心脏手术患者急性肾损伤危险因素及预后的前瞻性队列研究

  目的 观察心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病危险因素及预后影响因素。 方法 前瞻性收集2009年4月至2011年5月住院接受心脏外科手术治疗患者资料,包括人口统计学资料、术前一般情况、手术类型、围手术期情况及预后等。结果 共纳入4007例心脏手术患者,死亡77例（1.9%）,术后发生AKI 1250例,发病率为31.2%,接受肾脏替代治疗（RRT）者104例,RRT治疗率2.6%;AKI组院内病死率显著高于非AKI组（5.4%比0.3%,P<0.01）;AKI后接受RRT(AKI-RRT)患者院内病死率36.5% (38/104)。心脏移植术后AKI发病率最高（73.0%）、院内病死率最高（18.9%）,其次为冠状动脉（冠脉）旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术（AKI发病率57.8%、院内病死率6.1%）、主动脉瘤手术（AKI发病率52.1%、院内病死率5.5%）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示：男性、年龄、BMI、高血压、慢性心力衰竭、术前血肌酐>106.0 μmol/L、术中心肺旁路时间、术中低血压、主动脉瘤手术为心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素;术前血肌酐>106.0μmol/L、术中低血压是影响AKI后肾功能完全恢复的独立危险因素,而尿量恢复是肾功能完全恢复的有利因素。结论 心脏手术后AKI发病率高、预后较差,其发病与围手术期多种危险因素密切相关。心脏移植术、冠脉旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术及主动脉瘤手术为术后AKI发病的高危手术。     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾损伤相关危险因素分析

目的 分析体外循环心脏手术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素及血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)的变化趋势.方法 回顾分析114例体外循环心脏直视手术患者的临床资料,根据基础Scr水平,采用AKI网络推荐标准(AKIN)分为A、B、C、D4个组,绘制四组Scr、Bun的变化趋势图,分析四组患者围手术期各项观察指标,探讨AKI发生的相关危险因素.结果 心脏术后发生AKI患者的Scr、Bun水平经历了1～3 d升高和2～3 d的恢复过程.单因素分析显示,术前Scr正常的患者,基础Scr值、体外循环(CPB)时间、阻断时间、术后总引流量、术后输入红细胞量是心脏术后发生AKI的相关危险因素.多因素回归分析显示,基础Scr值和LVEF＜40％可能是发生AKI的独立危险因素.对于肾功能不全者,术后总引流量是发生AKI的相关危险因素.结论 心脏术后肾功能指标Scr和BUN的变化趋势有一定规律.AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素密切相关,基础Scr值与肾功能可能并不一致.对心脏手术患者应加强术前评估和术中、术后监测,预防和减少AKI的发生.     

术前肌酐增高患者心外术后急性肾损伤的药物影响因素

目的:分析术前肌酐增高患者行心外科手术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的药物影响因素。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2008年3月至2008年10月,1 700例心外科手术患者术前肌酐增高患者124例。按照急性肾损伤网络组织(AKIN)制定的AKI诊断标准,将患者分为AKI和非AKI组,采用单因素比较和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析术前肌酐增高患者发生术后AKI的药物因素。结果:术前两组在一般情况如性别、年龄、体质量指数、合并糖尿病、高血压合并症的数目、心功能III~IV级、血清肌酐水平及评估的肾小球滤过率(e GFR)没有明显差别;两组的术中情况如手术方式、麻醉方式、手术持续时间、术中出血量、术中输液、输血量及术中尿量方面,也没有明显差别。术前及术后用药显示:AKI组术后静脉应用呋塞米的患者及静脉呋塞米单次剂量≥40mg的患者,明显多于非AKI组,而静脉应用多巴胺的患者明显少于非AKI组(P<0.01);二组术前血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂(ARB)等降压药物及他汀类降脂药物的应用没有明显差别。进一步Logistic回归分析显示:静脉应用呋塞米是术前肌酐升高患者心外手术后发生AKI的危险因素,而多巴胺则是心外手术后AKI的保护因素。结论:术后静脉用呋塞米是术前肌酐增高患者术后AKI的危险因素,静脉用多巴胺是术前肌酐增高患者术后AKI的保护因素。     

