异丙酚在重度颅脑损伤手术中的应用

目的 探讨异丙酚对重型颅脑损伤患者血清炎性细胞因子的影响.方法 对102例重型颅脑损伤患者采用的不同麻醉方法,分为两组,异丙酚组:采用异丙酚,芬太尼,维库溴铵以及七氟醚诱导和维持麻醉;对照组:采用依托咪酯,芬太尼,维库溴铵以及七氟醚诱导和维持麻醉.比较两组患者手术过程中不同时段血清白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度.结果 异丙酚组比对照组各时间段三种炎性因子有下降的趋势.结论 采用异丙酚麻醉,能够降低术中血清炎性细胞因子水平.     

脊柱手术患者吸入七氟醚和异氟醚麻醉恢复的比较

目的:比较脊柱手术患者吸入七氟醚和异氟醚麻醉的恢复情况。方法:将40例在全麻下行脊柱手术患者分为七氟醚组(S组)和异氟醚(I组),每组20例。麻醉诱导行气管插管后机械通气,麻醉维持两组分别吸入1.0MAC七氟醚和1.0MAC异氟醚,间断注射芬太尼、维库溴铵和异丙酚,维持血压和心率波动不超过基础值25%。记录停止吸入麻醉药到睁眼时间、拔除气管导管时间及术后苏醒评分到达9分时间。结果:S组患者的睁眼时间、拔除气管导管时间及术后苏醒评分到达9分时间均较I组缩短(P<0.05)。结论:吸入七氟醚患者麻醉恢复时间明显短于吸入异氟醚者,但是全麻苏醒期躁动发生率较吸入异氟醚者高。     

学龄前儿童七氟醚吸入诱导时顺式阿曲库铵的肌松效应

顺式阿曲库铵在不同年龄组的有效剂量有所不同。有研究显示芬太尼复合异丙酚时,顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg（3ED95）是有效的诱导剂量。七氟醚的血气分数低,起效快,麻醉深度易调节,用于儿童吸入诱导时,其诱导速度快、不良反应少。对成年患者的研究表明七氟醚吸入诱导能明显缩短顺式阿曲库铵的起效时间。作者自2012年1月至2013年6月观察七氟醚吸入诱导用于学龄前儿童时,不同剂量顺式阿曲库铵的肌松效应,明确适宜的诱导剂量。报道如下。     

92例老年患者七氟醚复合麻醉临床用量分析

以92例择期手术老年患者为研究对象,随机均分为观察组和对照组,每组46例。观察组采取七氟醚复合麻醉,对照组采取异丙酚复合麻醉。比较两组患者药物使用情况、拔管时间、苏醒时间等。观察组和对照组患者麻醉时间、手术时间、瑞芬太尼用量、顺阿曲库铵用量及麻醉诱导期异丙酚用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组苏醒时间、拔管时间、清醒时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。老年患者腹部手术采取七氟醚复合麻醉能够缩短苏醒时间、拔管时间和清醒时间,临床安全性更高。     

七氟醚和异丙酚复合氯胺酮用于小儿鼾症手术的麻醉比较

目的:比较七氟醚和异丙酚复合氯胺酮用于小儿鼾症手术麻醉在诱导、维持、苏醒及术后恶心呕吐的特性.方法:40例择期行扁桃体切除腺样体刮除术的小儿,随机分为七氟醚组(S组)和异丙酚复合氯胺酮组(P组),分别采用七氟醚和异丙酚复合氯胺酮麻醉.比较两组术中血流动力学的变化、苏醒时间、诱导期及苏醒期的不良反应和术后恶心呕吐情况.结果:P组插管前后的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)高于S组,而拔管时的MAP、HR低于S组,P组苏醒期的躁动少于S组,两组诱导期不良反应、苏醒时间及术后恶心呕吐无差异.结论:两种方法均可以很好地用于小儿鼾症手术的麻醉.相对而言,异丙酚复合氟胺酮组血流动力学的控制更为理想,苏醒期躁动较少,而七氟醚麻醉由于不需要额外的基础麻醉使用更为方便.     

