Is bronchodilator response in 2‐yr‐old children associated with asthma risk factors?

Factors that might influence lung function bronchodilator response by 2 yr of age is largely unknown, thus we aimed to assess this in the 'Environment and Childhood asthma' (ECA) study in Oslo. A clinical investigation at mean age 26 months was attended by 516 (84%) children included in a nested case-control study [children with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO)] (n = 265) and controls without a history of lower respiratory disease (n = 251). Tidal lung function measures before and after inhaled nebulized salbutamol (bronchodilator response) (when clinically without BO) were obtained in 46%. Clinical characteristics and personal and family history of allergic/respiratory diseases (asthma risk factors) were ascertained by structured interview and clinical examination. Allergic sensitization was assessed by skin prick test/specific IgE antibody analyses to common allergens. Mean (95% CI) per cent change in time to reach peak flow/total expiratory time (t(PTEF)/t(E)) from before to after salbutamol was significantly larger in children with rBO [17.3 (9.4-25.3) than controls (-2.2 (-7.7 to 3.0)]. The bronchodilator response increased significantly (p = 0.001) with increasing number of asthma risk factors, but was not significantly associated with allergic sensitization, parental 'atopy', or maternal smoking alone. Children treated with inhaled corticosteroids had greater bronchodilator response than those treated with bronchodilators alone. Bronchodilator response in asymptomatic 2-yr-old children was most closely associated with the presence of rBO, but increasing number of asthma risk factors and treatment with inhaled corticosteroids were associated with increased bronchodilator response.     

Lung function at 10 yr is not impaired by early childhood lower respiratory tract infections

The causal relationship between lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) in early life and reduced lung function later in childhood is unsettled. Therefore, we assessed whether LRIs the first 2 yr of life influenced lung function development from birth to school age. In the prospective Oslo birth cohort, ‘the Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) study’ lung function was measured at birth in 802 infants by tidal flow volume loops and in 664 infants by passive respiratory mechanics and half yearly questionnaires, including LRI questions, were completed until 2 yr of age. The present study includes 607 children with information about LRIs the first 2 yr of life and successfully forced expiratory flow (FEF) volume measurements at the 10‐yr follow‐up assessment. At 10 yr of age, FEF at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF₅₀) (mean 95% confidence interval) was reduced in children with at least one bronchiolitis (85.0, 80.6–89.5, p = 0.020) or bronchitis (86.2, 82.6–89.8, p = 0.030) or ≥3 LRIs (83.4, 78.1–88.8, p = 0.017) when compared with no LRIs (90.6, 88.8–92.5) by 2 yr of life. The effects were significant in girls only when stratifying for gender. Among girls with later bronchiolitis compliance of the respiratory system (3.64, 3.17–4.10 vs. 4.18, 3.98–4.37, p = 0.031) and the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time (t_PTEF/t_E) measured at birth was significantly reduced (0. 26, 0.23–0.29 vs. 0.32, 0.30–0.33, p = 0.005) when compared with children with no LRIs. Change in lung function from birth (by t_PTEF/t_E) to 10 yr of age was not significantly associated with LRIs the first 2 yr of life, and LRIs by 2 yr of life were not significantly associated with lung function at 10 yr of age in regression analyses including lung function at birth and other possible predictors of lung function at 10 yr. In our study, LRIs during the first 2 yr of life did not impair lung function development from birth until 10 yr of age.     

