Fluid-fluid levels in bone and soft tissue tumors demonstrated by MR imaging]

Fluid-fluid levels in bone tumors have been described in aneurysmal bone cysts and other cystic tumors of bones and soft tissue tumors. We experienced three bone tumors (simple bone cyst, bone metastasis, and osteosarcoma) and three soft tissue tumors (fibrosarcoma, two cases of cavernous hemangioma) that showed fluid-fluid levels on MR, and investigated their cause. Causes included blood in the cystic spaces, hemorrhage in the tumor, the telangiectatic component of the osteosarcoma, and the cavernous component of the hemangioma. No specific diagnosis could be made based on the finding of fluid-fluid levels. We conclude that fluid-fluid levels on MR are rather nonspecific findings in bone and soft tissue tumors and that the diagnosis should be made on the basis of other radiological and clinical findings.     

CT demonstration of fluid-fluid levels in nonenhancing hemangiomas of the liver

A fluid-fluid level was observed in three cases of liver hemangioma and in two cases of liver cancer. The patients with hemangioma of the liver did not show enhancement on dynamic CT and the fluid-fluid levels were not detected by ultrasound in two of these patients. Fluid-fluid levels detected by CT but not by ultrasound strongly suggested the diagnosis of nonenhancing hemangioma of the liver.     

Prevalence, extension and characteristics of fluid-fluid levels in bone and soft tissue tumors

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, extension and signal characteristics of fluid-fluid levels in a large series of 700 bone and 700 soft tissue tumors. Out of a multi-institutional database, MRI of 700 consecutive patients with a bone tumor and MRI of 700 consecutive patients with a soft tissue neoplasm were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of fluid-fluid levels. Extension (single, multiple and proportion of the lesion occupied by fluid-fluid levels) and signal characteristics on magnetic resonance imaging of fluid-fluid levels were determined. In all patients, pathologic correlation was available. Of 700 patients with a bone tumor, 19 (10 male and 9 female; mean age, 29 years) presented with a fluid-fluid level (prevalence 2.7%). Multiple fluid-fluid levels occupying at least one half of the total volume of the lesion were found in the majority of patients. Diagnoses included aneurysmal bone cyst (ten cases), fibrous dysplasia (two cases), osteoblastoma (one case), simple bone cyst (one case), telangiectatic osteosarcoma (one case), “brown tumor” (one case), chondroblastoma (one case) and giant cell tumor (two cases). Of 700 patients with a soft tissue tumor, 20 (9 males and 11 females; mean age, 34 years) presented with a fluid-fluid level (prevalence 2.9%). Multiple fluid-fluid levels occupying at least one half of the total volume of the lesion were found in the majority of patients. Diagnoses included cavernous hemangioma (12 cases), synovial sarcoma (3 cases), angiosarcoma (1 case), aneurysmal bone cyst of soft tissue (1 case), myxofibrosarcoma (1 case) and high-grade sarcoma “not otherwise specified” (2 cases). In our series, the largest reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge, the presence of fluid-fluid levels is a rare finding with a prevalence of 2.7 and 2.9% in bone and soft tissue tumors, respectively. Fluid-fluid levels remain a non-specific finding and can occur in a wide range of bone and soft tissue tumors, both benign and malignant. Therefore, they cannot be considered diagnostic of any particular type of tumor, and the diagnosis should be made on the basis of other radiological and clinical findings.     

Fluid-fluid levels in benign neurogenic tumors.

We report two cases of cystic lesions in the head and neck, one a cystic schwannoma and the other a neurofibroma, both of which showed fluid-fluid levels on MR images. The differential diagnosis of fluid-fluid levels in the head and neck region should include cystic hygromas, aneurysmal bone cysts, soft-tissue cavernous hemangiomas, and simple bone cysts.     

Vanishing tumor of the temporalis muscle: repeated hemorrhage in an intramuscular venous hemangioma.

We present a rare case of venous hemangioma in the temporalis muscle that repeatedly and spontaneously enlarged and disappeared over several months. MR imaging depicted multiple fluid-fluid levels in the tumor alongside characteristic findings of hemangioma, indicating that the peculiar course was due to hemorrhage and blood resorption within the tumor.     

Fluid-fluid level: a nonspecific finding in tumors of bone and soft tissue

Fluid-fluid levels have commonly been reported to occur in aneurysmal bone cysts but have also been seen in telangiectatic osteosarcoma, chondroblastoma, and giant cell tumor of bone. The authors reviewed their experience with nine bone and three soft-tissue tumors that showed fluid-fluid levels on computed tomographic or magnetic resonance images. The bone tumors included fibrous dysplasia, simple bone cyst, recurrent malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, two classical osteosarcomas, and four aneurysmal bone cysts. The soft-tissue tumors included soft-tissue hemangioma and two synovial sarcomas. Except for aneurysmal bone cysts, these types of tumors have not been reported to be associated with fluid-fluid levels. Radiologic-pathologic correlation was available in seven patients; in all seven, the fluid-fluid levels indicated prior hemorrhage. The authors conclude that the presence of fluid-fluid levels in bone or soft-tissue tumors cannot be considered diagnostic of any particular tumor.     

