第一介电弛豫发生在fc。为1．42MHz，第二介电弛豫产生在fcz为3．32MHz。     

生理盐水对细胞射频介电响应的影响

生理盐水的介电响应对细胞悬液的介电测量具有重要意义,我们在1～500MHz频率范围内对之进行了测量;结果表明,生理盐水的介电响应对电极有选择性,低频区电极效应明显;16℃、25℃和36℃下的测量结果指出,介电响应有强烈的温度依赖性。采用铂电极对红细胞悬液进行的介电测量时,有必要取压积大于40％,以保证有小的电极效应,使测量结果能反映出红细胞的本征特性。     

0.1 MHz～100 MHz大鼠血液细胞的介电响应

目的：确立正常大鼠血液细胞对0．1MHz-100MHz交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。材料与方法：取10只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠全血，利用Agilent4294A阻抗分析仪测量了26个全血细胞悬浮液样本的交流阻抗，通过频域介电谱和Cole-Cole图的数据分析，确立了正常大鼠血液细胞对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。结果：在0．1MHz-100MHz频率范围内，大鼠血液细胞的介电常数和电导率具有电场频率的依赖关系，主要表现在具有两个中心特征频率的介电弛豫：第一介电弛豫约发生在fc1=2MHz，第二介电弛豫约产生在fc2=3MHz。结论：交流阻抗技术可以观察血液细胞的介电响应特性。     

人肺鳞癌细胞电阻抗谱测量实验研究

在1 kHz～100 MHz范围内,采用Agilent 4294A精密阻抗分析仪,测量人肺鳞癌SK MES 1细胞悬浮液的电阻抗,通过电阻抗频谱图和Nyquist图的分析,提取肺癌细胞电阻抗频谱的特征参数,并与人正常肺上皮BEAS 2B细胞进行比较。结果显示：肺癌细胞与正常人肺细胞悬浮液的电阻抗谱存在着较显著的差异;肺鳞癌细胞的电阻抗实部增量最大值（ΔZmax）和电阻抗虚部峰值（Z″P）与细胞体积分数（Φ）呈线性关系;肺鳞癌细胞悬浮液阻抗谱的特征频率(fc)低于正常人肺细胞的54.72%（P<0.001）,并且不受细胞体积分数的影响。这表明,细胞悬浮液阻抗谱特征频率可以用于区分肺鳞癌细胞和正常人肺细胞,可为肺鳞癌细胞的鉴定与分型提供电生理指标。     

血液介电参数与血液学指标的相关性分析

利用4294A阻抗分析仪,在频率为0.01~100 MHz范围内测量了30例健康人血液样本的交流阻抗,同时测量了血沉(ESR)、红细胞比容(HCT)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)及血糖(BG)等血液学指标,在获得完整数据的基础上,我们利用线性相关分析方法分析ESR与血液介电参数的相关性;并以多元回归统计学方法分析HCT、BG及FIB对全血细胞介电谱参数的影响。统计学结果显示ESR与部分血液介电参数呈线性相关;HCT和BG对部分血液介电参数有影响,其中HCT是影响血液介电参数最主要的血液学指标。     

管理人员心理健康现状调查

本研究采用症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对石家庄几个企业、学校的７３名管理人员进行调查，结果表明，各分量表的同质性信度值均大于０．６０，说明本研究的测量是比较可靠的。在各因子上管理人员与全国成人常模无显著差异，不同性别和不同文化程度的管理人员在各因子上的得分无显著差异，不同年龄组在Ｆ３（人际敏感）、Ｆ５（焦虑）、Ｆ７（恐怖）、Ｆ８（偏执）、Ｆ９（精神病性）因子上，２组（４０≤年龄〈５０）与３组（年龄≥５０）之间存在显著差异，在Ｆ８（偏执）、Ｆ９（精神病性）因子上，１组（年龄〈４０）与３组（年龄≥５０）之间存在显著差异，其它各因子三个年龄组之间均无显著差异。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.