CsA对树鼩海马微灌流谷氨酸和钙所致线粒体应激的影响

目的：观察环孢菌素A(CsA)对树鼩海马由谷氨酸（Glu）及钙（Ca²⁺）引起微环境改变所致线粒体应激的影响，并探讨其分子机制。方法:单泵等速微灌流系统行树鼩海马Glu及Ca²⁺微灌流，24 h后免疫组化法检测海马神经元细胞色素C（Cyt C）蛋白表达；低温差速离心分离海马神经元线粒体和胞质部分，免疫印迹（Western blotting）法检测Cyt C在胞内表达空间分布；实时荧光定量PCR技术检测海马caspase-3及caspase-9 mRNA的含量。微灌流Glu和Ca²⁺溶液后6 h于舌下iv CsA 40 mg/kg BW，24 h后观察上述指标的改变。结果:树鼩海马微灌流Glu和Ca²⁺溶液后24 h，海马神经元Cyt C表达增强，而线粒体Cyt C含量显著下降，同时胞质部分可见Cyt C；海马组织caspase-3、caspase-9mRNA明显升高；微灌流后6 h静脉注射CsA组, 海马神经元Cyt C表达显著减少，而线粒体Cyt C含量则显著增加，胞质部分未见Cyt C;海马组织caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA降低。结论:海马微环境中Glu与Ca²⁺的大量堆积,可促进线粒体Cyt C释放，激活caspase级联反应而导致线粒体应激；CsA的神经保护效应可与其抑制线粒体通透性转导孔（MPT）开放，防止Cyt C释放及减少caspase-3和caspase-9的活化有关。     

N-乙酰-L-色氨酸减轻H2O2诱导小鼠海马神经元细胞凋亡

 目的 探讨N-乙酰-L-色氨酸(L-NAT)对海马神经元（PHN）缺血低氧损伤的影响。方法 用600μmol/L H2O2诱导PHN制备海马神经元细胞凋亡模型,采用免疫荧光染色检测caspase-3的表达,Rhodamine 123染色检测线粒体膜势能（ΔΨm）的改变,台盼蓝染色检测细胞存活率,比色法检测caspase-3、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性,Western blot检测caspase-3及凋亡诱导因子（AIF）和细胞色素C（CytC）等线粒体促凋亡因子在胞质蛋白和线粒体蛋白中的表达。结果 L-NAT可减轻H2O2所引起的细胞形态的死亡、存活率的降低、LDH的释放、caspase-3的激活、线粒体膜势能的丧失及AIF和CytC等线粒体促凋亡因子的释放。 结论 L-NAT能通过抑制caspase依赖性和非依赖性的细胞凋亡途径,减轻H2O2诱导的小鼠海马神经元的细胞损伤。     

第三丁基过氧化氢损伤皮层神经元线粒体并诱导凋亡

目的：探讨第三丁基过氧化氢（t-BHP）诱导大鼠皮层神经元凋亡的可能机制。 方法： 体外培养大鼠皮层神经元，MTT法测定细胞存活率，DNA断裂评价细胞凋亡，流式细胞术测定线粒体跨膜电位（ΔΨm），分光光度计法测定细胞内谷胱甘肽（GSH）浓度，Western blot法测定Bcl-2和Bax蛋白和胞浆细胞色素c以及活化型半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）和多聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶（PARP）水平。 结果： tBHP（25－400 μmol/L）可明显抑制皮层神经元的生长，引起ΔΨm下降和线粒体内细胞色素c向胞浆释放，同时细胞内GSH浓度以及Bcl-2蛋白水平下降，Bax蛋白水平增加，caspase-3和PARP得以激活并最终导致神经细胞凋亡。 结论： tBHP引起的氧化应激可通过损伤线粒体诱导皮层神经元凋亡。     

氧化应激诱导HepG2肝癌细胞凋亡的研究(英)