剖宫产儿早期潮气呼吸肺功能的研究

目的：研究剖宫产儿早期潮气呼吸肺功能各项指标的特点。探讨剖宫产对新生儿早期肺功能的影响。方法：研究对象分两组:剖宫产组42例,阴道分娩组33例;采用潮气呼吸法测定两组新生儿1h内潮气呼吸肺功能的各项指标。主要参数:每分通气量(MV),呼吸频率(RR),潮气量(VT/kg),吸气时间(TI),呼气时间(TE),吸呼比(TI/TE),达峰时间(TPEF),达峰时间比(TPEF/TE),达峰容积(VPEF),达峰容积比(VPEF/VE),潮气呼吸呼气峰流速(PTEF),25%,50%,75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%,TEF50%,TEF75%)。同时描绘出流速容量环(TFVcurve)。结果：剖宫产组MV为1.16±0.31L/min,VT/kg4.81±1.05mL/kg较阴道分娩组1.34±0.33L/min,5.55±1.24mL/kg明显缩小(P<0.05)。PTEF为69.40±21.96mL/s,TEF25%为62.17±20.62mL/s较阴道分娩儿59.03±15.23mL/s,51.52±13.83mL/s明显增快(P<0.05)。反映气道阻塞的指标:TPEF/TE和VPEF/VE分别为(66.08±11.51)%和(62.19±8.69)%高于经阴道分娩组(60.36±9.70)%和(55.75±7.28)%(P<0.05)。而RR,TI,TE,TI/TE,TEF50%,TEF75%两组无显著差异(P>0.05)。流速容量环:两组新生儿流速容量环呈较狭长的不规则椭圆型,呼气流速峰值延迟出现,剖宫产组的流速容量环窄于经阴道分娩儿,呼气流速峰值高于阴道分娩组。结论：剖宫产儿1h内潮气呼吸肺功能显示潮气量、每分通气量小于经阴道分娩儿,剖宫产儿较阴道分娩儿在1h内限制性通气功能障碍更明显,大气道的阻塞亦更明显。     

Lung Function Test via Tidal Breathing in Infants before and after the Treatment of Pneumonia

Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｄｉｓｏｒ ｄｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｄｉｓｅａｓｅｉｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ .Ｉｔｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｍｏｎｃａｕｓｅｏｆｄｅａｔｈｉｎｉｎｆａｎｔｓｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅ .     

婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎和肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺功能的研究及临床意义

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、肺炎支原体(MP)以及混合感染所致婴幼儿肺炎患儿的肺功能变化及其临床意义。方法选取于2005-10—2006-04因支气管肺炎于苏州大学儿童医院治疗的婴幼儿151例,运用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测肺炎患儿痰液中呼吸道合胞病毒和血清中肺炎支原体特异性抗体。采用瑞士ECOMEDICS公司的V’max26(EXHALYZER)肺功能仪对151例婴幼儿(根据年龄和病原不同分组)进行肺功能检测,观测患儿潮气呼吸流速容量环形态及其各项指标变化。结果呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎、肺炎支原体肺炎或两者混合感染患儿潮气流速容量环均变窄,呼气曲线升枝陡峭,呼气高峰提前,降枝呈波谷样凹陷。呼气峰流速因年龄不同而有所差异,1岁以内组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速增高(P<0.05),而～3岁组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速略降低(MP感染组P<0.05)。RSV、MP急性感染均表现为呼吸频率(RR)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气量(PF/Ve)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气达峰时间(PTEF/TPTEF)增加,每公斤潮气量(VT/kg)、呼气达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、呼出75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%)、到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼气量(VPTEF),以及代表小气道功能的指标25/PF、%V-PF下降,与健康对照组比较差异均有显著性。反映大气道功能的指标潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)差异无显著性。不同病原组间肺功能各指标差异无显著性。潮式呼吸参数用两样本均数t检验和多样本均数的方差分析。结论RSV和MP感染所引起的肺炎均能导致婴幼儿肺功能的损害,主要表现为小气道阻塞性改变。RSV和MP急性期感染之间肺功能损害程度并无显著区别,预后有无差别还有待于进一步的随访研究。TBFV环可作为评价临床上婴幼儿肺功能的损害程度的客观依据。     

Soluble CD14 at 2 yr of age: Gender-related effects of tobacco smoke exposure, recurrent infections and atopic diseases

