福建省HIV-1流行毒株基因分型与流行特征分析

目的了解HIV-I流行株在福建省感染人群中的基因亚型分布及流行特征。方法随机抽取福建省2003-2005年发现的70例HIV感染者血样，提取前病毒DNA进行体外扩增，获得核心蛋白（gag）、包膜蛋白（env）及pol区基因的核酸片段，并对各基因区核苷酸序列进行测定和序列分析。结果选取46份流行病学资料以及不同基因区域序列资料完整的样本进入亚型分析，结果显示目标人群中存在B、C2种亚型以及CRF07-BC、CRF08-BC、CRF01-AE3种流行重组型，以及国内未见报道的B／F重组毒株、A1／D重组毒株等，其中以CRF01-AE重组毒株为主，占69．56％。基因亚型的流行特征分析显示，本省感染的HIV患者中以CRF01-AE重组型占多数，可能的新型重组型全部分布于境外感染者中；在性接触传播的感染者（71．74％）中呈现多种亚型分布的特征；随着时间变化福建省HIV感染者的亚型分布发生变化。结论福建省HIV-I亚型分布众多，各亚型在不同感染地分布不平衡，性乱人群中的亚型分布较为复杂，从总的亚型流行特征来看，HIV-1在我省有流行加快的趋势。     

河北省不同途径感染人群HIV-1基因亚型分析

目的了解河北省不同途径感染人群艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)亚型分布特点。方法从感染者的血浆样品中提取病毒RNA,反转录后采用套式聚合酶链反应(Nested PCR)扩增HIV-1 gag和env基因的部分片段,对PCR产物直接进行核苷酸序列测定,所获序列与各亚型国际参考株序列比对,进行系统进化树分析,确定基因型。结果对154份HIV-1感染者的样品进行扩增,得到了146份样品的HIV-1基因片段。发现6种HIV-1亚型和重组型,其中B’亚型61例(41.8%),CRF01_AE 59例(40.4%),CRF07_BC 16例(11.0%),CRF08_BC 6例(4.1%),C亚型和B01重组株各2例(1.4%)。血液途径传播为B’亚型,男男性行为传播以CRF01_AE和B’亚型为主。结论河北省不同途径感染人群HIV-1亚型分布具有明显的人群特征。血液途径传播者为单一B’亚型,性传播人群中亚型分布较广。     

九江市HIV-1流行毒株基因序列测定和亚型分析

目的了解九江市艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)流行毒株的亚型分布情况。方法对采集的6份九江市HIV-1感染者的血浆样品进行RT-PCR扩增,获得gag基因的核酸片断进行核苷酸序列分析。结果在6份样品中发现B’亚型HIV-1毒株4株,B亚型和A/E重组亚型HIV-1毒株各1株。结论HIV-1流行毒株亚型在九江市分布情况复杂,防控形势严峻。     

出入境人群HIVenv基因部分序列特征和亚型研究

目的 对出入境人员中的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者进行病毒基因型测定，监测国内外流行的HIV毒株的状况及其变化。方法 用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)或直接套式PCR方法扩增HIVenv基因C2-V3区及其邻近的基因片段，然后直接进行核苷酸序列测定，与国际标准亚型序列比较，确定基因型并进行系统分析。结果 2003年确认的19例HIV阳性样品中，15例扩增出目的基因片段并进行了序列测定，确定为B亚型4例，B’亚型2例，D亚型2例，CRF01-AE重组亚型1例，CRF02-AG重组亚型6例。这些不同亚型的HIV-1感染者来自包括中国在内的6个国家。HIV-1基因型的分布与我国国内有很大不同。结论 出入境人群中HIV-1基因型种类多且复杂，监测出入境人群HIV基因型及其变化对于发现和鉴定新型变异毒株十分重要。     

河南和新疆地区HIV-1毒株gp120和gag基因的变异分析

目的分析中国河南和新疆地区艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)毒株gp120和gag基因全长序列的变异特征。方法PCR扩增河南和新疆HIV-1确认阳性样本前病毒DNA gp120和gag全长基因,测序得到40份gp120和41份gag基因序列,用GCG软件包等软件进行分析。结果河南省HIV-1毒株为B′亚型,新疆维吾尔自治区HIV-1毒株为CRF07 BC亚型。B′亚型毒株gp120基因中变异程度最大的区段是V5区段,最小的是C1区段;CRF07BC亚型毒株中变异最大的是V1区段,最小的是C4区段。两种亚型毒株gp120和gag基因的Ks/Ka值<1(P<0.05)。结论对于病毒基因全长序列的分析可以更多地反映病毒的特性。gp120基因各个区段在B′和CRF07BC亚型毒株中的变异程度不一致。B′和CRF07 BC亚型毒株的gp120基因和gag基因都受到正向选择压力的作用。     