目的：直接暴露细胞于活性氧能诱导发生凋亡，本文研究氧化应激诱导HepG2肝癌细胞的死亡及其机制。方法：暴露细胞于2 mmol/L过氧化氢产生氧化应激，用DNA凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡，用荧光染色法检测细胞线粒体膜电位变化，Western blotting检测细胞浆中细胞色素c变化，fluorometric assay kit检测caspase活性变化。结果：氧化应激作用于HepG2细胞后12 h开始发生凋亡；氧化应激作用后4 h，细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降；胞浆中细胞色素c浓度呈时间依赖性增高；氧化应激作用8 h、12 h后细胞内caspase-3、caspase-9活性分别升高6.7及3.6倍，但caspase-8活性无变化。结论：氧化应激能诱导HepG2肝癌细胞发生凋亡，其途径与线粒体通路及caspase激活有关。     

树鼩海马微灌流谷氨酸和钙所致线粒体应激及银杏内酯B的影响

目的观察树鼩海马微环境中谷氨酸(Glu)及钙(Ca2 )改变对细胞色素C(CytC)释放以及caspase凋亡基因激活的影响,探讨银杏内酯B(GB)干预海马神经元线粒体应激的分子机制。方法使用单泵等速微灌流系统行树鼩海马Glu及Ca2 微灌流,24h后用免疫组化法观察海马神经元CytC蛋白表达;免疫印迹法检测线粒体及胞质的CytC含量;实时荧光定量PCR技术检测海马caspase-3及caspase-9 mRNA的含量。微灌流Glu和Ca2 溶液后6h于舌下静脉注射银杏内酯B5mg/kg,24h后观察上述指标的改变。结果树鼩海马微灌流Glu和Ca2 溶液后24h,线粒体CytC含量显著下降,而胞质部分出现CytC;海马组织caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA明显升高。GB治疗组线粒体CytC含量增多,胞质中仍有CytC存在,而海马组织caspase-9 mRNA显著降低,但caspase-3 mRNA无差异。结论海马微环境中Glu与Ca2 的大量堆积促进线粒体CytC的释放,可能是激活caspase级联反应而导致线粒体应激、神经元继发损伤的始动环节;GB的神经保护效应可能与其特异性拮抗血小板活化因子(PAF)受体,抑制Ca2 内流,部分阻滞CytC释放入胞质,从而减少caspase-9基因转录有关。     

芹菜素诱导人胃癌细胞凋亡作用及机制研究

目的：研究芹菜素（apigenin, API）致人胃癌细胞凋亡作用及其机制。方法：培养人胃癌BGC823细胞株，加入不同浓度的API，孵育48 h。PI染色流式细胞术（FCM）分析测定凋亡率；罗丹明染色FCM分析测定细胞线粒体跨膜电位(Δψm)；Caspase-9分光光度法检测试剂盒测定caspase-9活性；Western印迹检测线粒体凋亡信号转导通路相关蛋白的表达，包括bax，bcl-2，caspase-9和caspase-3。结果： API（20，40和80 μg/mL）作用48 h能呈浓度依赖性地诱导BGC823细胞凋亡。而且，API也能降低BGC823细胞的Δψm，增加caspase-9活性，促进细胞色素c（Cyt c）释放，上调bax，caspase-9和caspase-3蛋白的表达，同时下调bcl-2蛋白表达，且呈剂量依赖性。结论：API通过活化线粒体信号转导途径诱导人胃癌细胞凋亡。     

红景天苷对谷氨酸损伤海马神经元的保护作用

目的观察红景天苷(salidroside)对谷氨酸(Glu)损伤海马神经元的保护作用。方法胚鼠原代培养海马神经元,与不同浓度的红景天苷(10、20和40mg/L)共同孵育24h,加入125μmol/L谷氨酸损伤海马神经元15min。采用MTT法检测细胞活性;生化法测定培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力的变化;膜联蛋白-V-FITC(annexin V-FITC)和碘化吡啶(PI)双标染色以及Hoechst染色观察细胞凋亡情况;激光共焦显微镜观察细胞内Ca2 的变化。结果红景天苷可明显改善谷氨酸损伤后细胞的活性,抑制谷氨酸损伤后培养液中LDH的活力,降低谷氨酸引起的细胞凋亡率,降低谷氨酸损伤后细胞内的Ca2 浓度。结论红景天苷可明显拮抗谷氨酸损伤海马神经元的作用,其机制可能与抑制谷氨酸引起的Ca2 内流有关。     