依托咪酯复合芬太尼与小剂量阿曲库铵对喉罩置入的麻醉效果

目的:评价依托咪酯复合芬太尼和小剂量阿曲库铵对喉罩置入的麻醉效果.方法:拟行喉罩全麻患者90例,年龄18～60岁,体重40～80 kg,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,分为3组,异丙酚-芬太尼组(PF组),依托咪酯-芬太尼组(EF组),依托咪酯-芬太尼-阿曲库铵组(EA组),每组30例.每组患者静脉注射1μg/kg芬太尼后2nin,PF组静脉注射异丙酚2.0mg/kg,EF组静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,EA组静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg和阿曲库铵0.05 mg/kg,意识消失后置入喉罩.在喉罩置入时,评估下颌松弛情况和喉罩置入条件;记录在喉罩置入过程中咳嗽、干呕、喉痉挛等不良反应的发生情况;记录麻醉诱导前、后及喉罩置入后1、2、3 min平均动脉压(MAP)和心率以及从麻醉诱导结束到出现自主呼吸的呼吸暂停时间.结果:EA组与PF组下颌松弛度和喉罩置入条件明显优于EF组(P＜0.05):EA组与PF组咳嗽、干呕及喉痉挛等不良反应的发生率明显低于EF组(P＜0.05);在麻醉诱导后,PF组MAP显著低于麻醉诱导前、EF组和EA组(P＜0.05);各纽呼吸暂停时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:依托咪酯复合芬太尼及小剂量阿曲库铵麻醉可提供满意的喉罩置入条件且血流动力学稳定、不良反应少.     

快通道麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用：七氟醚与全凭静脉麻醉的比较

目的:比较吸入七氟醚麻醉技术和全凭静脉麻醉技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的快通道麻醉效果。方法:80位病人被随机均分为两组:七氟醚组和全凭静脉麻醉组,两组均使用异丙酚、芬太尼和罗库溴铵进行麻醉诱导,但七氟醚组使用七氟醚进行麻醉维持,全凭静脉麻醉组使用异丙酚-瑞芬太尼进行麻醉维持;对两组病人的快通道有效病人数目、麻醉恢复时间、快通道无效原因了进行评估。结果:相对七氟醚组,全凭静脉麻醉组的快通道比七氟醚组有效比明显升高高(87.5%vs 52.5%,P0.05),麻醉恢复时间明显缩短(8 min vs 12 min,P0.05);抑制快通道麻醉效果的主要因素是去饱和、疼痛、血流动力学不稳定和术后恶心与呕吐,其中术后恶心与呕吐是两组在快通道麻醉无效方面的主要差异(七氟醚组中5位病人出现术后恶心与呕吐现象,全凭静脉麻醉组中则没有病人出现术后恶心与呕吐;P0.05)。结论:在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,使用异丙酚-瑞芬太尼的全凭静脉麻醉比七氟醚麻醉具有更好的快通道麻醉效果。     

七氟醚与依托咪酯麻醉诱导对老年腹部手术患者应激反应及血液流变学的影响

目的比较七氟醚、依托咪酯麻醉诱导对老年腹部手术患者应激反应及血流动力学的影响。方法选择2018年8月至2019年7月择期腹部手术老年患者85例,随机数字表法分为七氟醚组44例、依托咪酯组41例。七氟醚组采用咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、七氟醚、顺式苯磺酸阿曲库铵麻醉诱导,依托咪酯组采用咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、依托咪酯脂肪乳、顺式苯磺酸阿曲库铵麻醉诱导。比较麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管1 min(T1)、插管3 min(T2)、插管5 min(T3)、插管10 min(T4)两组应激反应、血流动力学、不良反应。结果 T1～T4时,七氟醚组皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)低于依托咪酯组(P0.05); T1时,七氟醚组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)高于依托咪酯组,心率(HR)低于依托咪酯组,T2～T4时,七氟醚组SBP、DBP、HR均低于依托咪酯组(P0.05);两组恶心呕吐等不良反应比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论七氟醚诱导麻醉有助于缓解老年腹部手术患者插管应激反应,维持血流动力学的相对稳定。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩在乳腺日间手术中的应用

目的:观察七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩在乳腺日间手术中的应用效果.方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级需行乳腺纤维瘤切除术的患者40例,随机分为七氟醚-喉罩组(S组)和异丙酚-气管导管组(P组),分别采用七氟醚和异丙酚进行麻醉诱导与维持,使用喉罩和气管导管维持通气.观察记录两组患者麻醉中的血流动力学变化,记录睫毛反射消失时间、意识恢复时间及离院时间,观察并随访注射痛、体动、术中知晓、咽喉疼痛、恶心呕吐等不良反应.结果:S组患者的血流动力学明显较P组稳定(P＜0.05);S组的睫毛反射消失时间稍长于P组,但其意识恢复时间及离院时间明显短于后者(P＜0.05);S组无注射痛,其苏醒期躁动及咽痛的发生率亦明显低于P组(P＜0.05).结论:七氟醚吸入麻醉联合喉罩可为乳腺日间手术提供一种安全、有效、快捷的麻醉方法.     