桂北地区HIV-1感染者HIV-1病毒亚型分布观察

目的观察桂北地区HIV感染者HIV-1病毒亚型分布。方法采集桂北地区80例HIV-1感染者的静脉血,提取其中单个核细胞的DNA,用巢氏PCR扩增病毒膜蛋白env基因的C2-V3区,对PCR纯化产物进行测序,并应用GCG软件等对序列进行分析。结果通过PCR扩增得到env基因序列55份,分属4个亚型,分别为B型1份,CRF07-BC型19份,CRF08-BC型23份,CRF01-AE型8份,C型4份。感染途径为静脉吸毒者16例,性34例,非法献血2例,不详3例。16例吸毒感染者中CRF08-BC型12例,CRF07-BC型4例。34例性行为感染者中CRF07-BC型19例,CRF08-BC型11例,CRF01-AE型4例。结论桂北地区HIV感染者存在HIV-1亚型多样。静脉吸毒感染者以CRF08-BC型为主。性行为感染者以CRF07-BC型和CRF08-BC型为主。     

中国首例HIV-1 J亚型毒株的鉴定

目的通过对1例来自刚果的人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型（HIV-1）感染者样品进行序列分析，鉴定其亚型种类。方法从该感染者血浆样品中提取RNA，经逆转录后采用套式PCR扩增HIV env、gag及pol基因的部分区段，PCR产物直接测序，将所获序列与参考序列进行比对分析，计算基因距离及构建系统进化树。结果该感染毒株样品序列与HIV-1J亚型国际参考株J．SE．93及J．SE．94聚在一起，与两参考株序列在env基因区距离均为8．2％，pol基因区距离分别为6．4％和6．3％，gag基因区距离分别为8．9％和8．0％，证实其为HIV-1J亚型。这是国内首次报道检出HIV-1J亚型。结论HIV-1J亚型毒株已随国际旅行者传人我国，加强对国际旅行人员中HIV毒株亚型的监测具有重要意义。     

昆明市2006年注射吸毒者中HIV-1基因亚型分析

目的研究分析昆明市2006年注射吸毒者中艾滋病病毒-1型（HIV-1）的基因亚型流行情况,为更清楚地掌握昆明市HIV流行模式,制订抗病毒治疗方案和疫苗研发提供参考数据。方法采用“一对一”的问卷调查,收集基本人口学特征及HIV感染危险行为信息,采集血样,利用套式聚合酶链反应（Nested—PCR）对HIV前病毒的gag基因进行扩增,对扩增产物进行纯化、测序,通过构建系统进化树和在线比对来判定序列所属基因亚型。结果62名研究对象所感染HIV—lgag基因被成功扩增、测序、判定基因亚型。其中1人所感染的HIV-1为CRF01-AE重组型,其余均为CRF07BC重组型或CRF08-BC重组型。12名对象除注射海洛因外,还发生过商业性行为,感染CRF01-AE的对象就是发生过商业性行为的注射吸毒者。结论2006年发现的HIV-1阳性注射吸毒者中,CRF07-BC、CRF08-BC重组型毒株占据了绝对优势,同时存在CRF01-AE的流行。     

四川省2014年HIV-1分子流行病学调查北大核心

目的了解四川省艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)流行毒株的亚型、人群和地域分布。方法通过抽样调查的方法,采集2014年7-9月新报告的、未经抗病毒治疗的HIV-1感染者的血样400份,采用巢式聚合酶链反应(Nested PCR)扩增HIV-1 pol和gag基因区,对获得的核酸序列进行系统进化分析。比较不同亚型毒株感染者首次随访的CD4^+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)水平。结果四川省HIV-1流行毒株的亚型有:CRF07_BC(58.22%)、CRF01_AE(29.50%)、CRF08_BC(4.96%)、CRF85_BC(3.39%)、B(2.09%)、C(0.78%)、CRF02_AG(0.52%),以及CRF07_BC/CRF01_AE重组型(0.52%)。毒株分布显示出明显的地域特征。CRF01_AE感染者的基线CD4细胞水平更低。结论以C亚型为骨架的BC重组亚型,在四川省表现出明显的流行优势。提示应结合流行毒株有针对性地提供艾滋病防治工作建议。     

Genetic variability of gag and env regions of HIV type 1 strains circulating in Slovenia

