兴奋剂为何在国际体育界屡禁不止

为什么要使用兴奋剂最近,媒体传出消息,西班牙自行车选手玛丽亚·莫里诺在北京奥运会兴奋剂检查中被发现使用促红细胞生成素(EPO),已经被取消参赛资格,国际奥委会在2008年8月11日进行了宣布。玛丽亚·莫里诺是北京奥运会兴奋剂检查中第一位被发现阳性的选手。而在此之前,中国竞走冠军宋红娟被查出使用违禁药,遭禁赛4年的兴奋剂丑闻:游泳运动员欧阳鲲鹏的尿样呈阳性,后被证实使用了合成类固醇,中国泳协给予欧阳鲲鹏终身禁赛、其主管教练冯上豹终身取消教练员资格处分。     

Why Humans Have Sex

Historically, the reasons people have sex have been assumed to be few in number and simple in nature-to reproduce, to experience pleasure, or to relieve sexual tension. Several theoretical perspectives suggest that motives for engaging in sexual intercourse may be larger in number and psychologically complex in nature. Study 1 used a nomination procedure that identified 237 expressed reasons for having sex, ranging from the mundane (e.g., "I wanted to experience physical pleasure") to the spiritual (e.g., "I wanted to get closer to God"), from altruistic (e.g., "I wanted the person to feel good about himself/herself") to vengeful (e.g., "I wanted to get back at my partner for having cheated on me"). Study 2 asked participants (N = 1,549) to evaluate the degree to which each of the 237 reasons had led them to have sexual intercourse. Factor analyses yielded four large factors and 13 subfactors, producing a hierarchical taxonomy. The Physical reasons subfactors included Stress Reduction, Pleasure, Physical Desirability, and Experience Seeking. The Goal Attainment subfactors included Resources, Social Status, Revenge, and Utilitarian. The Emotional subfactors included Love and Commitment and Expression. The three Insecurity subfactors included Self-Esteem Boost, Duty/Pressure, and Mate Guarding. Significant gender differences supported several previously advanced theories. Individual differences in expressed reasons for having sex were coherently linked with personality traits and with individual differences in sexual strategies. Discussion focused on the complexity of sexual motivation and directions for future research.