异丙酚对高血压脑出血手术患者血清炎性细胞因子的影响

目的明确异丙酚对于高血压脑出血患者血清炎性细胞因子的影响。方法将2008年3月2009年3月收治的高血压脑出血患者47例分为两组,异丙酚组采用异丙酚、芬太尼、维库溴铵以及异氟醚诱导和维持麻醉;对照组采用依托咪酯、芬太尼、维库溴铵以及异氟醚诱导和维持麻醉。比较两组患者手术中不同时段血清白细胞介素（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、血栓素、内皮素、前列腺素E和降钙素水平。结果患者麻醉过程中生命体征平稳,无麻醉相关死亡。术前异丙酚组患者血清IL-6、TNF、血栓素、内皮素、前列腺素E和降钙素水平与对照组比较均无差异（P〉0.05）,而麻醉诱导后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而且差异随时间延长增大。结论采用异丙酚麻醉能降低术中血清炎性细胞因子水平。     

腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术的疗效及安全性

目的 比较腹腔镜下与常规腹膜透析置管术的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾苏州大学附属第一医院肾内科2007年12月～2010年12月接受腹膜透析置管并且规律腹膜透析(PD)的终末期肾病(ESRD)患者共86例,根据手术方式分为全麻下腹腔镜组(A组)和局麻常规手术组(B组),A组41例,B组45例,记录手术前后两组的基本状况、并...     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者腹腔镜引导下腹膜透析置管术11例临床分析

目的:总结腹腔镜外科技术应用在放置Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管的经验。方法:选择11例慢性肾功能衰竭患者,在腹腔镜引导下将Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管置入腹腔并经皮下隧道引出。结果:11例患者腹透管均放置成功,手术时间约45min,均成功进行了腹膜透析,患者术后一周内出院。结论:腹腔镜引导下放置Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管具有腹透管放置定位准确,无手术切口,优于常规开腹手术,值得推广应用。     

A New Simplified One-Port Laparoscopic Technique for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement

♦ Background: Various techniques for laparoscopic insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter have been described. Usually 2 - 3 ports are required, and complications related to the port sites (such as abdominal wall hernia, leakage, and hemorrhage) cannot be avoided. To minimize the potential complications, we designed a simplified 1-port laparoscopic technique for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.♦ Methods: We conducted a retrospective data review of 44 patients who underwent 1-port laparoscopic insertion of a Tenckhoff catheter from June 2009 to February 2011. All patient data, including postoperative complications, were analyzed.♦ Results: The mean follow-up period was 11.52 months. All catheters were working properly, except in 1 patient who developed peritonitis 3 months after catheter placement. (The catheter was removed.) No postoperative abdominal wall hemorrhage, early leaks, hernias, or catheter migration occurred. No exit-site or tunnel infections were observed.♦ Conclusions: Our 1-port laparoscopic technique provides excellent catheter fixation, avoids excessive port sites, and yields good cosmesis. The low complication rate and the simplicity of the method justify its standard use for Tenckhoff catheter placement.     

日间腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术快速流程的临床应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术在日间手术快速流程的安全性、可行性。方法比较2011年3～7月我院51例日间腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者与50例住院的传统腹膜透析置管术患者,对两组病人的住院费、平均住院日、术后并发症进行统计分析。结果两组病人在住院费、平均住院日、术后并发症等方面比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜腹膜透析置管入术开展日间手术可以显著缩短患者住院时间,减少患者痛苦。     