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating in Slovenia. Proviral DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 20 randomly selected HIV-1-infected individuals was classified into subtypes by sequence-based phylogenetic analysis of the env (C2V3) and gag (p24) regions of the viral genome. The phylogenetic tree based on env C2V3 sequences showed that 15 of the 20 samples were subtype B, two A1, one F1, one CRF01_AE, and one CRF02_AG. The phylogenetic analysis of the gag gene yielded identical results expect for one sample that had a discordant subtype; it was identified as subtype A1 in the env and AE in the gag region. Our study confirmed that although subtype B predominates, other subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are also present in Slovenia. The high intrasubtype genetic diversity of subtype B sequences suggests a multiple introduction of subtype B strains into Slovenia.     

深圳市HIV-1分子流行病学及不同亚型混合感染研究

目的 了解深圳市HIV分子流行病学及不同亚型混合感染情况.方法 对429例HIV-1感染者进行详细的流行病学调查,提取外周静脉抗凝血中的病毒核酸,RT-PCR巢式扩增病毒的包膜蛋白(env)和核心蛋白(gog)基因的核酸片段,结合HIV数据库和Mega软件分析测序结果,建立进化树,确定每个基因的亚型.结果 在400份合...     

Emergence of new forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 intersubtype recombinants in central Myanmar

We have previously shown that HIV-1 env subtypes B' (a Thai-B cluster within subtype B) and E (CRF01_AE) are distributed in Yangon, the capital city of Myanmar. However, HIV strains from the rest of country have not yet been genetically characterized. In the present study, we determined env (C2/V3) and gag (p17) subtypes of 25 specimens from central Myanmar (Mandalay). Phylogenetic analyses identified 5 subtype C (20%), in addition to 10 CRF01_AE (40%) and 4 subtype B' (16%). Interestingly, the remaining six specimens (24%) showed discordance between gag and env subtypes; three gag subtype B'/env subtype C, one gag subtype B'/env subtype E, one gag subtype C/env subtype B', and one gag subtype C/env subtype E. These discordant specimens were found frequently among injecting drug users (4 of 12, 33%) and female commercial sex workers (2 of 8, 25%) engaging in high-risk behaviors. The recombinant nature of these HIV-1 strains was verified in three specimens, indicating the presence of new forms of HIV-1 intersubtype C/B' and C/B'/E recombinants with different recombination breakpoints. The data suggest that multiple subtypes of B', C, and CRF01_AE are cocirculating in central Myanmar, leading to the evolution of new forms of intersubtype recombinants among the risk populations exhibiting one of the highest HIV infection rates in the region.     

Short communication: retrospective study to time the introduction of HIV type 1 non-B subtypes in Lyon, France, using env genes obtained from primary infection samples

Using blood samples from primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) patients obtained in Lyon, France, we characterized the newly transmitted HIV-1 variants in this area during the 1992-1996 period. As PHI samples allowed the precise timing of the transmission event, we were able to date the introduction of non-B subtypes or recombinant forms of the virus in Lyon. Genomic DNA from 18 HIV-1-positive patients at primary infection was used to amplify the full-length env gene by nested PCR; after cloning, the gene was sequenced for subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Several non-B subtypes and recombinant forms of HIV-1 were identified among the 18 patients studied (1 subtype F1, 1 CRF01-AE, 2 subtype G and 2 CRF02-AG). We also found a new J/K recombinant form transmitted in 1995 and never described until now. The introduction of CRF02-AG in Lyon, France, occurred prior to 1992 and six transmission events including non-B subtypes were documented in the following 4 years. Heterosexual contacts appeared as the main introduction pathway for non-B subtypes or recombinant forms. Nevertheless, as transmission of these viruses occurred not only during travel to endemic regions, but also in France or Germany, we conclude that non-B strains entered Europe before the studied period. This retrospective study showed that even if subtype B remained prevalent in the spreading HIV-1 infection in Lyon between 1992 and 1996, non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms represented a significantly growing part.     

Genetic subtypes of HIV type 1 viruses circulating in the Czech Republic

We analyzed the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating in the Czech Republic. Phylogenetic analysis of the env and gag gene sequence fragments from 39 isolates revealed that the majority of these strains (32 of 39, 82%) were of subtype B; other genetic subtypes identified were A, C, F, and recombinant circulating form CRF01_AE. The isolates that did not cluster with subtype B originated almost exclusively from a heterosexual route of transmission. The molecular epidemiological data are suggestive of multiple entry of HIV-1 infection into the Czech Republic and show that the genetic pattern of the HIV-1 strains circulating in this country corresponds to that found in other European countries.     