创伤后应激障碍大鼠海马细胞凋亡中细胞色素C的表达与释放

目的:观察创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)大鼠海马神经元凋亡和细胞色素C(Cyt C)的表达与释放,探讨细胞凋亡与Cyt C的关系.方法:采用单一延长应激(SPS)方法刺激大鼠建立PTSD大鼠模型,取SPS刺激后4、 7、 14、 28d组和正常对照组.用原位末端标记法观察神经元凋亡,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法检测Cyt C蛋白的表达,酶电镜组织化学术观察Cyt C的释放.结果:SPS刺激后4d线粒体肿胀,外膜破裂,Cyt C释放.胞质中Cyt C蛋白于SPS刺激后4d达到高峰并维持较高水平,SPS刺激后7d逐渐下降.凋亡细胞于SPS刺激后7d达高峰.结论:Cyt C从线粒体释放入胞质是引发PTSD大鼠海马神经元凋亡的关键步骤.     

两种给药途径致痫大鼠海马神经元超微结构损伤及caspase-3的表达特征

为了观察两种给药途径致痫大鼠海马神经元超微结构的损伤及caspase-3的表达特征,本研究分别采用海人酸腹膜腔注射(A组)和尾静脉注射(B组)诱发大鼠癫痫持续状态(SE)。分别于SE终止后3、6、24、48和72h取海马,电镜观察神经元超微结构的变化,免疫组化方法检测caspase-3的表达。结果显示:两组大鼠均在SE后3h出现线粒体损伤,细胞核的改变出现于SE后24h。A组致痫的潜伏期为97min±11min,神经元以凋亡为主;B组为48min±13min,神经元以坏死为主。SE后6～24h,两组大鼠海马内caspase-3的表达由胞浆向胞核逐渐移位,且均在SE后6h明显增高,24h达顶峰;A组高表达持续至72h,B组在48h显著降低。上述结果提示,线粒体的损伤出现于SE的早期,且可能是神经元损伤的关键环节;致痫方法不同,神经元的死亡形式也不同;而caspase-3的激活是神经元凋亡和坏死的共同通路。     

PXD101诱导人前列腺癌细胞PC3凋亡的线粒体信号通路

目的:探讨PXD101(又称belinostat)诱导人前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡的线粒体通路。方法:PXD101以不同刺激时间和剂量处理PC3细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞的活力;流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率和线粒体膜电位;Western blot检测线粒体凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、细胞色素C(Cyt C)和Bax;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测caspase-3活性。结果:PXD101能以时间和剂量依赖的方式抑制PC3细胞的存活(P0.05),流式细胞术检测结果表明PXD101处理后PC3细胞的凋亡率明显增加(P0.01)。PXD101能时间依赖性致线粒体膜电位降低和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显下降,Bax蛋白含量上升,促进线粒体释放Cyt C蛋白,caspase-3活性明显增强。结论:PXD101通过线粒体途径诱导人前列腺癌细胞系PC3细胞凋亡。     

Bax-inhibiting peptide protects glutamate-induced cerebellar granule cell death by blocking Bax translocation

Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological damages and disorders. In the brain damage of immature animals such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, the excitotoxicity appears to be more intimately involved through apoptosis. Bax, a member of the Bcl-2 family proteins, plays a key role in the promotion of apoptosis by translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria and the release of apoptogenic factors such as cytochrome c. Recently, Bax-inhibiting peptide (BIP), a novel membrane-permeable peptide which can bind Bax in the cytosol and inhibit its translocation to the mitochondria, was developed. To investigate the possibility of a new neuroprotection strategy targeting Bax translocation in glutamate-induced neuronal cell death, cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) were exposed to glutamate with or without BIP. Pretreatment of CGNs with BIP elicited a dose-dependent reduction of glutamate-induced neuronal cell death as measured by MTT assay. BIP significantly suppressed both the number of TUNEL-positive cells and the increase in caspases 3 and 9 activities induced by glutamate. In addition, immunoblotting after subcellular fractionation revealed that BIP prevented the glutamate-induced Bax translocation to the mitochondria and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. These results suggest that agents capable of inhibiting Bax activity such as BIP might lead to new drugs for glutamate-related diseases in the future.     