The endotoxin receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been implicated in the 'hygiene hypothesis' suggesting reduced allergic sensitization with bacterial stimulation. However, the relationship between early life sCD14 and allergic diseases is conflicting. We aimed to investigate whether possible risk factors for allergic diseases were associated with sCD14 levels at 2 yr of age. In the nested case-control study of the birth cohort studies 'Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo' 411 children selected with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) (n=241) and no bronchial obstruction (n=170) by 2 yr were investigated with skin prick test and structured parental interview at age 2 yr. Exposure to tobacco smoke, pets and infections was recorded semi-annually by questionnaires (0-2 yr). The sCD14 was analysed from frozen, stored serum by ELISA technique. Regression analyses were performed in all subjects with complete data (n=406, 180 girls), and in girls and in boys separately. Mean sCD14 (ng/ml) was significantly higher among girls 2035 (1973-2096) vs. 1947 (1890-2004) (boys). The sCD14 was significantly reduced among girls exposed to antenatal maternal smoking and with parental asthma, after adjusting for age, parental rhino-conjunctivitis, pet keeping and childhood infections. Recurrent otitis media (OM) increased and common colds significantly decreased sCD14 levels in girls. Boys with atopic dermatitis and rBO had reduced sCD14. Pet exposure was not significantly associated with sCD14. We report novel gender-related effects of sCD14 in early life and suggest that gender, tobacco smoke exposure, age and middle ear disease in particular should be accounted for when assessing the role of sCD14 in childhood allergic diseases.     

The Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) Study in Oslo: ECA-1 and ECA-2

An observed increase in asthma admissions in Oslo during the 1980s prompted a prospective birth cohort study to ask the following question: was air pollution (outdoor and indoor) (in a broad sense) associated with asthma development in young children? During 12 months from 1 January 1992, 3,754 children (birth weight ≥2000 g) in Oslo were enrolled at birth into the Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) study and followed to 2 years of age (ECA-part I). Cord blood, a detailed questionnaire (family and pregnancy history of disease, environmental exposures, socio-economic status) completed by the mother and lung function measurements (n = 803) were collated at birth. Detailed questionnaires completed every 6 months for 2 years included the child's disease history, feeding habits and environmental exposures. A nested case-control study comprised 306 children with confirmed minimum two episodes of bronchial obstruction (rBO) and 306 controls (without lower respiratory tract disease) with clinical investigations (including tidal breathing lung function, beta-2 responsiveness and allergy assessment) and environmental exposure assessments (indoor and outdoor). Home dampness and low ventilation, as well as maternal smoking in pregnancy, but not outdoor air pollution increased the risk of rBO. Lung function at birth was decreased among newborns whose mother smoked during pregnancy. To understand better the early risk factors for asthma and allergy development, a follow-up study started (in 2001; ECA-part II) of all cases and controls, and those with lung function measured at birth (total 1,230 invited) (9–10 years of age). This involved clinical investigation, allergy assessments, lung function, airway hyper responsiveness measures, exhaled nitric oxide and immunological as well as allergen exposure investigations.     

极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良潮气呼吸肺功能临床观察

目的 研究极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasi,BPD)潮气呼吸肺功能的改变.方法 选取在温州市儿童医院住院的262例极低出生体重儿作为研究对象,在出院前1周内和纠正胎龄6~8个月时做潮气呼吸肺功能检测.根据临床诊断,分为BPD组(65例)和非BPD组(197例),BPD组根据严重程度分为轻度BPD组(31例)、中度BPD组(20例)和重度BPD组(14例),比较不同组患儿的肺功能指标.结果 出院前1周内测量潮气呼吸肺功能显示,BPD组患儿呼吸频率较非BPD组均增快(P均＜0.05);呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,均为重度BPD组高于其余组(P均＜0.05),轻度BPD组低于非BPD组(P均＜0.05);达峰时间比、达峰容积比BPD组较非BPD组均降低,BPD程度越严重,下降越明显(P均＜0.05);各组间潮气量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).矫正胎龄6~8个月时行潮气呼吸肺功能检查,呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,提示重度BPD组仍较其余组均高(P均＜0.05),达峰时间比、达峰容积比仍低于其余组(P均＜0.05),而其余各组间比较各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 出院前1周内BPD患儿有不同程度的肺功能损伤,但随日龄增大(矫正胎龄6~8个月时),部分肺功能指标逐渐改善,但早期重度小气道阻塞性病变仍较严重,因此,积极预防、治疗BPD对呼吸道疾病的防治有重要意义.     

