Twist在子宫内膜样腺癌组织中的表达及其与雌激素受体α的关系

目的:研究扭曲蛋白（Twist）、雌激素受体α（estrogen receptor α,ERα)在子宫内膜样腺癌、不典型子宫内膜增生、正常子宫内膜组织中的表达。方法:应用免疫组化检测90例子宫内膜样腺癌、40例不典型子宫内膜增生、20例正常子宫内膜组织中Twist、ERα的表达。结果:在子宫内膜样腺癌、不典型子宫内膜增生和正常子宫内膜组织中Twist、ERα阳性率分别为56.7%、42.5%、5%和53.3%、62.5%、90%。Twist在子宫内膜样腺癌和不典型子宫内膜增生中的表达均高于正常子宫内膜组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。子宫内膜样腺癌中,Twist与组织学分级、肿瘤浸润深度和淋巴结转移相关,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Twist和ERα呈负相关（r=-0.279,P=0.008)。结论:Twist高表达、ERα低表达及两者的负相关关系暗示了它们在子宫内膜样腺癌发生发展中的重要作用。     

PTEN、p21ras在人子宫内膜腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的探讨PTEN基因、Ki-ras基因在子宫内膜腺癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学S-P法测定20例正常增生期子宫内膜、20例不典型增生子宫内膜及45例子宫内膜腺癌组织中的PTEN、p21ras蛋白表达。结果PTEN在正常子宫内膜、不典型增生和内膜腺癌中的阳性表达率逐渐降低,分别为95.0%、40.0%、31.1%。正常子宫内膜组织中的PTEN阳性表达率显著高于不典型增生和内膜腺癌(P<0.01)。p21ras蛋白在正常子宫内膜、不典型增生和子宫内膜腺癌中的阳性表达率分别为0、50.0%、64.4%,子宫内膜不典型增生和子宫内膜腺癌组均显著高于正常子宫内膜组(P<0.01)。PTEN与p21ras蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.303,P<0.05),且均与细胞分化程度显著相关(P<0.05)。结论1)PTEN、ki-ras基因在子宫内膜腺癌发生发展中起重要作用,PTEN是其发生的早期分子事件;2)PTEN、p21ras的蛋白表达与病理分级有关;3)在子宫内膜腺癌中PTEN与p21ras可能参与同一蛋白通路发挥生理作用。     

子宫内膜癌中MUC1和E-cad的表达及其相关性

目的：探讨MUC1和E-cad在子宫内膜样腺癌组织中的表达及其相关性。方法：采用免疫组化En-Vision法检测30例增生期子宫内膜组织、36例单纯性增生内膜、50例不典型增生内膜及55例子宫内膜样腺癌组织中MUC1和E-cad蛋白表达。结果：从增生期子宫内膜→宫内膜单纯性增生→宫内膜不典型增生→子宫内膜样腺癌,MUC1和E-cad的正常表达率逐渐降低,异质表达率逐渐升高（P=0.000）。MUC1和E-cad蛋白表达在子宫内膜样腺癌组织中呈正相关关系（r=0.290,P=0.032）。结论：MUC1和E-cad蛋白异质表达可能与子宫内膜样腺癌的发生有关。MUC1和E-cad在子宫内膜样腺癌的形成过程中可能具有协同作用。     

ER、VEGF、TGF-β1在增生期子宫内膜良恶性肿瘤中的表达及其相关性研究

目的探讨增生期子宫内膜良恶性肿瘤中ER、VEGF、TGF-β1表达及其相关性。方法纳入增生期子宫内膜良恶性肿瘤病例样本共计48例,对这48例增生期子宫内膜良恶性肿瘤病例采用逆转录实时定量聚合酶链反应RT-PCR的方法,对ER、VEGF、TGF-β1的相对表达量进行检测,同时总结增生期子宫内良恶性肿瘤与其表达量的关系。结果增生期子宫内膜肿瘤组ER、VEGF、TGF-β1mRNA的表达水平均高于对照组,且恶性肿瘤组高于良性肿瘤组ER、VEGF、TGF-β1 mRNA表达情况,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);子宫内膜组织中ER、VEGF、TGF-β1阳性表达率明显高于对照组组织(P<0.05),且恶性肿瘤组高于良性肿瘤组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);ER、VEGF、TGF-β1表达与增生期子宫内膜恶性肿瘤的复发相关(P<0.05)。结论增生期子宫内膜肿瘤良恶性与ER、VEGF、TGF-β1表达量相关,ER、VEGF、TGF-β1相对表达量水平与增生期子宫内膜良恶性肿瘤的预后具有着相关性。     

