山东地区冠心病危险因素的调查研究

目的分析山东地区体检人群冠心病的显著的危险因素。方法将980名体检人群分为冠心病组和对照组，记录病史及一般资料，采集空腹静脉血化验血脂、血糖水平。结果冠心病组肥胖、吸烟、大量饮酒、高血压和血脂异常的比例显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．001）。相关分析显示，冠心病与TG（r=0．28，P〈0．001）、TC（r=0．23，P〈0．001）、SBP（r=0．14，P=0．011）水平显著正相关。结论血脂异常、高血压、肥胖、吸烟、大量饮酒是山东地区冠心病显著的危险因素；冠心病的发生与该地区人群的饮食生活习惯有关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并心血管疾病患者同型半胱氨酸和血脂水平的检测分析

目的:检测阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并心血管疾病(CVD)患者的同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和血脂水平,探讨其在OSAHS合并CVD中的作用。方法:收集本院OSAHS64例,分为单纯OSAHS组、OSAHS+CVD组,并选择单纯CVD和健康人群作为对照,分别行整夜多导睡眠监测(PSG)。测定呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)和血氧饱和度(SaO2)。同时采集空腹静脉血,检测血清Hcy以及总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果:OSAHS+CVD组的Hcy高于正常对照组、单纯OSAHS组和单纯CVD组(P<0.01);单纯OSAHS组、OSAHS+CVD组和单纯CVD组的TC、TG、LDL-C值均比正常对照组高(P<0.05~0.01),HDL-C值比正常对照组低(P<0.01),但三疾病组间无统计学差异。结论:OSAHS患者Hcy水平升高可能是OSAHS患者易患高血压、冠心病等心血管疾病的机制之一。     

中老年急性脑出血和脑梗死患者血脂水平分析

目的:分析中老年急性脑出血(CH)与脑梗死(CI)患者血脂水平的变化。方法:检测50例CH和65例CI及50例健康人群的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、脂蛋白(a)〔Lp(a)〕的血浆含量,并进行比较分析。结果:CH组的TC高于对照组(P<0.01),HDL-C显著低于对照组(P<0.01),TC、LDL-C、ApoB显著低于CI组;中老年CH患者随年龄变化血脂代谢的变化不一致。豆纹动脉(LSA)出血组的HDL-C显著低于对照组,TC、LDL-C、ApoB显著高于非豆纹动脉出血(NLSA)组,与CI组无差别,NLSA出血组的TC显著低于对照组和CI组。结论:血脂代谢紊乱容易导致脑LSA粥样硬化,是中老年人CH的危险因素及常见出血部位。     

桃仁红花煎治疗无症状性高脂血症的作用研究

目的:探讨活血化淤理气通络经典方剂“桃仁红花煎”对无症状性高脂血症的治疗作用。方法:使用ShimadiuCL-7200型自动生化分析仪检测各组治疗前后患者血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、载脂蛋白A(APoA)、载脂蛋白B(APoB)水平,使用Griess法检测治疗前后患者血浆一氧化氮(NO)水平,使用邻苯三酚法检测血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使用巴比妥法检测血清丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:治疗后,治疗组患者血浆TC、TG、LDL、MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05),而ApoA、HDL、NO水平,及SOD活性明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),APoB治疗前后无明显变化(P>0.05);对照组给予洛伐它丁治疗后,TC、TG、LDL水平明显降低(P<0.05),ApoA、HDL水平明显升高(P<0.05),而MDA、NO、ApoB含量及SOD活性无明显变化。结论:活血化淤理气通络中药可以降低血脂,并有可能防治高脂血症对血管造成损害.     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者的血清25-羟基维生素D和血脂水平变化及其相关性

目的:回顾性分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)患者血清25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)VitD]和血脂水平变化及其相关性。方法:2017-03—2018-03武汉大学中南医院收治的129例T2DM合并CHD患者,按其血清25(OH)VitD水平分为25(OH)VitD缺乏组(A组,n=93)和25(OH)VitD正常组(B组,n=36)。比较分析两组25(OH)VitD、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)水平差异以及25(OH)VitD与上述指标的相关性。结果:A组25(OH)VitD显著低于B组(P0.01),TC、LDL-C水平明显高于B组(均P0.05),TG、HDL-C、FBG水平两组无显著差异(均P0.05)。T2DM合并CHD患者血清25(OH)VitD与TC、LDL-C水平呈显著负相关(P0.05),25(OH)VitD与TG、HDL-C和FBG无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论:T2DM合并CHD患者VitD缺乏,胆固醇代谢不良。     