1~2岁和~3岁肺炎支原体肺炎肺功能的前瞻性对照研究

摘要 目的 观察1~3岁肺炎支原体（MP）肺炎患儿的肺功能改变情况并探讨其临床意义。方法 前瞻性选择2005年1月至2006年12月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心儿童医院住院治疗的1～3岁MP肺炎患儿为研究对象,按年龄分为1~2岁和～3岁组。采用凝集法检测患儿血清特异性抗体MP IgM的浓度,滴度≥1∶160为阳性,提示MP现症感染。采用美国森迪公司2600幼儿肺功能仪测定MP肺炎患儿急性期肺功能,并以120名1～3岁（1～2岁组62例,~3岁组58例）健康儿童的肺功能数据作为正常对照组。结果 研究期间77例MP肺炎患儿入组,1～2岁43例、~3岁34例。1~2岁和～3岁MP肺炎亚组急性期潮气呼吸流速 容量（TBFV）环形态特点均表现为TBFV环变窄,呼气曲线升支陡、高峰提前、峰值增高,降支凹陷;1~2岁MP肺炎亚组急性期呼吸频率（RR）、潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）较同龄正常对照亚组增加（P＜0.05）;吸气时间/总呼吸时间(Ti/Tt)、到达PTEF时的呼出气量/潮气量（%V PF）、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/PTEF（25/PF）、潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI）、每千克体重功能残气量（FRC/kg）和每千克体重顺应性（Crs/kg）较同龄正常对照亚组减少（P＜0.05）。~3岁MP肺炎亚组急性期PTEF较同龄正常对照亚组增加（P＜0.05）,Ti/Tt、%V PF和25/PF较同龄正常对照亚组减少（P＜0.05）。1~2岁和~3岁MP肺炎亚组的临床表现与其肺功能检测的结果较吻合。1～2岁和～3岁MP肺炎亚组咳痰分别为22例（51.2％）和9例（26.5％）,肺部闻及湿啰音分别为19例（44.2％）和8例（23.5％）,胸部X线检查见斑片状影分别为36例（83.7％）和14例（41.2％）,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;1～2岁和~3岁MP肺炎亚组发热、喘息或呼吸困难发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论 肺功能检测是监测幼儿MP肺炎急性期肺功能改变的较理想方法。1~2岁MP肺炎患儿急性期肺功能改变较大,呈现大、小气道阻力增高,FRC/kg和Crs/kg下降,RR增加;而~3岁MP肺炎患儿急性期肺功能改变相对较小,仅呈现小气道阻力增高改变。     

Lung function in infants with chronic pulmonary disease after severe adenoviral illness.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pulmonary function and bronchodilator responses in young children with chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) after a severe adenoviral lower respiratory tract infection. METHODS: Pulmonary function tests were performed in 13 patients (mean age, 1.32 +/- 0.8 years) with CPD and were compared with a control group of 13 healthy infants (mean age, 1.16 +/- 0.4 years). RESULTS: Respiratory rate, peak tidal expiratory flow (PTEF), PTEF/tidal volume, absolute time up to PTEF, time percentage to PTEF, volume percentage for PTEF, and compliance and resistance of the respiratory system were significantly affected in the CPD group. Similarly, maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V'maxFRC) was 56.0 +/- 42 mL/s and 373 +/- 107 mL/s in the CPD and control groups, respectively (P =.001). No within-group differences with baseline values or between-group differences were noted in response to treatment with ipratropium bromide or albuterol. CONCLUSION: Young children with CPD caused by adenovirus have pulmonary function changes characterized by severe obstruction and diminished lung distensibility not responsive to the administration of inhaled ipratropium bromide or albuterol.     