Subtype B and subtype C HIV type 1 recombinants in the northeastern state of Manipur, India

The predominant HIV-1 strain circulating in India is subtype C. However, subtype A and B strains of HIV-1 have also been reported in India. In 1999, the first A/C recombinant strain was reported from Pune in India. Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) from the northeastern region of India have a high HIV-1 seroprevalence. Studies carried out in intravenous drug users in the northeastern region of India have shown that HIV-1 subtype C is the predominant strain infecting IVDUs. Fourteen blood samples were collected from HIV-1-infected individuals from the northeastern region of India and screened by env and gag heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA). Where the env and gag HMA results from a sample yielded different subtypes, sequencing of env and gag PCR products was carried out to confirm the presence of HIV-1 recombinants. Of the 14 samples subtyped, nine samples belonged HIV-1 subtype C (gag C/env C), one to HIV-1 subtype B (gag B/env B), and the remaining were B/C recombinants (gag C/env B). This is the first report of HIV-1 B/C recombinants from India.     

Analysis of insertions and deletions in the gag p6 region of diverse HIV type 1 strains

Sequence variation in the gag p6 region in subtype B HIV-1 has been associated with changes in viral replication capacity and antiretroviral drug susceptibility. We examined sequence variation in the HIV-1 gag p6 region using plasma samples from 22 individuals with non-subtype B HIV-1 infection [subtypes A, C, D, F, and G, and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) CRF01-AE and CRF02_AG]. An additional 105 gag sequences from the Los Alamos National Laboratory database were also analyzed. Extensive length variation was observed in the p6 gag region. Specific patterns of insertions and deletions were observed in different subtypes and CRFs, and no two subtypes or CRFs had the same general pattern. PTAP duplications were more common in subtype C than other strains (3 of 14 in subtype C vs. 2 of 113 in other strains, p = 0.004), and KQE duplications were seen only in subtype B. Further studies are needed to determine whether such genotypic differences influence viral replication capacity, antiretroviral drug susceptibility, or other phenotypic properties of these strains.     

HIV-1 strains identified in Brazilian blood donors: significant prevalence of B/F1 recombinants

In the Brazilian HIV-1 epidemic subtypes B, C, and F1 are cocirculating in the high risk population groups, and there is a high prevalence of intersubtype recombinant forms. The dynamic nature of the HIV epidemic in Brazil led us to study HIV-1 subtypes present in HIV-infected blood donations collected from 2001 to 2003. Donations from 91 seropositive donors were evaluated. Genetic subtype was obtained for 88 specimens based on sequence analysis of gag p24, pol IN, and env gp41 IDR. HIV-1 subtype B was the predominant strain present in the donor population (73.9%). A significant prevalence of intersubtype recombinants of subtypes B and F1 was found (22.7%). Subtype C (1.1%) and F1 (2.3%) were rare. None of the B/F1 recombinants is CRF28_BF or CRF29_BF. The high level of unique B/F1 recombinant strains in this population demonstrates the dynamic and complex nature of the HIV epidemic in Brazil.     

广州市男男性行为者HIV-1分子流行病学研究

目的了解广州市男男性行为人群（MSM）中,人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型（HIV-1）亚型流行状况和基因变异特征。方法从2006～2007年广州市发现的、全部19份经男男性传播感染的HIV-1阳性血清样本,应用套式聚合酶链式反应（Nested—PCR）分别扩增gag和fitly区基因,并测定、分析序列。结果被成功扩增的有17份样本,获得13份env基因序列和17份gag基因序列。经系统进化树分析,11份（64．71％）为CRF01_AE,2份（11．76％）为CRF07_BC,4份（23．53％）为B。各亚型组内基因离散率：在env区,CRF01_AE为（8．27±0．93）,CRF07_BC为（11．04±1．72）,B为（16．65±1．78）;在gag区,CRF01_AE为（5．36±0．68）,CRF07_BC为（4．29±1．14）,B为（11．75±1.35）。V3环顶端四肽分析显示：8份CRF01_AE和2份CRF07_BC V3环顶端四肽均为GPGQ;3份B亚型中2份为GPGR,1份为GWGR。根据V3环关键氨基酸推测辅助受体使用情况,结果显示：所有样本均被预测使用CCR5辅助受体。结论广州市MSM人群HIV-1感染者中,至少存在CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC 2种重组亚型和B亚型的流行,且大部分流行株可能为使用CCR5辅助受体的巨嗜细胞嗜性／NSI毒株。