超声内镜诊断与内镜下微创治疗食管平滑肌瘤

目的 评价超声内镜对食管平滑肌瘤的诊断及治疗中的价值.探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗食管平滑肌瘤的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜检查中发现的40例食管黏膜下肿瘤行超声内镜检查,其中30例为起源于黏膜肌层的食管平滑肌瘤,4例为起源于同有肌层的食管平滑肌瘤.对30例起源于黏膜肌层的食管平滑肌瘤,根据病变大小决定行内镜下EMR或ESD治疗,完整切除病变.对4例起源于固有肌层的食管平滑肌瘤,考虑穿孔可能性大,未予内镜下治疗.结果 40例食管黏膜下肿瘤,病变直径0.4～2.5 cm(中位直径1.45 cm).24例行内镜下EMR治疗,6例病变直径超过1.5 cm行内镜下ESD治疗,ESD手术时间15～45 min(中位时间30min).2例术中出血较多.经内镜喷洒止血药物、电凝、氩离子束凝固治疗及金属钛夹钳夹止血,无术后出血,无ESD穿孔.所有EMR或ESD切除病变送检病理确诊,基底和切缘未见病变累及.术后1.5个月及6个月随访,创面愈合,无病变残留和复发.结论 超声内镜能够准确地诊断食管平滑肌瘤并指导其治疗.大多数食管平滑肌瘤的EMR治疗是简便和安全的.对于病灶较大、EMR难以完整切除的病变可行ESD治疗,也是安伞有效的,它可以完整切除食管病变,并提供完整的病理诊断资料.     

超声内镜精准评估肿瘤起源及组织学特征可提高食管平滑肌瘤的手术疗效

目的 探讨超声内镜评估肿瘤起源及组织学特征能否提高内镜下切除食管平滑肌瘤的手术疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2016年1月～2020年6月因食管黏膜下肿瘤于消化内科治疗并经病理证实为平滑肌瘤患者的临床资料。共58例食管平滑肌瘤患者接受术前超声内镜检查评估后进行内镜下切除。统计患者的肿瘤完整切除率、手术时间、住院时长及并发症发生情况。 结果 术前超声内镜提示,平滑肌瘤起源于黏膜肌层39例,固有肌层19例。瘤体平均直径1.50（0.2～6.5）cm,其中20例行内镜黏膜切除术(EMR),32例行内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE),6例行黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术(STER)。总体完整切除率为96.6%。平均手术时间为38.29（15～100）min。术后并发症发生率15.5%（9/58）,均经保守治疗后好转。在39例黏膜肌层起源平滑肌瘤中,20例行EMR,19例行ESE,两组患者的肿瘤大小及并发症发生上差异不显著,但EMR组的手术时间及患者术后住院天数明显更短（P<0.05）。在19例固有肌层起源平滑肌瘤中,13例行ESE,6例行STER,两组患者在肿瘤大小、手术时间、术后住院天数及并发症发生上差异均无显著统计学意义。 结论 术前超声内镜精准评估肿瘤起源及组织学特征可提高食管平滑肌瘤手术疗效。     

超声内镜指导下消化道间质瘤诊断及治疗

目的评价超声内镜对消化道间质瘤的诊断及治疗的指导意义。方法常规胃镜及结肠镜检查发现消化道隆起性病变并行超声内镜检查诊断为间质瘤患者92例,其中男性44例,女性48例;年龄18～71岁,平均年龄44岁。根据术前超声内镜检查显示起源层次及大小,分别采取内镜下治疗、手术治疗及随访。结果超声内镜诊断间质瘤共92例,食管39例,胃44例,十二指肠5例,结肠4例。发生于黏膜肌层47例,发生于固有肌层45例。内镜下治疗26例,其中高频电凝电切术6例,内镜下套扎术12例,内镜下黏膜切除术8例,内镜治疗术后出血1例,经内镜下保守治疗止血成功。外科手术治疗8例。内镜下治疗中14例病理检查均为良性间质瘤,手术治疗中3例为交界性间质瘤,5例为良性间质瘤。结论超声内镜对消化道间质瘤定性诊断有较高的特异度及灵敏度,使对消化道间质瘤内镜下治疗成为更快速、损伤更小、更为安全的治疗手段。     