喘乐宁空气压缩雾化治疗婴儿毛细支气管炎疗效判定

目的　应用 β2 受体激动剂治疗的急性毛细支气管炎效果一直有争议。该研究观察毛细支气管炎患儿喘乐宁雾化吸入治疗前后肺功能的变化 ,并探讨其临床意义。方法　 30例急性毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为治疗组 1 6例 (喘乐宁雾化吸入 )和对照组 1 4例 (生理盐水雾化吸入 ) ,在雾化吸入前、吸入后即刻、1 5min和 30min分别测定潮气呼吸流速容量环 (TBFV)、呼吸系统静态顺应性及阻力的变化。结果　治疗组到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼出气量 /潮气量 (%V PF)在吸入后 30min与吸入前比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组雾化后即刻 2 5 /PF、吸气时间 (Ti)差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　喘乐宁雾化吸入后 30min可明显降低小气道阻力 ,改善通气。     

Lung function measurements in young children with spinal muscle atrophy; a cross sectional survey on the effect of position and bracing.

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) affects respiratory muscles, which in addition to progressive scoliosis leads to respiratory impairment. Children with developing scoliosis are usually treated with spinal bracing to delay the progress. AIMS: To assess the impact of body position and application of spinal bracing on lung function during tidal breathing in children with SMA. METHODS: Lung function was determined by tidal flow volume loops and passive respiratory mechanics (single breath occlusion technique) in all eight children in southern Norway with SMA type I and II, in both the sitting and supine position. Additional measurements were performed with and without bracing in five children. Muscle strength was assessed by the Brooks scale. RESULTS: Tidal expiratory volume (V(E)) and compliance of the respiratory system (CRS) tended to be higher in the sitting compared to the supine position, but this was not statistically significant. However, applying bracing in the sitting position significantly reduced V(E). The highest values of CRS and V(E) were found in the sitting position without bracing. CONCLUSION: Impairment of tidal respiration must be considered when applying spinal bracing in very young children developing scoliosis with SMA.     

House dust mite allergen reduction and allergy at 4 yr: Follow up of the PIAMA-study

Exposure to high allergen levels in early life is a risk factor for the development of allergy. We previously reported limited effects of mite allergen impermeable mattress covers in the prevention and incidence of asthma and mite allergy (PIAMA) cohort at the age of 1 and 2 yr. We now present the results of follow-up at 4 yr objectives. To examine the effects of early reduction of house dust mite (HDM) allergen exposure by means of mattress covers on the incidence of allergy and asthma symptoms in the PIAMA birth cohort at the age of 4 yr. High-risk children (allergic mother) were prenatally recruited and randomly allocated to three groups; receiving mite allergen impermeable mattress covers (n = 416), placebo covers (n = 394) or no intervention (n = 472). At 4 yr of age, atopy was assessed by questionnaire; specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) to inhalant and food allergens was measured in serum. Dust samples collected from the children's mattresses were analysed for mite allergens. Dermatophagoides farinae1 allergen (Der f 1) levels in dust were reduced in the active group. However, Dermatophagoides pteronissinus 1 (Der p 1) levels, sensitization and atopic symptoms were similar in all groups. We found no effect of mite allergen impermeable mattress covers on sensitization and atopy at 4 yr. Moreover, the allergen reducing effects of the covers had disappeared for one of the two mite allergens that were measured.     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿体积描记肺功能的动态观察