急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者体外循环术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者体外循环术后发生急性肾损伤的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年7月至2018年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院心脏大血管外科收治的急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层手术患者的临床资料。根据KDIGO标准分为AKI组及非AKI组,将两组资料进行对比分析,探讨TA-AAD患者术后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 共入选患者134例,未发生AKI患者68例;发生AKI患者66例（49.3%）,其中24例患者需要肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）。AKI组死亡率明显高于非AKI组。单因素分析显示患者性别、术前血红蛋白以及高血压疾病史、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后ICU停留时间、术后气管插管时间及术后死亡率差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示女性患者、高血压疾病史、术后气管插管时间为TA-AAD患者体外循环术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。 结论 女性患者、高血压疾病史、术后气管插管时间为TA-AAD患者体外循环术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

肌酐增高患者对心外科手术后急性肾损伤的影响

目的:探讨心外科手术患者术前肌酐升高对于术后急性肾损伤(AKI)发生及恢复的影响。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院,2008年3月至2008年10月,1 700例心外科手术患者,根据术前肌酐水平将患者分为术前肌酐正常组及术前肌酐增高组,按照急性肾损伤网络组织(AKIN)制定的AKI诊断标准,筛选出AKI患者,分析术前肌酐水平对AKI发生及恢复的影响。结果:1 700例心外科手术患者术后发生AKI 264例(15.5%);术前肌酐水平增高的患者较术前肌酐水平正常的患者其术后AKI的发生率明显增高(44.2%vs.12.4%,P<0.01);术前肌酐水平和年龄是术前肌酐增高组患者术后AKI发生率高于术前肌酐正常组患者的主要因素;术前肌酐正常患者合并糖尿病或高血压不增加AKI的发生(P>0.05),但是术前肌酐增高患者合并糖尿病或高血压增加AKI的发生率(P<0.05);术前肌酐增高患者术后AKI在7天内恢复率明显低于术前肌酐正常患者。结论:心外科手术患者术前肌酐升高不仅增加术后AKI发生率,也增大合并糖尿病或高血压患者发生AKI的风险性,且发生的AKI较难在短期内恢复。     

中心静脉压在体外循环心脏术后急性肾损伤中的作用

目的:观察中心静脉压(CVP)对体外循环心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的影响。方法:前瞻性观察2013年7月1日至2014年5月30日期间,在安贞医院行体外循环心脏手术的患者。根据患者手术结束时的CVP是否10mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)来分为高CVP组或低CVP组。收集手术类型、术前射血分数、术前血清肌酐水平、术后血清肌酐水平、术中体外循环时间、术后重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间、术后机械通气时间等围术期临床资料。患者出院后所有患者均进行电话随访。采用Cox回归模型分析预后相关影响因素。结果:共有1 941例患者纳入本研究,患者平均年龄为(51.97±13.62)岁。CVP组801例(41.3%),低CVP组1 140例。高CVP组347例(43.3%)患者发生AKI,低CVP组86例患者发生AKI,差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。高CVP组每一期AKI的发病率均高于低CVP组。多因素分析显示,CVP与AKI相关(OR=1.416(1.346~1.489),P0.0001),而MAP与CO和AKI无相关性。高CVP组患者30天死亡30例(3.8%),低CVP组死亡6例(0.5%),两组病死率差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。多因素回归分析发现CVP使患者病死率增加(HR:1.196,每增加1mm Hg,95%CI:1.114~1.285,P0.0001)。结论:CVP增高与体外循环心脏术后发生AKI有关,是患者死亡的独立危险因素。     