内镜下十二指肠大乳头肿瘤切除术16例疗效分析并文献复习

目的探讨经十二指肠镜行十二指肠大乳头肿瘤切除术的疗效、安全性。方法选择十二指肠大乳头肿瘤患者16例,其中男性10例,女性6例;年龄32～74岁;平均年龄55.6岁。术前经内镜活组织检查为良性肿瘤,且经胰胆管腔内超声(IDUS)检查证实肿瘤未浸润至胆胰管;在十二指肠镜下行包括肿瘤在内的十二指肠大乳头切除;术后送病理检查,进一步确诊病理性质指导下一步治疗,并对患者定期进行随访。结果所有患者均于十二指肠镜下成功切除肿瘤。术后3例患者出现上消化道大出血,1例经给予内镜下止血联合药物治疗后好转,2例经给予药物治疗后好转;2例术后出现急性胰腺炎,经给予保守治疗后好转。2例因术后病理诊断为恶性而转外科手术治疗;无死亡病例发生。所有患者平均随访12.6个月,2例出现术后复发而转外科手术治疗。结论经十二指肠镜行十二指肠大乳头肿瘤切除术可行,安全、微创、有效。术前应充分完善相关检查,严格掌握手术适应证,警惕术后并发症的发生,及时予以处理。     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗食管胃接合处固有肌层来源的黏膜下肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)在食管胃接合处(EGJ)固有肌层来源的黏膜下肿瘤(SMTs)治疗中的有效性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2013年10月—2015年10月滨海县人民医院消化内科46例EGJ固有肌层来源的SMTs患者的临床资料,其中男25例、女21例,年龄34~69(46.3±12.7)岁;肿瘤直径1.2~3.0 cm,中位直径2.1 cm。46例患者均行STER治疗,手术切除标本均经病理学检查明确诊断;术后观察患者手术并发症发生情况,并随访疗效。结果 肿瘤完整切除率为100%。46例中,平滑肌瘤26例、胃肠间质瘤20例,切缘均阴性;手术时间42~125 min,中位时间85 min。术后7例发生少量皮下气肿伴气胸,未予特殊处理,保守治疗后痊愈;未发生迟发性出血、继发性感染及消化道瘘等并发症。46例均获随访,中位随访时间为8个月(1~24个月),无局部复发或转移者,无一例患者死亡。结论 采用STER治疗EGJ固有肌层来源的SMTs,短期疗效好、并发症少,术式安全有效。     

结直肠颗粒细胞瘤8例临床病理分析

目的探讨结直肠颗粒细胞瘤(granular cell tumor,GCT)的临床及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析8例结直肠GCT患者的临床特征、肠镜表现、肿瘤形态学特点、免疫表型特征、治疗及预后。结果 8例结直肠GCT中男性居多,平均发病年龄51.2岁。4例腹泻,2例便秘,2例无症状;肿瘤直径2~13 mm,平均6 mm;6处病灶位于近端结肠,3处病灶位于直肠。6例肿瘤行内镜下切除术,1例行腹腔镜下锲形切除术,1例为活检咬除。治疗后随访时间2个月~5年(中位数23个月),均未见肿瘤复发和转移的证据。结论结直肠GCT内镜下大多表现为黏膜隆起,免疫组化染色可明确诊断,内镜下切除疗效满意。     

胃血管球瘤1例

正患者女性,34岁。因间断性黑便10余天入院。患者既往体健,2014年7月26日在当地医院行胃镜检查示胃窦肿物,活检病理结果示胃窦慢性炎症伴腺体增生。7月28日赴上级医院行超声检查,超声内镜检查示胃窦黏膜下肿瘤。8月5日本院胃镜示与胃体交界处大弯侧见一较大的黏膜下球形隆起(图1)。遂行手术切除术。术后电话随访16个月,患者一般情况良好。病理检查眼观:手术切除胃黏膜组织一块,5.5 cm×4.5 cm×2.5 cm大小,切面黏膜下见一3 cm×2 cm×2.5 cm     

368例内镜切除早期食管癌及癌前病变回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析内镜下切除的食管鳞状上皮病变的临床病理学特征与预后。方法收集2007~2013年接受内镜切除治疗的368例早期食管癌或癌前病变患者,分析其临床病理学特征。Kaplan-Meier法构建生存曲线,单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析独立的预后因素。结果男性252例,女性116例,中位年龄61岁(16~84岁)。诊断为增生、上皮内瘤变低级别、上皮内瘤变高级别、上皮内癌(m1)、黏膜固有层浸润癌(m2)、黏膜肌层浸润癌(m3)、黏膜下浸润深度超过200μm(sm2)和黏膜下浸润深度不超过200μm(sm1)的病例数分别为47(12.8%)、61(16.6%)、61(16.6%)、54(14.7%)、38(10.3%)、63(17.1%)、12(3.3%)与32(8.7%)例。1年、3年和5年累积异时性食管病变发生率分别为4.1%、12.9%和32.6%。淋巴结或远处转移率在m3为1.54%,sm2为6.25%。1年、3年及5年总生存率分别为99.5%、97.3%和87.5%。sm2与非sm2患者转移率差异有显著性(P=0.021);但m3和sm2差异无显著性(P=0.252)。sm2和非sm2患者异时性食管病变发生率及生存率差异有显著性(P=0.401和P=0.634)。结论食管浅表鳞状上皮肿瘤内镜下切除是一种有效、相对安全的治疗手段,在特定的sm2患者,内镜切除依然是合适的;需要随访监测sm2患者第二原发肿瘤。     