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良（BPD）对早产儿肺功能的影响。方法 根据是否发生BPD及BPD程度将72名早产儿分为3组：非BPD组（n=44）、轻度BPD组（n=15）、中度BPD组（n=13），采用体积描记术测定各组生后7 d、14 d及28 d的肺功能。结果 3组早产儿公斤体重潮气量（TV/kg）、功能残气量（FRC）、达峰时间比（% T-PF）、达峰容积比（% V-PF）在生后7 d、14 d及28 d均逐渐升高，而公斤体重气道阻力（Reff/kg）及呼吸频率（RR）则逐渐下降（P < 0.05）；轻度及中度BPD组在生后7 d、14 d、28 d的TV/kg、FRC、% T-PF、% V-PF均低于非BPD组，而Reff/kg及RR则高于非BPD组（P < 0.05）；中度BPD组在生后7 d的气道阻力（Reff）、Reff/kg、公斤体重功能残气量（FRC/kg）高于轻度BPD组（P < 0.05）。结论 BPD患儿存在一定程度的肺功能受损；体积描记肺功能监测有助于评估BPD患儿在新生儿期的肺发育。     

广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能测定结果的探讨

目的 探讨广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能状况。方法 将120名1～3岁健康幼儿分成1～2岁组和～3岁组。用美国森迪公司2600型婴幼儿肺功能仪测定肺功能值，包括用潮气流速-容量(TBFV)环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线检测出的潮气量(TV)和反映大、小气道功能的指标；利用被动流速容量技术测定呼吸系统静态顺应性(Crs)、总气道阻力(Rrs)；用开放式氮冲洗法测定功能残气量(FRC)。结果 1～3岁健康幼儿各项肺功能测定值男、女间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。1～2岁组和～3岁组呼吸频率差异无统计学意义（27 vs 26，t＝1.512，P＞0.01）。～3岁组TV水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.123 vs 0.091，t＝8.587，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.009 1 vs 0.008 6，t＝1.959，P＞0.01）。～3岁组潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.159 vs 0.135，t＝3.787，P<0.01）。所测定的TBFV环是不典型椭圆形。呼气时间/总呼吸时间（Ti/Tt）、到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼出气量/潮气量（%V-PF）、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速（25/PF）和潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI）等指标，两组间差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05），而1～2岁组潮气呼气峰流速/潮气量（PF/Ve）水平显著高于～3岁组（1.257 vs 1.095，t＝2.098，P<0.05）。1～2岁组Rrs水平显著高于～3岁组（2.697 vs 2.071，t＝3.761，P<0.01）；～3岁组Crs水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.352 vs 0.254，t＝4.297，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.026 vs 0.024，t＝1.051，P＞0.01）；～3岁组FRC水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.271 vs 0.211，t＝8.468，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.019 8 vs 0.019 8，t＝0.000，P＞0.01）。由此可见，TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF随年龄增大而增大，尤与体重密切相关，两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝，而反映大、小气道功能的所有指标相对稳定。结论 用TBFV环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线可反映大、小气道功能情况，其各项指标相对稳定，可作为观察呼吸系统疾患时肺功能变化情况较理想的指标。健康幼儿TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF与体重呈正相关，符合幼儿生长发育的规律,1～3岁幼儿体重发育较明显。     

Lung function at 10 yrs is not improved by early corticosteroid treatment in asthmatic children

Lødrup Carlsen KC, Devulapalli CS, Mowinckel P, Håland G, Munthe‐Kaas MC, Carlsen K‐H. Lung function at 10 yrs is not improved by early corticosteroid treatment in asthmatic children.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 814–822.
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Early intervention with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment for lung function development in childhood is debated. In view of lung function at birth, we aimed to assess if early use of ICS influenced lung function at 10 yrs of age. A 10‐yr follow‐up study of 614/802 children (mean age 10.9 ± 0.9 yrs) with lung function measurements at birth in the Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo included information on ICS treatment (124 with history of asthma) obtained at 2 and 10 yrs by parental interviews. Main outcomes at 10 yrs were the best values (% predicted and Z‐scores) of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and mid‐expiratory flow. The main explanatory factors were never, past or current use of ICS and Z‐scores of the tidal flow‐volume ratio t_PTEF/t_E [time to peak expiratory flow (t_PTEF) and total expiratory time (t_E)] at birth. ICS treatment, reported by 11.9% of children in the population sample and 71.6% with current asthma, did not significantly influence lung function from birth to 10 yrs. The best values (and Z‐scores) of FEV₁, and mid‐expiratory flow were similar (p > 0.1) in subjects receiving ICS during and after 0–3 yrs of age, after 3 yrs only or currently compared with steroid naïve children. Almost half of the change in lung function 0–10 yrs was explained by gender, a history of asthma and t_PTEF/t_E at birth. ICS treatment for asthma, reported in every eighth child by age 10 yrs, did not significantly improve lung function from birth to 10 yrs.     

