An ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for wound healing in Dogonland, Mali, West Africa

Traditional medicine, being a significant element in the cultural patrimony, still remains the main recourse for a large majority of people in Dogonland, Mali, for treating various diseases and ailments. This paper reports an ethnopharmacological study in Dogonland with the aim to identify medicinal plants used in the treatment of wounds. Information obtained from traditional healers revealed 73 plant species being used as wound healing remedies, according to the definitions of wounds given by the healers themselves. The plants, belonging to 34 plant families, are used as first aids, in the washing of wounds, extraction of pus, as coagulants, as well as for infected wounds. The most frequently used preparations are decoctions and powdered plant material.     

高通量技术在天然药物和中药现代化研究中的应用

中草药来源于实践经验，对其本质的认识尚存诸多空白，因而制约其发展，同时也潜在着广阔的研究内容。充分利用现代科学技术和方法，进行高效快速的中草药药效物质和作用机制的研究，不仅是挖掘、发展和完善中医药宝库的迫切需要，也是中药现代化研究中急需解决的根本问题，也是保证药材、饮片、中药制剂和中成药产品的药效和质量等的关键；同时，中草药中新型药效物质的不断发现，将为我国创新药物研究、开发提供最主要支撑和保证。本文从认识中草药本质的关键、中草药样品(天然生物样品)高通量制备和高通量结构鉴定与高通量活性筛选相结合的研究方法以及该方法对中医药理论研究和创新药物研究的意义等方面介绍了利用现代高新技术进行中药现代化研究和创新药物先导物发现的高效率研究体系。     

Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus,hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco (Tafilalet)

In this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases were inventoried based on the ethnopharmacological survey in south-eastern Morocco: Tafilalet region. Seven hundred persons including 320 diabetic patients and 380 patients with hypertension and cardiac disorders and 20 traditional herbal healers were interviewed in different areas of Tafilalet. The results indicated that 80% of patients interviewed used medicinal plants to treat diabetes, hypertension and cardiac diseases because they state that phytotherapy is cheaper (58%), more efficient (40%) and better (65%) than modern medicine. In this ethnobotanic enquiry, about 92 medicinal plants were cited. A lot of them are cited for the first time in Morocco. Many parameters have been evaluated such as knowledge of the toxic plants, doses, parts used, etc. Also, we have reported that 75% of type 2 diabetic patients used medicinal plants in association with modern drugs, while 10% of type 1 diabetic patients regularly used medicinal plants combined with insulin treatment. Some toxic plants have also been reported. In conclusion Tafilalet region disposes of a large phytotherapy knowledge which must be scientifically investigated especially in treating diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases.     

Bioprospecting Rumphius's Ambonese Herbal: Volume I

Collaborating with traditional healers remains a valid method for the identification of potential lead compounds for novel pharmaceuticals. However, the knowledge of these traditional healers is rapidly being lost. Historic herbal texts provide a unique window to identify plants whose specific uses are no longer known. We have identified nine plants in the 17th century Ambonese Herbal: Volume I which were documented as having medicinal properties but which have not been examined in the current literature. We demonstrate that by evaluating plant and herb efficacy reports from historic texts, in the context of comprehensive modern databases such as NAPRALERT, we can ultimately identify candidate specimens deserving further pharmacological study.     

中国黄芩属植物传统药物学初步整理△

目的:对唇形科黄芩属植物的传统药物学进行系统整理,为该属药用植物的资源开发和利用提供客观和科学的依据.方法:系统查阅各种本草、各地植物志和文献记载,进行分析、整理.结果:中国地区分布的黄芩属药用植物约有30种,17变种,集中分布在黄芩亚属的顶序黄芩组、腋序黄芩组和盔状黄芩组等少数几个组中,该属大部分药用植物的性味多为苦、寒,功能多具有清热解毒、消肿止痛、凉血化瘀等作用,该属半数以上的药用植物都以全草入药,部分用根,仅少部分用果实和叶.结论:为中国黄芩属药用植物的综合利用和深入研究提供了一定的依据.     