Laparoscopic placement of Tenckhoff catheters for peritoneal dialysis: a safe, effective, and reproducible procedure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Currently there are several techniques for laparoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters. The aim of this paper is to describe our technique and outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic implantation of peritoneal catheters was performed in 100 consecutive patients. The technique employed laparoscopically guided musculofascial tunneling to maintain catheter orientation toward the deep pelvis, and adhesiolysis to eliminate compartmentalization that could affect completeness of dialysate drainage. Mean duration of surgery, hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, and catheter survival were assessed. Analysis of catheter survival was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with censoring of catheter loss due to death or successful transplantation. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 20 +/- 7 minutes and average duration of hospital stay was 3 +/- 1 days. There were no conversions from laparoscopy to conventional catheter insertion methods. No exit-site or tunnel infections, hemorrhagic complications, abdominal wall hernias, or catheter cuff extrusions were detected. No mortality occurred in this series of patients. Catheter survival was 97%, 95%, and 91% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic method described in this report is compliant with consensus guidelines for best-demonstrated practices in peritoneal access placement. Laparoscopy permits direct visualization of all procedure steps in a safe efficient reproducible manner. The laparoscopic approach afforded patients the advantage of short procedure times, a minimally invasive approach, and excellent outcomes. The results reported in this paper support our opinion that laparoscopic Tenckhoff catheter implantation should become the standard of care for clinical practice.     

Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: a review of current developments.

OBJECTIVE: This review updates the 1998 International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) recommendations for peritoneal dialysis catheters and exit-site practices (Gokal R, et al. Peritoneal catheters and exit-site practices toward optimum peritonealaccess: 1998 update. Perit Dial Int 1998; 18:11-33.) DESIGN: DATA SOURCES: The Ovid and PubMed search engines were used to review the Medline databases of January 1980 through June 2003. Searches were restricted to human data; primary key word searches included dialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis cross referenced with access, catheter, dialysis catheter, peritoneal dialysis catheter, and Tenckhoff catheter. Related searches were provided via the PubMed related articles link. Study Selection: Reports were selected if they provided identifiable information on catheter design, catheter placement technique, and survival or placement complications. Reports without such data were excluded from review. Each study was then categorized by its characteristics: single-center or multicenter; retrospective or prospective; controlled trial, with or without random patient assignment; or review article. MAIN RESULTS: There are few randomized controlled evaluations testing how catheter design and/or placement influence long-term survival and function, and these are typically conducted at a single center. The majority of reports represent retrospective single-center experiences, and these are supplemented by occasional multicenter data registries. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variability in catheter outcomes between centers, and this variability is more closely correlated with operator and center characteristics than with catheter design. Some catheter designs appear to impact long-term catheter success, and, in some cases, specific patient characteristics and dialysis formats combine with specific catheter designs to influence catheter survival. Most reporters prefer two-cuff designs and placement of the deep cuff at an intramuscular location. Intramuscular cuff placement results in fewer pericatheter leaks and hernias, but makes catheter removal more difficult. High-risk patients (those with previous pelvic surgery) benefit from visual inspection of the peritoneum during catheter placement, and in randomized controlled trials, catheters with pre-shaped arcuate subcutaneous segments ("swan neck" designs) reduce the risk of early drainage failure via "migration."     

Minilaparoscopic extraperitoneal tunneling with omentopexy: a new technique for CAPD catheter placement.

BACKGROUND: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an effective form of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Open insertion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters is the standard surgical technique, but it is associated with a relatively high incidence of catheter-related problems. To overcome these problems, different laparoscopic techniques have been presented, being preferable to the open and percutaneous methods. OBJECTIVE: To introduce and evaluate the efficiency of laparoscopic omental fixation and extraperitoneal placement of the cuff-coil part (the straight portion) of the catheter to prevent catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, severe abdominal pain, and the obstruction caused by omental wrapping. SETTING: The study was carried out in the General Surgery Department, Akdeniz University Medical School, in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2001 and March 2005, the technique was applied in 44 consecutive patients (mean age 51.6 years, range 18 - 67 years) with end-stage renal disease. During this laparoscopic technique, the omentum was first fixed onto the parietal peritoneum, and then the catheter was introduced through the subumbilical trocar site into the posterior rectus compartment and advanced toward the symphysis pubis. The catheter was then inserted into the abdominal cavity, passing the peritoneal opening, which was prepared before catheter insertion. The straight portion of the catheter was located into the extraperitoneal area of the anterior abdominal wall. The curled end, which contains the side-holes of the catheter, was placed into the true pelvis. Catheter position and patency were verified under direct vision using a 2 mm telescope. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically. Operating time ranged between 40 and 100 minutes (median 52 minutes). There was no intraoperative complication or surgical mortality. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated within 15 - 24 hours after catheter implantation. After a median follow-up period of 17.4 months (range 1 - 38 months), early exit-site infection occurred in 1 of 44 patients. All catheters functioned well postoperatively. There was no pain during CAPD. CONCLUSION: This new laparoscopic technique using an extraperitoneal approach with omentopexy for PD catheter placement could prove extremely useful for preventing catheter malfunction caused by catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, omental wrapping, and periodic catheter movement that causes abdominal pain in CAPD.     