吸入沙丁胺醇溴化异丙托品对喘息性支气管炎婴幼儿肺功能的影响

目的：喘息性支气管炎是3岁以内婴幼儿较常见的一种下呼吸道感染,治疗为抗炎和对症处理,但是否应用支气管扩张剂有所争议,国外的一些研究显示对改善临床症状会有帮助,但对婴幼儿肺功能的影响由于检查方法及检查时配合等问题国内外目前研究不多。该文对吸入沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品的20例患儿进行了肺功能的测定。方法：20例2个月至2岁6个月的喘息性支气管炎患儿,在吸入药物沙丁胺醇+溴化异丙托品前、吸入后30,60,120min各行一次潮气流速容量环(TBFV环)检查,并进行肺功能各项指标比较,包括潮气呼吸流速容量环的形态,反映小气道功能的敏感指标到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量/潮气量(%VPF),呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速(25/PF),潮气呼气峰流速(PTEF),反映大气道功能的指标潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI),潮气呼吸状态下的通气功能,包括呼吸频率(RR),每公斤体重潮气量(TV/kg)。结果：吸入药物前患儿的TBFV环中呼气降支凹陷,呼气峰流速前移,%VPF为0.19±0.04,25/PF为0.42±0.11,均提示降低,表明大小气道阻力增高,吸入药物后30,60,120min分别与吸入药物前的RR,%VPF,25/PF,ME/MI,PTEF,TV/kg的指标比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论：喘息性支气管炎婴幼儿吸入沙丁胺醇+溴化异丙托品后,其大小气道阻力及通气功能的改善并不明显,提示β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药在治疗婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎中平喘对症的临床作用不大,治疗关键是抗感染,抗炎以减少气道黏膜充血水肿,保持气道通畅,包括分泌物引流。     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿1岁和2岁时体积描记肺功能的随访研究

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良 (BPD)早产儿的远期肺功能。 方法 以2012年1月至2013年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿病房住院的胎龄≤ 32周、出生体重≤ 1 500 g的BPD早产儿为BPD组,以同期住院非BPD早产儿按1∶1匹配为对照组,于纠正年龄1岁和2岁时召回随访,行体积描记（体描）肺功能检测,分析早产儿BPD及不同严重度BPD在纠正年龄1岁和2岁时肺功能状况。 结果 149例BPD早产儿和与之匹配的149例非BPD早产儿进入文本分析,1岁和2岁时召回随访,BPD组37例（轻中度22例,重度15例）和25例（轻中度15例,重度10例）,非BPD组33例和10例。在纠正年龄1岁及2岁时,BPD组公斤体重残气量（FRCp/kg）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE）、肺内剩余25%潮气量时潮气呼气流速（TEF25）显著低于非BPD组,公斤体重有效气道阻力（Reff/kg）显著高于非BPD组。在纠正年龄1岁时,重度BPD亚组FRCp/kg 、TPTEF/TE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组, Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组;在纠正年龄2岁时,重度BPD亚组VPTEF/VE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组,Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组。 结论 BPD早产儿存在功能残气量降低及小气道阻塞,以重度BPD患儿更为明显。     