Traditional uses of herbal vapour therapy in Manipur,North East India: An ethnobotanical survey

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Vapour-based medicines are an aspect of traditional medicine in North East India. However, no collective studies on this therapy in the region have been attempted. With the changing perception of traditional knowledge, documenting these herbal preparations and the subsequent development of baseline data for applications in further ethnopharmacological research are needed.

Aims of the study

To survey and document the plant species associated with vapour therapy in Manipur, North East India, and to evaluate these traditional practices.

Materials and methods

Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect information from the Meitei community in the Imphal valley and the Jiribam area in Manipur. Traditional disease concepts were studied along with their corresponding medical terminologies. Plant samples collected from fields, healers' private collections and home gardens were identified. Evaluation of the ethnobotanical data was performed with a modified fidelity level index.

Results

In the study, 41 traditional disease complexes were treated by 13 different routes of administration using 48 mono-ingredient and 17 multi-ingredient compositions. Preparation methods included boiling in water (28%), burning the materials (48%), crushing the materials to release the aroma (21%) and slight heating of the materials (3%). Some of the mono-ingredient recipes reported in the study were observed to have similar uses in other parts of the world, whereas polyherbal remedies were found to be unique without any similar report.

Conclusion

Many compositions mentioned in the paper are still used by the Meitei community. Traditional healers follow their own criteria for selecting medicinal plants. Plants recorded in this ethnobotanical study can suggest methods for selecting and identifying potentially effective plants for future drug candidates. Scientific characterisation of the herbal remedies can contribute to the endorsement of traditional vapour-based therapies in the modern health care systems. Findings from these “new usage” reports of plants and unique combinations of polyherbal compositions indicate the importance of such documentation efforts.     

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China

Objective To document the knowledge and the use of indigenous medicinal plants by traditional healers in Baotou,Inner Mongolia,China.Methods Data were collected from 112 randomly-selected interviewees using semistructured interviews in wild herbal plant collected from 2007 to 2010.The data from the interviewees were analyzed with two quantitative tools.With the informant consensus factor,the information homology was evaluated and with the fidelity level the most important species from the categories were found.Results One hundred and fifty-two species belonging to 112 genera in 48 families with medicinal values were recorded.The reported medicinal plants species were used to treat 63 kinds of diseases.And the medicinal plants in this district possessed significant potentials for their pharmacological activities in the context of ethnopharmacological knowledge,especially in the treatments of gastrointestinal,dermatological,and cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion In this work,152 medicinal plants with their ethnopharmacological information are reported.This study demonstrates that many species play an important role in healing practices among inhabitants from Baotou.More ethnopharmacological information of Mongolian medicinal plants should be gathered and documented in further studies,which is a fundamental step toward developing efficacious natural drugs for various diseases.     

中国黄芩属植物传统药物学初步整理

目的：对唇形科黄芩属植物的传统药物学进行系统整理,为该属药用植物的资源开发和利用提供客观和科学的依据。方法：系统查阅各种本草、各地植物志和文献记载,进行分析、整理。结果：中国地区分布的黄芩属药用植物约有30种,17变种,集中分布在黄芩亚属的顶序黄芩组、腋序黄芩组和盔状黄芩组等少数几个组中,该属大部分药用植物的性味多为苦、寒,功能多具有清热解毒、消肿止痛、凉血化瘀等作用,该属半数以上的药用植物都以全草入药,部分用根,仅少部分用果实和叶。结论：为中国黄芩属药用植物的综合利用和深入研究提供了一定的依据。     

Bulgarian traditional medicine: a source of ideas for phytopharmacological investigations

Some data about the use of medicinal plants in Bulgarian traditional medicine in the Middle Ages and in modern times are presented and the results of 40-year-long experimental-pharmacological investigations on many medicinal plants used in Bulgarian traditional medicine are reviewed. In-depth discussion is presented on the investigations of garlic (Allium sativum L.), a plant widely used by Bulgarian people for treating different diseases. Data from studies on a large number of plants used for treatment of hypertension, infectious diseases and as diuretic and spasmolytic remedies are summarized.     