联合垂直隧道的低位腹膜透析导管置入法构建及效果

目的 构建联合垂直隧道的低位腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis,PD）导管置入法并观察其临床效果.方法 2008年6月至2012年6月行联合垂直隧道的低位PD导管置入术的48例患者（B组）与同期行传统PD导管置入术的41例患者（A组）进行对照研究.所有患者均使用Baxter双涤纶套Tenck-hoff直管.联合垂直隧道的低位PD导管置入法的主要特点是低位（耻骨联合中点向上7cm）、导管腹内段剪短[根据腹膜切口至膀胱直肠窝（男）或子宫直肠窝（女）的距离]以及增加垂直的皮下隧道.术中记录所有患者PD导管修剪距离及腹内段长度.观察记录所有患者随访1年内有无并发症发生.结果 B组测量的导管修剪距离为（3.7±0.9） cm,腹内段长度为（11.3±0.9）cm.2组患者术后出血、PD液渗漏、外涤纶套膨出外露、灌液或放液疼痛等发生率以及腹膜炎发生次数/病人月、隧道炎或出口感染发生次数/患者月等方面比较无统计学差异;B组导管功能障碍（导管移位、非导管移位性功能障碍）发生率显著低于A组,差异有统计学意义（4.2％比19.5％,x2=2.54,P0.0l0）. 结论 联合垂直隧道的低位PD导管置入法可以显著地减少PD导管功能障碍尤其是导管移位的发生,具有潜在减少PD技术性失败的重要作用.     

Videolaparoscopic Catheter Placement Reduces Contraindications to Peritoneal Dialysis

♦ Background: Videolaparoscopy is considered the reference method for peritoneal catheter placement in patients with previous abdominal surgery. The placement procedure is usually performed with at least two access sites: one for the catheter and the second for the laparoscope. Here, we describe a new one-port laparoscopic procedure that uses only one abdominal access site in patients not eligible for laparotomic catheter placement.♦ Method: We carried out one-port laparoscopic placement in 21 patients presenting contraindications to blind surgical procedures because of prior abdominal surgery. This technique consists in the creation of a single mini-laparotomy access through which laparoscopic procedures and placement are performed. The catheter, rectified by an introducer, is inserted inside the port. Subsequently, the port is removed, leaving the catheter in pelvic position. The port is reintroduced laterally to the catheter, confirming or correcting its position. Laparotomic placement was performed in a contemporary group of 32 patients without contraindications to blind placement. Complications and long-term catheter outcome in the two groups were evaluated.♦ Results: Additional interventions during placement were necessary in 12 patients of the laparoscopy group compared with 5 patients of the laparotomy group (p = 0.002). Laparoscopy documented adhesions in 13 patients, with need for adhesiolysis in 6 patients. Each group had 1 intraoperative complication: leakage in the laparoscopy group, and intestinal perforation in the laparotomy group. During the 2-year follow-up period, laparoscopic revisions had to be performed in 6 patients of the laparoscopy group and in 5 patients of the laparotomy group (p = 0.26). The 1-year catheter survival was similar in both groups. Laparoscopy increased by 40% the number of patients eligible to receive peritoneal dialysis.♦ Conclusions: Videolaparoscopy placement in patients not eligible for blind surgical procedures seems to be equivalent to laparotomic placement with regard to complications and long-term catheter outcome. The number of patients able to receive peritoneal dialysis is substantially increased.Key words: One-port placement, surgical placement, technical survival, videolaparoscopy, Tenckhoff catheter, adhesiolysis, contraindicationVideolaparoscopy (VLS) is increasingly being considered the reference for peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter rescue as well as for placement (1-3). Several VLS techniques for catheter placement have been developed. Most use at least two accesses to the abdominal cavity: one for the PD catheter and at least one for the VLS ports (4-9).Laparoscopic techniques are at least equivalent to standard laparotomic placement procedures with regard to complications and outcomes (10-13), and they are especially indicated in patients with prior abdominal surgery (14,15).Since 2007, we have applied one-port VLS placement procedures in patients with contraindications to standard laparotomic placement. Here, we describe this one-port technique and our evaluation of catheter outcome compared with catheters placed by laparotomy in patients without contraindications to open surgical technique.