校正胎龄40周时早产儿潮气呼吸肺功能研究

目的初步探讨早产儿在校正胎龄40周时的潮气呼吸肺功能状况。方法选择我院2011年1～9月新生儿科收治的早产儿,机械通气组和非机械通气组各入选20例,于校正胎龄40周时分别测定潮气呼吸肺功能的各项指标,与同期产科分娩、胎龄39～40周健康对照组(分别入选剖宫产组30例和阴道分娩组20例)生后5～7天时的潮气呼吸肺功能相比较。结果机械通气组吸气时间(TI,s)、呼气时间(TE,s)较阴道分娩组和非机械通气组明显延长[TI:(0.68±0.17)比(0.52±0.06)、(0.53±0.11),TE:(0.72±0.15)比(0.59±0.13)、(0.57±0.09),P<0.05],呼吸频率(RR,次/min)明显降低[(44.4±7.7)比(56.2±10.8)、(56.1±9.5),P<0.05)];两个早产儿组达峰时间比(TPEF/TE,%)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE,%)、达峰容积(VPEF,ml)、达峰时间(TPEF,s)均低于阴道分娩组[TPEF/TE:(21.8±5.8)、(25.4±11.2)比(35.4±8.8),VPEF/VE:(24.4±2.9)、(26.8±8.1)比(33.8±7.3),VPEF:(5.5±1.2)、(6.0±1.1)比(6.7±1.2),TPEF:(0.15±0.10)、(0.14±0.04)比(0.20±0.05),P<0.05];剖宫产组平均吸气流速(MIF,ml/s)、平均呼气流速(MEF,ml/s)较阴道分娩组明显减低[MIF:(35.7±5.1)比(40.1±4.0),MEF:(31.8±6.7)比(36.4±7.0)P<0.05];各组TPEF/TE与VPEF/VE呈高度正相关,r值分别为剖宫产组0.990,阴道分娩组0.992,机械通气组0.933,非机械通气组0.990,P均<0.05。结论在校正胎龄40周时,早产儿潮气呼吸肺功能接近正常同胎龄足月儿,气道发育比足月儿慢,出生早期行机械通气早产儿可能存在肺组织的代偿能力受限和呼吸中枢调节功能不协调。     

Perinatal risk factors for recurrent wheeze in early life

The possible value of tidal flow volume (TFV) loops measured at birth in relation to the risk of developing recurrent or persistent bronchial obstruction within two years of life was assessed. TFV loops were measured at a mean age of 2.7 days in 802 neonates enrolled in the ‘Environment and Childhood Asthma’ (ECA) study in Oslo. Of these, 77 children developed recurrent or persistent bronchial obstruction (cases) and were included in a nested case–control study within the ECA study; 88 controls (the child born closest in time to the case), with no history of bronchial obstruction in the first two years of life, were also included. Information on socio-economic factors, parental atopic diseases and parental smoking habits during the pregnancy was collected from a questionnaire completed by the parents in the maternity ward, and cord blood IgE (CB-IgE) was determined as part of routine sampling in the delivery ward. Mean t_PTEF/t_E (time to reach peak flow to total expiratory time) was slightly lower in cases (0.31; 95% CI 0.28–0.34) than in controls (0.33; 0.31–0.35) (difference not significant), whereas geometric mean CB-IgE was significantly higher among cases (0.39; 0.30–0.52) than controls (0.27; 0.23–0.33). No significant differences between cases and controls were found for respiratory rate, peak tidal expiratory flow or expiratory volume. However, the odds ratio for developing recurrent or persistent bronchial obstruction was 3.5 (1.1–11.6) if t_PTEF/t_E was < 0.20 and 4.1 (1.1–14.5) with maternal daily smoking during the pregnancy, after adjusting for age, weight, sex, CB-IgE, parental atopy, maternal education and family income. The TFV parameter t_PTEF/t_E < 0.20 measured within the first week of life as well as maternal daily smoking during pregnancy are significant, independent risk factors for developing recurrent or persistent bronchial obstruction within the first two years of life.