Cytoprotective and Anti‐secretory Effects of Azadiradione Isolated from the Seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem) on Gastric Ulcers in Rat Models

Azadirachta indica is well known medicinal plant mentioned in ancient herbal texts. It has been extensively used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a luminary of modern medicine. As part of our drug discovery program we isolated azadiradione from the ethanolic extract of seeds of A. indica and evaluated for in‐vivo antiulcer activity in cold restraint induced gastric ulcer model, aspirin induced gastric ulcer model, alcohol induced gastric ulcers model and pyloric ligation induced ulcer model. Azadiradione exhibited potent antiulcer activity through the inhibition of H+ K+‐ATPase (proton pump) activity via its cytoprotective effect and also via its antisecretory effect. This combined effect has valuable potential in the future treatment of peptic ulceration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Traditional medicine in Fiji: some herbal folk cures used by Fiji Indians

Traditional medicine has been practised in the South Pacific country of Fiji by almost all ethnic groups, both indigenous and immigrant. This paper reports on a survey on traditional medicinal practices in one major group, the Fiji Indians, who came from India in late 19th and early 20th century. The extent of knowledge and skills possessed by traditional healers and lay people, the plants and plant materials used by them for herbal remedies, parallel uses in India of the various plant species and their biodynamic properties are presented.     

本草学毒性理念的源流探考与论述范式的诠解

本草学是在传统医学理论指导下对传统"药"学的统称。中药的毒性理论蕴含于本草学药性理论之中,其论述范式则指撰写本草学著作所应用的指导原则。毒性理论的论述范式是经《神农本草经》《新修本草》《证类本草》的传承逐渐形成的,其形成在汉代"生生不息"观念的凝结中又涵摄了药性、毒副作用、药材基原、药材制备及配伍等复杂面向。经探考发现传统的"有故无殒"药性作用部分应回归四气及气味厚薄的记述;不当的药材基原部分应统属于药材来源的管控;特殊体质的不良服药反应不应归于毒性的记述,因剂量不宜或服用方法不当所产生的不良反应应回归到国家相关部门建议的项目之下;毒性分级分类的标准须有现代毒理的研究为基础同时严格限制使用剂量与适用范围。这将有助于重新建构既兼顾中药用药安全又能最大限度发挥中药特色的现代本草学。     

大别山区道地药材的形成历史

大别山区地跨安徽、湖北、河南3个省,地理位置独特,属于亚热带和暖温带过渡区,气候湿润适宜。该地区中药资源丰富,道地药材众多;中医药文化底蕴深厚,历代本草学家辈出。该文梳理了大别山区行政区划历史地理与历史时期药材记载的发展脉络,对大别山区道地药材、特色药材的历史演变进行了考证。历史上大别山的行政区域一直在不断变化,当前大别山行政区划包括安徽、河南、湖北3个省6个市25个县区。大别山区盛产多种中药材,历代本草和地方志上均有详细记载,其记载道地药材霍山石斛、蕲艾、茯苓在全国享有盛誉,天麻、灵芝、茯苓等中药材产量位于全国前列,现代也仍有断血流、猫爪草等多种地方特色药材正在兴起。大别山区地理位置独特,药用植物资源众多,道地药材荟萃,该文为进一步开展大别山区域性药材的现代学研究与知识产权保护提供了本草学借鉴。     