KAI1/CD82与整合素α3β1蛋白在子宫内膜腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的检测KAI1/CD82、整合素α3β1蛋白在子宫内膜腺癌组织中的表达及与临床病理参数之间的关系。方法采用免疫组化的方法检测43例子宫内膜腺癌组织中KAI1/CD82及整合素α381蛋白的表达,选择13例子宫内膜不典型增生组织和14例正常子宫内膜组织作为对照。结果①子宫内膜腺癌组织中KAI1/CD82蛋白的阳性表达率为25.6%,明显低于不典型增生组的53.8%和子宫内膜组的85.7%,P<0.05;与手术-病理分期、细胞分化程度、淋巴结转移均密切相关,P均<0.05;②子宫内膜腺癌组织中整合素α3β1蛋白的阳性表达率为30.2%,明显低于不典型增生组的69.2%和子宫内膜组的78.6%,P<0.05;与肿瘤细胞的分化程度、淋巴结转移有关,P<0.05;③KAI1/CD82与整合素α3β1的表达有相关性(P<0.05)。结论KAI1/CD82、整合素α3β1的异常表达是子宫内膜癌浸润转移的重要分子学改变,两者可能形成复合物共同对内膜癌的浸润和转移发挥抑制作用;同时检测两者可作为临床预测和评估其浸润及转移的重要参考指标。     

子宫内膜样腺癌组织HIF-1α和VEGF及ERα的表达

目的:研究HIF-1α、VEGF和ERα在子宫内膜样腺癌组织中的表达.方法:免疫组化SP法检测子宫内膜样腺癌、不典型增生和正常子宫内膜组织中HIF-1α、VEGF和ERα的表达.结果:HIF-1α在子宫内膜样腺癌组织中的阳性率Ⅰ期为69.4%,Ⅱ期为84.6%,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期为95.2%,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期与Ⅰ期比较差异有统计学意义,P=0.049 1.VEGF表达阳性率Ⅰ期为63.9%,Ⅱ期为76.9%,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期为90.5%,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期与Ⅰ期比较差异有统计学意义,P=0.027 9;HIF-1α和VEGF的表达与月经状况、组织学分级无关.ERα表达与组织学分级有关,G1为91.7%,G2为67.7%,G3为26.7%,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;与月经状况、手术病理分期无关.HIF-1α和VEGF的表达呈正相关,P=0.000 0,和ERα的表达呈负相关(P=0.048 6).结论:子宫内膜样腺癌中HIF-1α和VEGF呈过表达,ERα表达下降,3者在子宫内膜样腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用.     

肾母细胞瘤基因WT1在子宫内膜病变中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究WT1在子宫内膜病变中的表达规律及其在子宫内膜癌的发生、预后评估中的临床价值。方法:免疫组化法(S-P)检测增生期、分泌期正常子宫内膜各5例做为对照组。子宫内膜单纯性增生10例、非典型增生33例、子宫内膜癌40例,共83例做为实验组,观察WT1在正常子宫内膜及不同子宫内膜病变中的阳性表达。结果:WT1在内膜单纯性增生、非典型增生中阳性表达与对照组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。WT1在子宫内膜腺癌中的表达明显升高,与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)。WT1阳性表达率与子宫内膜癌的手术-病理分期(P<0.05)、组织分化程度(P<0.05)、淋巴转移(P<0.05)有关。结论:WT1与子宫内膜癌的发生、发展密切相关,WT1表达增加提示子宫内膜病变恶性程度高。     

RUNX3蛋白在子宫内膜腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨RUNX3蛋白在子宫内膜腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测59例子宫内膜腺癌、27例非典型增生和31例正常子宫组织中的RUNX3蛋白表达,比较其阳性率差异。通过进一步亚组分析,确定RUNX3蛋白表达与子宫内膜腺癌的临床分期、病理分级、肌层浸润和淋巴结转移的关系。结果:子宫内膜癌RUNX3蛋白表达明显低于非典型增生和正常子宫内膜(P<0.05);非典型增生组织RUNX3蛋白表达明显低于正常子宫内膜(P<0.05)。亚组分析发现,早期子宫内膜腺癌RUNX3蛋白表达明显高于晚期(P<0.05);高分化(G1级)子宫内膜腺癌组织RUNX3蛋白表达高于低分化者(G3级)(P<0.05);肌层浸润<1/2的子宫内膜腺癌组织RUNX3蛋白表达高于肌层浸润≥1/2者(P<0.05);有无淋巴结转移和子宫内膜腺癌组织RUNX3蛋白表达无关(P>0.05)。结论:RUNX3蛋白表达与子宫内膜腺癌的发生、发展密切相关,其表达情况有可能作为临床预后判定指标之一。     