鼻内镜下低温等离子刀切除术对鼻窦肿瘤患者术后黏膜恢复的效果

目的:分析鼻内镜下低温等离子刀切除术在鼻窦肿瘤术后患者黏膜恢复的效果.方法:选取2015年6月至2016年5月在本科室住院治疗的鼻窦肿瘤患者60例,按随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,观察并比较鼻内镜下低温等离子刀切除术在鼻窦肿瘤术后患者黏膜恢复的效果.结果:观察组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间以及并发症发生率均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患者的黏膜形态Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级例数以及黏膜上皮化时间均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:鼻内镜下低温等离子刀切除术在鼻窦肿瘤术后患者黏膜恢复的效果好,鼻腔黏膜上皮化时间短,能有效避免术后并发症发生,具有显著的临床效果,值得推广应用.     

128例内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃癌的护理

<正>胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期胃癌是指病灶不超过黏膜下层而无论有无转移的胃癌。早期胃癌的早期诊断和治疗大大提高了胃癌患者的预后[1]。随着消化内镜诊断和治疗技术的不断发展,内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)使早期胃癌病灶切除范围更加扩大,并且安全可靠,是内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)的补充和演进,目前已成为消化道早癌及其它肿瘤的内镜下切除的新技术[2]。为了探讨ESD治疗早期胃癌的最佳护理措施,现将我院128例经ESD治疗的早     

消化内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期食管癌的疗效分析

目的分析消化内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗早期食管癌的疗效及安全性。方法纳入早期食管癌患者99例,将其中以ESD为治疗方案的52例患者纳入ESD组,同期实施内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)的47例患者纳入EMR组,分析患者手术情况、术后情况、病灶切除效果、并发症及复发情况。结果与EMR组比较,ESD组手术时间和术后禁食时间较长,最大病灶直径较大,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组患者术后抗生素使用时间和住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ESD组病灶整块切除率及病灶完全切除率均高于EMR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ESD组患者术后12个月复发率低于EMR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ESD治疗直径较大的早期食管癌具有剥离病灶彻底、复发率较低的优势。     

应用内镜黏膜下剥离术处理食管黏膜病变疗效评价

目的应用内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)处理食管早癌及癌前病变,评价其疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年10月至2009年10月分别于复旦大学附属中山医院和新疆医科大学第六附属医院内镜检查及病理诊断为早期食管癌及癌前病变35例患者,其中男性24例,女性11例;年龄38～78岁,平均年龄60岁。对患者行内镜下治疗,观察术中出血、穿孔及术后食管狭窄的发生情况,统计病灶完整大块切除率与组织学完全切除率,通过随访评价复发或转移情况,对内镜治疗短期效果进行初步评价。结果完成ESD操作28例,7例(20.0%)改为内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)切除,手术耗时20～125min,平均耗时65 min。颈部气肿1例,术中穿孔2例(5.7%),术中少量出血8例(22.9%),术后延迟性出血1例。组织学治愈26例(74.3%)。除2例手术治疗外,32例完成随访,1例(3.3%)失访。随访4～26个月,中位随访时间10个月。随访中,3例复发,复发率9.4%(3/32),3例发生术后食管狭窄包括1例复发病例。结论 ESD治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变具有较好的疗效和安全性。     

Endoscopic interventional treatment for gastric schwannoma: a single-center experience

Background and aims: Endoscopic Interventional Treatment is of little trauma and less complications in the treatment of gastric schwannoma and leads to faster recovery and fewer days of hospitalization. This study was aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic interventional therapy for gastric schwannoma, including endoscopic submucosal excavation, non-laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection, endoscopic tunneling submucosal resection, and so on. Methods: Six patients of gastric schwannoma diagnosed by pathology examination were retrospectively analyzed ranging from Oct 2011 to Feb 2014 at Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University. Five of the six patients accepted endoscopic interventional therapy. Results: Among the five patients, there were four males and one female, aged from 48 to 65 years old (the average age was 58 ± 6.4). The lesions located at the fundus, the fundus-cardia, gastric body or gastric antrum, respectively, with the diameters ranged from 8 to 25 millimeter (the average was 17.1 ± 7.8 mm). All the patients were performed endoscopic interventional therapy successfully. Among five patients, one patient was treated by endoscopic tunneling submucosal resection, two by endoscopic submucosal excavation, and the other two were given endoscopic full-thickness resection. Operation duration was about 43 to 83 minutes (the average was 57.6 ± 16.1 minutes). The mass were completely removed, with limited bleeding. During the operation, perforation and pneumoperitoneum occurred in two patients, who finally recovered by endoscopic and conservative treatment. No bleeding, inflammation or infection occurred in these patients. The average follow-up time was (7.4 ± 4.4) months. Neither recurrence nor metastasis was found during follow-up. Conclusion: Endoscopic interventional therapy is a safe and effective treatment for gastric schwannoma.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine‐needle aspiration for diagnosing upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: A prospective study of 50 cases