老年心脏手术后急性肾损伤发生的危险因素

目的 探讨老年心脏手术后发生急性肾损伤的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析行体外循环心脏手术老年患者218例术后发生急性肾损伤的相关因素.结果 术后发生急性肾损伤34例(急性肾损伤组),未发生急性肾损伤184例(非急性肾损伤组).单因素分析显示,术前血肌酐水平升高、术前左室射血分数降低、术前低蛋白血症、术前高血尿酸、体外循环时间延长、主动脉阻断时间延长、术后pH值异常、术后低血压可能导致术后发生急性肾损伤.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:血肌酐水平、左室射血分数、术前高血尿酸、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后低血压是老年心脏术后发生急性肾损伤的独立危险因素.结论 手术前后应准确评估术后急性肾损伤发生的潜在危险性,对术前血肌酐≥140 μmol/L、左室射血分数＜35％、血尿酸＞430 μmol/L、手术中心肺转流时间和主动脉阻断时间长及术后监测发现低血压者应加强术后监测.     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨体外循环(CPB)心脏手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月~6月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心脏外科收治的1070例CPB心脏手术患者资料,其中男性570例,女性500例。依据术后是否发生急性肾损伤分为非AKI组(n=850)和AKI组(n=220)。翻阅患者病历资料,记录患者性别、年龄、体质指数、合并疾病、心功能分级(NYHA)、左室射血分数、术前血常规、肾功能、CPB及手术情况、机械通气辅助时间、术后24 h输血量等资料。结果与非AKI组比较,AKI组年龄、高血压比例、糖尿病比例、体质指数、心功能分级、肌酐、体外循环转机时间、主动脉阻断时间、术中输血量、术中出血量、使用羟乙基淀粉量、术后24 h输血量、机械通气时间等增加,左室射血分数和血红蛋白水平降低,使用右美托咪啶、主动脉球囊反搏、深低温停循环、CPB超滤的比例以及术后低血压比例减少,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥55岁(OR=1.823,95%CI:1.594~3.083)、高血压(OR=1.465,95%CI:1.254~1.762)、术前肌酐≥79.5μmol/L(OR=1.331,95%CI:1.160~3.249)、体外循环转机时间≥110 min(OR=2.104,95%CI:1.326~7.340)、术后低血压(OR=1.988,95%CI:1.358~2.947)是CPB术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,应用CPB超滤(OR=0.655,95%CI:0.512~0.871)、使用右美托咪啶(OR=0.573,95%CI:0.339~0.901)是保护性因素。结论年龄≥55岁、高血压、术前肌酐≥79.5μmol/L、体外循环转机时间≥110 min、术后低血压是CPB术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,应用CPB超滤和右美托咪啶是CPB术后发生AKI的保护因素,临床医生应予以重视。     

A型主动脉夹层术后发生急性肾损伤行持续肾脏替代治疗的危险因素

目的 探讨A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生急性肾损伤（AKI）行连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的危险因素。方法 选取A型主动脉夹层患者690例,体外循环术后依据AKI诊断及CRRT指征将其分为AKI行CRRT 77例（CRRT组）、无AKI未行CRRT 613例（非CRRT组）。收集患者临床资料,用多因素Logistic回归分析A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生AKI行CRRT的危险因素。结果 两组术前血胱抑素C升高比例、血肌红蛋白升高比例、血肌酐水平及手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、红细胞输注量、血浆输注量比较差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,血胱抑素C升高（OR=2.213,95%CI:1.006～4.868）、红细胞输注量大（OR=2.161,95%CI:1.705～2.738）、体外循环时间长（OR=1.221,95%CI:1.150～1.295）是A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生AKI行CRRT的危险因素。结论 术前血胱抑素C水平升高、体外循环时间长及术中红细胞输注量多的A型主动脉夹层患者术后易发生AKI,需行CRRT。     

心脏外科手术后急性肾损伤患者的临床特征

目的:观察心脏外科手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率、临床特点及危险因素,为临床更好地认识、早期干预提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月至2018年6月西安交通大学第一附属医院行心脏外科手术的患者,筛选出AKI患者及非AKI患者,记录病例资料、分析其危险因素。结果:行心脏外科手术的患者575例,术后发生AKI的患者177例(30.78%),AKI组病死率显著高于非AKI组(10.17%vs 0.5%,P0.001)。心脏术后AKI主要发生在术后24h内,且以AKI 1期为主。AKI 1期、2期及3期发生率分别为19.13%(110/575)、5.22%(30/575)、6.43%(37/575),各期死亡率分别为2.72%(3/110)、10.00%(3/30)、32.43%(12/37),三组间病死率差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,体外循环手术(OR=1.436,95%CI1.168～1.765)、高龄(每增加10岁)(OR=1.623,95%CI 1.168～2.009)、既往心脏手术史(OR=7.807,95%CI 1.338～45.563)、术前胱抑素C高水平(OR=3.576,95%CI 1.39～9.197)、围术期感染(OR=1.436,95%CI 1.168～1.765)、心肺旁路时间(每增加30 min)(OR=1.457,95%CI 1.077～1.971)是心脏术后AKI发生的独立危险因素。结论:心脏外科手术后AKI发生率为30.78%,AKI组患者死亡率较非AKI组显著增加,应警惕其危险因素,做到早诊断早干预。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.