磁敏感加权成像对颅内多发海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨磁共振磁敏感加权成像序列(SWI)对脑内多发海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值。方法:前瞻性地采用磁共振SWI序列及快速自旋回波序列TSE-T1WI、T2WI对6例颅内多发海绵状血管瘤患者进行扫描,分析MRI不同扫描序列图像区别。结果:6例患者中TSE T1WI发现海绵状血管瘤病灶23个,TSE T2WI发现病灶92个,SWI发现病灶192个。结论:在显示颅内多发海绵状血管瘤方面,SWI较TSE序列有明显优势,特别是对于小病灶的检出。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理及MR特征

目的:结合颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理特征,分析其MRI影像学表现.方法:搜集颅内海绵状血管瘤共53例,其中脑内型40例,脑外型13例,全部病例均行MRI检查.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤MRI大多表现为爆米花样或桑椹状的混杂信号灶,周边围以低信号环;脑外型T1WI表现为均匀低信号,T2WI为高信号,增强扫描明显强化.结论:不同类型的颅内海绵状血管瘤具有不同的病理学特点,导致其MRI表现的不同,其手术方案及预后亦有很大差异.利用MRI检查术前可做出准确诊断,从而指导手术方案的制订.     

Ultrasonography of small hepatic tumors

The differential accuracy of ultrasonographic examinations of small hepatic tumours was analyzed by receiver-operating characteristics. Using only one image of a single hepatic tumor under 3 cm in diameter as revealed by real-time scanner, the readers were requested to select one out of five diagnoses (hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic tumor, cavernous hemangioma, cyst, or miscellaneous) and to choose the credibility from five levels of confidence. The averaged diagnostic accuracy was 68% in hepatocellular carcinoma, 70% in metastatic tumor, and 77% in cavernous hemangioma. Hepatic tumors were classified retrospectively into eight ultrasonographic patterns, based on mutual consent. The mosaic and hypoechoic patterns were relatively characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma (91% and 92% respectively). Except for these two patterns, ultrasonographic findings in small liver tumors were nonspecific, including frequently reported hyperechoic pattern for cavernous hemangioma.     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑内与脑外海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法:搜集45例颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI影像资料进行分析,MRI检查45例,CT检查30例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤42例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤3例,均经手术病理证实.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,无明显占位效应,周围无或轻度水肿.CT检查的全部病例呈稍高及混杂密度影27例,增强扫描大都无强化;MRI检查T2 WI表现为"桑葚状"混杂高信号,周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶仅少数轻度强化.脑外型病灶位于中颅窝鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形或类圆形较均匀的稍长T1明显长T2信号,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化.结论:脑内与脑外型海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征,MRI优于CT像,特别是MRI的T2 WI像有助于明确诊断.     

肌肉血管瘤的X线诊断：附100例分析

作者复习了１３年来诊治的肌肉血管瘤１００例，发现海绵状血管瘤８９例，蔓状血管瘤１１例。描述了两种血管瘤Ｘ线表现特点，讨论了海绵状血管瘤和蔓状血管瘤的正确概念。提出了不同的血管瘤应选择不同的造影方法。肯定了Ｘ线检查是诊断肌肉血管瘤的主要手段，并对手术治疗帮助很大。     

小角度激发快速梯度回波序列在脑内海绵状血管瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨小角度激发快速梯度回波（fast low angle shot,FLASH）序列成像在脑内海绵状血管瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法搜集并分析14例脑内海绵状血管瘤患者影像资料,MR检查包括进行常规自旋回波T1WI（SE-T1WI）、快速自旋回波T2WI（FSE-T2WI）、液体衰减翻转恢复（FLAIR）序列、FLASH序列及Gd-DTPA增强扫描,将FLASH图像与常规序列图像进行对比。结果 14例海绵状血管瘤中,常规序列显示病灶21个,FLASH显示35个,明显多于常规序列,且显示更清楚。结论 FLASH序列成像对脑内海绵状血管瘤检出有高度敏感性,在脑内海绵状血管瘤的诊断中有重要价值。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨CT和MRI对颅内海绵状血管瘤的表现和诊断价值。资料与方法 经手术病理证实的颅内海绵状血管瘤22例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤21例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤1例。10例行CT检查,16例行MRI检查,13例行MRA检查。结果 脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,周围无或轻度水肿,无明显占位效应。CT平扫为稍高密度影,钙化占72．7％,增强扫描大都无强化;MR T1WI表现为桑葚状混杂高信号．周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶大都无强化;MRA检查未见异常血管。脑外型病灶位于中颅窝、鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形较均匀的稍长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描见明显均匀强化．MRA检查未见异常血管。结论 脑内型海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现较有特异性,结合CT和MRA可明确诊断;脑外型者易误诊,对CT和MRI表现类似的中颅窝脑膜瘤,应考虑到本病的可能。     