The objective was to assess EUS‐FNA for diagnosing intramural upper GI tract lesions. The subjects were 50 patients (21M/29F) with upper GI submucosal lesions who underwent EUS‐FNA at a referral center for GI system over a 12‐month period. All cases were followed for 1 year after initial EUS‐FNA. Cytologic diagnoses were categorized as benign, malignant, suspicious for malignancy, mesenchymal tumor, endocrine tumor, or nondiagnostic. All tumors were assessed for various cytomorphologic features. The accuracy of the initial FNA diagnoses was evaluated for each patient who also underwent subsequent histopathological examination of a core biopsy and/or surgical biopsy/resection material of the same lesion. According to the site of the lesions; while 84% of all esophageal lesions were diagnosed as mesenchymal; 67% of all gastric lesions were mesenchymal. The sole lesion was nonmesenchymal (benign cyst) in duodenum. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of EUS‐FNA for diagnosing submucosal mesenchymal tumors of the upper GI tract were 82.9, 73.3, 87.9, 64.7, and 80%, respectively. The corresponding values for nonmesenchymal lesions were 100, 85.7, 80, 100, and 90.9%. Our experience confirms that EUS‐FNA is an extremely valuable tool for diagnosing submucosal lesions of the upper GI, and is particularly useful in cases where endoscopic forceps biopsy does not lead to diagnosis. Optimal results can be yielded by a close working relationship between the gastroenterologist and pathologist. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Paraneoplastic vasculitis associated with esophageal carcinoma

We report a case of esophageal carcinoma associated with paraneoplastic vasculitis. A 69-year-old man suffered from low-grade fever and numbness of the lower limbs for 3 months before esophageal and gastric carcinomas were detected. Concurrent infection or collagen disease was ruled out following clinical and laboratory examinations. In April 1996, the gastric carcinoma was completely removed by endoscopic mucosal resection, but the symptoms remained. Three weeks later esophagectomy was performed for esophageal carcinoma after which time the fever and numbness disappeared. The esophageal carcinoma was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma invading into the submucosal layer. Twenty-two lymph node metastases were found in 68 resected lymph nodes. Latent thyroid cancer was found. Histologically, vasculitis was detected in the esophagus, stomach and serratus anterior muscle. The distribution and degree of vasculitis were most pronounced in the esophagus. The concurrent onset and spontaneous resolution of fever and numbness after the removal of the esophageal carcinoma suggested a paraneoplastic origin. The majority of patients with malignant neoplasm-associated vasculitis had hematologic neoplasms. Cases of esophageal carcinoma associated with paraneoplastic vasculitis are extremely rare.     

Parameters predicting lymph node metastasis in patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Endoscopic resection is a less invasive treatment than esophagectomy for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but patients with lymph node metastasis need additional treatment after endoscopic resection. The purpose of this study was to establish a set of indicators to identify superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients at a high risk of metastasis. In all, 271 superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma esophagectomy cases were reviewed retrospectively. The relationships between clinicopathological parameters and immunohistochemical findings (p53, cyclin D1, EGFR and VEGF) on tissue microarrays, on the one hand, and lymph node metastasis were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Patients with intraluminal masses and ulcerated masses had a high risk of lymph node metastasis. Patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (1) thinner than 1200?μm; (2) confined to the mucosa; (3) with submucosal invasion <250?μm; (4) with submucosal invasion ≥250?μm but with negative VEGF expression and well/moderately differentiated or basaloid histology; or (5) with submucosal invasion ≥250?μm but with weak VEGF expression and well-differentiated histology had almost no risk of lymph node metastasis. We recommend endoscopic resection for all erosive, papillary and plaque-like superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas where endoscopic resection is clinically feasible, and esophagectomy for all other erosive, papillary and plaque-like cases and all intraluminal masses and ulcerated tumors. No additional treatment is needed for endoscopic resection cases with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (1) thinner than 1200?μm; (2) confined to the mucosa; (3) with submucosal invasion <250?μm; (4) with submucosal invasion ≥250?μm but with negative VEGF expression and well/moderately differentiated or basaloid histology; or (5) with submucosal invasion ≥250?μm but with weak VEGF expression and well-differentiated histology. These clinical and pathological criteria should enable more accurate selection of patients for these procedures.