中药巴布剂的研究现状

中药巴布剂已成为一种用于治疗关节炎、软组织损伤、腱鞘炎、腰椎突出、神经痛、骨质增生、腹腔疾病、癌症等各种疾病引起的疼痛 ,并具备优良的柔韧性和黏着性的新型贴剂。我国于 2 0世纪 80年代开展了中药巴布剂的研究 ,并在治疗各种骨疾病引起的疼痛方面取得了另人满意的疗效。 90年代初中药巴布剂开始规模生产 ,至今已有多个产品在全国上市。在临床治疗多种疼痛性疾病的报道中 ,作为外用中药贴剂的巴布剂较受患者的欢迎。尽管化学药物在治疗骨疾病以及癌症引起的疼痛方面依然占主导地位 ,实践证明在此基础上采用口服和中药巴布剂的中西结合方法 ,能较好地缓解疾病的症状、有效改善病人的生活质量。和传统的中药贴膏剂相比 ,巴布剂中的高分子基质材料能更好地吸收和承载包括多种水溶性和脂溶性成分的中药提取物并予以“凝胶化”成型。由于药物基质含有高达 40 %～ 70 %的水分 ,这样的结构犹如一个“药库” ,能快速、持久地透皮释放基质中所包含的有效成分。本文分 3个部分对中药巴布剂制备工艺研究、中药巴布剂开发的优点和国内开发现状以及中药巴布剂的应用前景作了综述。     

Medicinal smokes

All through time, humans have used smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. To the best of our knowledge, the ethnopharmacological aspects of natural products' smoke for therapy and health care have not been studied. Mono- and multi-ingredient herbal and non-herbal remedies administered as smoke from 50 countries across the 5 continents are reviewed. Most of the 265 plant species of mono-ingredient remedies studied belong to Asteraceae (10.6%), followed by Solanaceae (10.2%), Fabaceae (9.8%) and Apiaceae (5.3%). The most frequent medical indications for medicinal smoke are pulmonary (23.5%), neurological (21.8%) and dermatological (8.1%). Other uses of smoke are not exactly medical but beneficial to health, and include smoke as a preservative or a repellent and the social use of smoke. The three main methods for administering smoke are inhalation, which accounts for 71.5% of the indications; smoke directed at a specific organ or body part, which accounts for 24.5%; ambient smoke (passive smoking), which makes up the remaining 4.0%. Whereas inhalation is typically used in the treatment of pulmonary and neurological disorders and directed smoke in localized situations, such as dermatological and genito-urinary disorders, ambient smoke is not directed at the body at all but used as an air purifier. The advantages of smoke-based remedies are rapid delivery to the brain, more efficient absorption by the body and lower costs of production. This review highlights the fact that not enough is known about medicinal smoke and that a lot of natural products have potential for use as medicine in the smoke form. Furthermore, this review argues in favor of medicinal smoke extended use in modern medicine as a form of drug delivery and as a promising source of new active natural ingredients.     

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??OBJECTIVE To discuss the supervision mode of traditional Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine pieces in the production of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and provide advice for the scientific and effective supervision of traditional Chinese medicine preparations with Chinese herbal medicines and Chinese medicine pieces. METHODS Through the study of relationship between the quality, processing, preservation of medicinal herbs and the quality of preparations, the relationship between the implementation of Good Manufacture Practice (GMP) of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and the relationship between imperfect quality standards and the quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, we put forward measures to solve the problems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In the supervision of Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine pieces during the production of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, we should be closely around the core to ensure the quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and should take different supervision modes of herbs and pieces according to different types and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. At the same time, we should ensure the stability of the sources and origins of Chinese herbal medicines and ensure that manufacturing comply with GMP. We should standardize the preparation process of Chinese herbal medicine pieces by the traditional Chinese medicine preparation enterprises and implementation of traditional Chinese medicine pieces production filing system. And the quality standard of Chinese medicinal herbs and Chinese prepared herbs should be improved, with the objective to ensure the safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine preparations.     

蒙药本草研究概述

本文对蒙药本草研究进行了总结,探讨分析了以下蒙药的研究方向：食疗植物药材的开发、药用植物药用部位的扩增、与其它传统药物的对比研究、与农学结合研究野生药材的引种、筛选、栽培、蒙药本草的历史沿革、传统制剂学的本草考证。