CT、MRI与DSA在脑内型海绵状血管瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT、MRI与DSA检查在脑内型海绵状血管瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的22例脑内型海绵状血管瘤患者资料,CT平扫22例,其中增强扫描17例。MRI检查22例,其中增强扫描13例。DSA检查5例。结果CT表现为高密度,略高密度,等密度。MRI表现为T1WI呈等或略低信号、T2WI呈高信号;T1WI与T2WI均呈高信号,病灶周围可见低信号环;T1WI与T2WI均呈低信号。病灶无占位效应或占位效应轻微,病灶多为不强化及轻微强化。DSA检查无肿瘤染色。结论脑内型海绵状血管瘤MRI表现典型,比CT表现更具特异性,与CT检查结合是诊断脑内型海绵状血管瘤的有效方法,参考DSA表现有利于脑内型海绵状血管瘤的诊断。     

超声诊断非典型肝血管瘤的临床应用价值

目的　探讨超声诊断非典型肝血管瘤的临床应用价值。方法　对 3 6例经CT检查、MRI、超声引导下经皮肝穿刺活检和 (或 )手术病理证实的非典型肝血管瘤的超声及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 2DE +CDFI检查 2 9例 ,超声诊断符合率 83 % ( 2 4/ 2 9) ,单用 2DE检查 7例 ,超声诊断符合率仅 43 % ( 3 / 7)。结论　超声是肝血管瘤检查的首选方法 ,CDFI对非典型肝血管瘤能作出较准确的诊断     

海绵状血管瘤常规MRI和SWI影像对比分析

目的 对比分析海绵状血管瘤（CCM）常规MRI和磁敏感加权成像（SWI）的影像学特点,提高对CCM的影像学表现的认识.方法 回顾分析2010年8月~2012年8月我院诊断的CCM患者23例病例资料,采用Siemens Tim Tro3.0T超导磁共振系统进行扫描,分别从CCM的形态学表现、CCM出血表现及钙化方面,对比分析MRI和SWI的影像学表现.结果 23例中,常规MRI发现病灶22个,表现为＂桑葚＂状或＂爆米花＂样高、低混杂信号;发现钙化灶5个,出血灶13个.SWI发现病灶60个,其中钙化灶28个,出血灶32个,35个表现为完全低信号,47个可见＂铁环征＂,此外SWI还能显示CCM另一特征：周围引流小静脉.结论 常规MRI＋SWI是诊断CCM首选方法,能较好地反映其病理学特点,为临床诊断、治疗提供有力依据.     

Nd：YAG激光治疗婴幼儿皮肤血管瘤186例疗效分析

目的比较Nd∶YAG激光治疗不同类型婴幼儿体表血管瘤的效果。方法婴幼儿皮肤血管瘤患者186例,年龄5d至12个月。其中草莓状血管瘤114例,海绵状血管瘤37例,混合型血管瘤35例。Nd∶YAG激光波长1 064 nm,脉冲宽度10～30 ms,频率1～10 Hz,能量密度10～50 J/cm2,光斑直径1～3 mm。治疗2～5次后,比较三种血管瘤的疗效。结果草莓状血管瘤、海绵状血管瘤和混合型血管瘤的总有效率分别是98.2%,18.47%和80.0%。结论 Nd∶YAG激光是治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的有效方法,草莓状血管瘤的疗效好于海绵状血管瘤与混合型血管瘤,后两种血管瘤的疗效没有差异。     

螺旋CT多时相扫描鉴别诊断肝细胞癌和血管瘤

目的:探讨螺旋CT多时相扫描对肝细胞癌和血管瘤的鉴别诊断。材料和方法:对37例患者(肝癌16例,血管瘤21例)行螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描,分析其表现。结果:37例平扫均发现低密度灶。肝细胞癌在动脉期75%有显著增强,呈高密度,在门静脉期和延迟期则呈低密度;血管瘤54%动脉期有典型增强表现,门静脉期100%有增强,24%全部填充,延迟期91%为高密度或等密度。结论:肝细胞癌和血管瘤在螺旋CT多时相增强扫描中,各有其典型的CT表现,两者鉴别的关键是门静脉期。     

眼眶海绵状血管瘤的影像学表现及其意义

目的 研究眼眶海绵状血管瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ征象,并着重探讨海绵状血管瘤的特异性征象即“渐进性强化”,及其在诊断和鉴别诊断海绵状血管瘤中的价值。方法 对经手术病理证实的眼眶海绵状血管瘤５８例进行回顾性分析。所有病例均行Ｂ超检查,其中ＣＴ检查４８例,ＣＴ增强扫描４３例,动态增强扫描１０例;ＭＲＩ检查２７例,动态增强扫描２４例。结果 ＣＴ增强后３６例（８３．７％）显示不同程度的片状强化,１０例ＣＴ动态增强     

The role of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma

The cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign orbital tumor in adults. Its presentation is during the forth to fifth decades with a slowly progressive unilateral proptosis. Intraconal cavernous hemangiomas may be difficult to differentiate from other intraconal lesions such as schwannomas, meningiomas and hemangiopericytomas. We report a case of orbital cavernous hemangioma diagnosed by Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy. Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy revealed a typical scintigraphic pattern in which there is intense focally increased uptake on the delayed image. We conclude that Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy can be a useful method in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma as in hepatic hemangioma.