黄芪注射液治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床观察

目的:观察黄芪注射液对早期糖尿病肾病(DN)的作用。方法:将80例早期DN患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在对照组常规治疗的基础上,加用黄芪注射液,观察治疗前后临床症状、体征、空腹血糖(FBG)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)等的变化。结果:治疗组临床总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01);相关指标FBG、UAER、TG、TC比治疗前及对照组治疗后均显著降低(P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论:黄芪注射液治疗早期DN可使尿蛋白排出量明显减少,疗效确切。     

亚麻酸改善高血压老年患者血管内皮细胞损伤的作用机制

目的:探讨亚麻酸改善高血压老年患者血管内皮细胞损伤的作用机制。方法:筛选中度高血压老年患者116例,随机分为试验组(n = 58)和对照组(n = 58)。试验组在食品中添加亚麻酸,对照组予以安慰剂。测量患者的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)以及血糖(BS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、内皮素1(ET-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、高敏C 反应蛋白(hsCRP)、颗粒膜蛋白140(GMP-140)、血栓素B2(TXB2)和6前列腺素F1 (6-K-PGF1 );检测内皮细胞依赖性舒张功能(FMD%)和内皮细胞非依赖性舒张功能(GTN%)。结果:试验组BS、TG、TC、TNF-β、hsCRP GMP-140、TXB2、ET-1 和IL-6 较治疗前降低(P<0.05);6-K-PGF1水平明显升高(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后FMD 和GTN 均较治疗前升高(P<0.05)。结论:琢鄄亚麻酸能够降低轻中度高血压病患者的血糖、血脂,并降低炎症细胞因子和内皮素水平,改善血管内皮功能,并具有抗血小板聚集性等多种功效。     

高血压病患者血脂、血糖与血压关系的研究

目的:探讨高血压病患者血脂、血糖与血压的相关性。方法:测定482例高血压病患者和100例健康人Cho-C、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、apoA、apoB、血糖(BS)以及血压(SBP、DBP),并进行统计学分析。结果:高血压组Cho-C、TG、LDL-C、BS明显升高(P<0.05~0.01);Cho-C与BS呈明显正相关(P<0.05);TG与BS、SBP、DBP呈明显正相关(P<0.05~0.01);BS与SBP呈明显正相关(P<0.05)。结论:高血压病患者存在脂代谢及糖代谢异常。TG与血糖水平及血压均呈正相关。     

阿魏酸钠治疗围手术期高血压肾病的临床疗效

目的:观察阿魏酸钠氯化钠注射液对围手术期高血压肾病治疗前后患者肾功能指标和血脂水平变化。方法:30例围手术期高血压肾病患者给予阿魏酸钠氯化钠注射液300ml静脉滴注,1次/天,治疗2周;比较治疗前后患者尿微量白蛋白(MAU)、24h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、血β2微球蛋白(血β2-MG)、尿β2微球蛋白(尿β2-MG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、平均动脉压(MAP)水平的差异。结果:治疗后MAU、UAER、血β2-MG、尿β2-MG等指标较治疗前显著下降(P0.01),TG、TC、HDL-C、MAP也较治疗前明显下降(P0.05)。且无严重不良反应发生。结论:阿魏酸钠氯化钠注射液治疗围手术期高血压肾病安全、有效。     

阿托伐他汀治疗前后脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块的变化

目的:观察阿托伐他汀对脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块的作用。方法:68例脑梗死患者除常规治疗外,加用口服阿托伐他汀胶囊20mg,每晚1次,测定开始治疗及连续服用阿托伐他汀胶囊5个月后颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)和血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平变化。结果:阿托伐他汀胶囊治疗5个月后,患者颈动脉IMT缩小,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TC、TG、LDL-C和CRP显著低于治疗前水平(P<0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀胶囊除有降脂作用外,还可以稳定并缩小脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.