Chitooligosaccharides protect cultured hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity

Chitooligosaccharides (COSs), the biodegradation product of chitosan, have demonstrated a diverse array of biological activities. Here we report the protective effect of COSs (M.W. 800) against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. The cell viability assessments, together with Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry for cell apoptosis analysis, indicated that glutamate (125 μM)-induced cell apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons was attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by COSs pretreatment. After measurement with Fluo 4-AM, COSs were found to depress glutamate-induced elevation in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_c). The enzymatic assay indicated that COSs antagonized glutamate-evoked activation of caspase-3. These results collectively suggest that COSs prevent cultured hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced cell damage by interfering with an increase in [Ca²⁺]_c and inhibiting caspase-3 activity.     

谷氨酸诱导新生小鼠皮层神经细胞损伤体外模型的建立

目的:本实验建立谷氨酸(Glu)诱导神经细胞的损伤模型,观察Glu对神经细胞的兴奋毒性作用,探索Glu诱导神经细胞损伤模型的最佳浓度,为进一步研究Glu与神经系统疾病之间的关系奠定基础。方法:原代培养新生小鼠皮层神经细胞,鉴定成功后,采用不同浓度的Glu诱导神经细胞损伤,酶标仪测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率和死亡率,以获得Glu诱导神经细胞损伤模型的最佳浓度。结果:成功培养新生小鼠皮层神经细胞,Glu诱导神经细胞损伤呈浓度依赖性。实验中Glu浓度=100μmol/L,细胞凋亡率(%)为44.34±6.19而细胞死亡率仅为4.6±0.90说明在Glu浓度=100μmol/L诱导神经细胞,能得到较大的凋亡率和较小的死亡率。结论:成功建立Glu诱导的神经细胞损伤模型,验证Glu=100μmol/L为诱导神经凋亡的最佳浓度。     

Glutamate-induced losses of oligodendrocytes and neurons and activation of caspase-3 in the rat spinal cord

The toxicity of released glutamate contributes substantially to secondary cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this work, the extent and time courses of glutamate-induced losses of neurons and oligodendrocytes are established. Glutamate was administered into the spinal cords of anesthetized rats at approximately the concentration and duration of its release following SCI. Cells in normal tissue, in tissue exposed to artificial cerebrospinal fluid and in tissue exposed to glutamate were counted on a confocal system in control animals and from 6 h to 28 days after treatment to assess cell losses. Oligodendrocytes were identified by staining with antibody CC-1 and neurons by immunostaining for Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) or Neurofilament H. The density of oligodendrocytes declined precipitously in the first 6 h after exposure to glutamate, and then relatively little from 24 h to 28 days post-exposure. Similarly, neuron densities first declined rapidly, but at a decreasing rate, from 0 h to 72 h post-glutamate exposure and did not change significantly from 72 h to 28 days thereafter. The nuclei of many cells strongly and specifically stained for activated caspase-3, an indicator of apoptosis, in response to exposure to glutamate. Caspase-3 was localized to the nucleus and may participate in apoptotic cell death. However, persistence of caspase-3 staining for at least a week after exposure to glutamate during little to no loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons demonstrates that elevation of caspase-3 does not necessarily lead to rapid cell death. Beyond about 48 h after exposure to glutamate, locomotor function began to recover while cell numbers stabilized or declined slowly, demonstrating that functional recovery in the experiments presented involves processes other than replacement of oligodendrocytes and/or neurons.     

Ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture

Cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons are widely used as a model system for studying neuronal apoptosis. Either low K(+) (5 mM) or low concentrations of glutamate (1-10 microM) induce apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved remain unclear. We show that long-term treatment with ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons, as assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase 3. Ammonia prevented glutamate-induced increase of intracellular calcium, depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, activation of caspase 3 and fragmentation of DNA. However, ammonia did not prevent low K(+)-induced activation of caspase 3 and fragmentation of DNA. These results indicate that the initial steps involved in the induction of apoptosis by low K(+) or by glutamate are different and that ammonia prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis by reducing glutamate-induced rise of intracellular Ca(2+), thus avoiding the activation of subsequent events of the apoptotic process.     

Differential involvement of p38 MAP kinase pathway and Bax translocation in the mitochondria-mediated cell death in TCR- and dexamethasone-stimulated thymocytes

Mitochondria play a central role in many apoptotic reactions. Although mitochondrial apoptotic changes and caspase activation have been demonstrated in the apoptotic thymocytes, cell death signal through mitochondria in TCR-stimulated thymocytes has not been fully understood. In this study, we show that TCR stimulation induced disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta Psi(m)), the cytochrome c release from mitochondira, capase-3 activation, and the cell death of thymocytes. Bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of Delta Psi(m) disruption, blocked the cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the following caspase-3-mediated cell death. Furthermore, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bax, but not Bad or Bid, was translocated from cytosol to mitochondria in TCR-stimulated thymocytes. This translocation and the following apoptotic changes were inhibited by SB203580, a p38 kinase inhibitor, in a specific manner. These results suggest that activated p38 kinase pathway by TCR stimulation induces translocation of Bax to mitochondria, causing Delta Psi(m) disruption, and the release of cytochrome c, which finally induces caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes.     

Embryonic neuronal death due to neurotrophin and neurotransmitter deprivation occurs independent of Apaf-1

Apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), dATP, and procaspase-9 form a multimeric complex that triggers programmed cell death through the activation of caspases upon release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Although cell death pathways exist that can bypass the requirement for cytochrome c release and caspase activation, several gene knockout studies have shown that the cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic pathway is critical for neural development. Specifically, the number of neuronal progenitor cells is abnormally increased in Apaf-1-, caspase-9-, caspase-3-deficient mice. However, the role of the cytochrome c cell death pathway for apoptosis of postmitotic, differentiated neurons in the developing brain has not been investigated in vivo. In this study we investigated embryonic neuronal cell death caused by trophic factor deprivation or lack of neurotransmitter release by analyzing Apaf-1/tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) and Apaf-1/Munc-18 double mutant mice. Histological analysis of the double mutants' brains (including cell counting and terminal (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining) reveals that neuronal cell death caused by these stimuli can proceed independent of Apaf-1.We propose that a switch between apoptotic programs (and their respective proteins) characterizes the transition of a neuronal precursor cell from the progenitor pool to the postmitotic population of differentiated neurons.     

Genistein inhibits glutamate-induced apoptotic processes in primary neuronal cell cultures: an involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta intracellular signaling pathway

Phytoestrogens prevent neuronal damage, however, mechanism of their neuroprotective action has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of genistein on glutamate-induced apoptosis in mouse primary neuronal cell cultures. Glutamate (1 mM) enhanced caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in the hippocampal, neocortical and cerebellar neurons in time-dependent manner, and these data were confirmed at the cellular level with Hoechst 33342 and calcein AM staining. Genistein (10-10,000 nM) significantly inhibited glutamate-induced apoptosis, and the effect of this isoflavone was most prominent in the hippocampal cells. Next, we studied an involvement of estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon receptors in anti-apoptotic effects of genistein. A high-affinity estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182, 780 (1 microM), reversed, whereas less specific antagonist/partial agonist, tamoxifen (1 microM), either intensified or partially inhibited genistein effects. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, alpha-naphthoflavone (1 microM), exhibited a biphasic action: it enhanced genistein action toward a short-term exposure (3 h) to glutamate, but antagonized genistein action toward prolonged exposure (24 h) to that insult. SB 216763 (1 microM), which preferentially inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), potentiated genistein effects. These data point to strong effects of genistein at low micromolar concentrations in various brain tissues against glutamate-evoked apoptosis. Moreover, this study provided evidence for involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor/GSK-3beta intracellular signaling pathway in anti-apoptotic action of genistein.