雌激素受体亚型在子宫内膜癌发生中的作用

[目的]比较雌激素受体两种亚型α和β及Ki67在子宫内膜癌患者中的表达,探讨雌激素受体亚型在子宫内膜癌发生和发展中的作用。[方法]应用免疫组化技术及医学图像分析仪检测子宫内膜单纯性增生(56例)、复杂性增生(37例)、不典型增生(86例)及子宫内膜癌(68例)组织中ERα、ERβ及Ki67的阳性细胞百分率及灰度值,分析相应抗体的表达量。[结果]①与子宫内膜单纯性增生患者比较,复杂性增生、不典型增生及子宫内膜癌患者ERα阳性率及灰度值无明显性改变(P>0.05);②子宫内膜复杂性增生患者的ERβ的阳性率(62.16%)高于轻、中度不典型增生患者(54.9%)(P=0.031),而后者又高于早期内膜癌患者(32.0%)(P=0.049),ERβ的灰度值在复杂性增生患者中(69.49±112.52)也高于轻、中度不典型增生(67.23±124.07)及早期内膜癌患者(33.26±96.56)(P=0.025,P=0.001);③重度不典型增生周围组织(62.86%)及Ⅰ～Ⅱ期和Ⅲ～Ⅳ期内膜癌癌旁组织(48.0%,50.0%)中ERβ的阳性率表达水平高于相应病变组织(48.57%,32.0%,38.89%)(P=0.023,P=0.001,P=0.001);④Ki67的表达水平与ERβ的表达呈负相关(rs=-0.458,P=0.001),与ERα表达无关(rs=-0.043,P=0.506)。[结论]提示在子宫内膜癌发生的不同病理阶段ERβ表达量的是逐渐降低的,推测ERβ的表达降低与子宫内膜癌的发生有关。     

子宫内膜中PTEN、p16蛋白的表达及临床意义

目的:研究子宫内膜组织中PTEN、p16蛋白的异常表达,探讨其与子宫内膜癌变的关系和早期诊断及评判预后的可能性.方法:应用免疫组化S-P法对20例正常子宫内膜组织、40例子宫内膜增生症组织、30例内膜腺癌组织中PTEN、p16蛋白的表达进行研究.结果:在正常增生期子宫内膜、子宫内膜增生症(单纯型增生、复杂型增生、不典型增生)、子宫内膜腺癌组织中PTEN p16蛋白的阳性表达率呈递减趋势,子宫内膜腺癌与除不典型增生外的子宫内膜增生症组织及正常子宫内膜组织的PTEN蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),正常子宫内膜、单纯型增生与不典型增生组织的PTEN蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),子宫内膜腺癌与正常子宫内膜及单纯型增生子宫内膜p16 蛋白表达差异有显著性(P＜0.05),正常子宫内膜与增生症子宫内膜差异无显著性(P＞0.05) 增生症子宫内膜各组间p16蛋白表达无显著性差异(P＞0.05),PTEN P16蛋白的表达与子宫内膜癌的手术分期、组织学分级,肌层浸润有关(P＜0.05).PTEN、p16蛋白表达存在正相关性(r=0.978,P＜0.05).结论:PTEN、p16蛋白的异常表达与子宫内膜的癌变过程相关.     

DNA切除修复交叉互补基因1、乳腺癌易感基因、核苷酸还原酶1与非小细胞肺癌

 阐述了近年来非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）化疗敏感性与DNA 切除修复交叉互补基因1 （ERCC1）、乳腺癌易感基因（BRCA1）、核苷酸还原酶1（RRM1）基因表达关系的研究进展，分析3个基因对NSCLC个体化化疗潜在的指导意义     

CYP1A1和GSTM1基因多态性与内蒙古人群肺癌易感性的关系

背景与目的 肺癌是严重危害人类健康的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病与肺癌人群中某些肺癌相关基因的遗传多态性有关。本研究旨在探讨细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）基因多态性和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1（GSTM1）基因多态性与内蒙古人群肺癌易感性的关系。方法 用PCR-RFLP技术分析了原发性肺癌组和住院对照组（各163例）的CYP1A1、GSTM1基因的多态性、基因型分布频率和交互作用。结果 CYP1A1突变型和GSTM1基因缺陷型EGSTM1（-）]频率分布分别为36．8％、65．0％（病例组）和19．0％、48．9％（对照组），二者经χ^2检验差异有显著性（χ^2=12．82，P=0．000；χ^2=9．78，P=0．002）。CYP1A1突变型患肺癌的风险显著增加（OR=2．48，95％CI为1．51～4．08）。GSTM1（-）者患肺癌的风险也显著增加（OR=2．03，95％CI为1．30～3．17）。基因突变的协同分析发现CYP1A1突变型／GSTM1（-）在肺癌组和对照组中的分布频率分别为28．8％和8．0％，二者经χ^2检验有显著性差异（χ^2=23．883，P=0．000）。CYP1A1突变型／GSTM1（-）患肺癌的风险显著增加（OR=4．90，95％CI为2．50～9．83）。无论是在肺癌组还是在对照组，CYP1A1突变型／GSTM1（-）和CYP1A1非突变型／GSTM1（-）在性别间分布频率的差异均无显著性（肺癌组χ^2=0．797，P=0．372；对照组χ^2=0．670，P=0．761）。吸烟与肺癌易感性的统计学分析，结果显示吸烟与肺癌易感性有关（χ^2=14．197，P=0．000），吸烟者患肺癌的风险显著增加（OR=2．33，95％CI为1.50～3．62）。CYP1A1突变型与吸烟关系的协同分析发现，携带CYP1A1突变型基因的吸烟者较携带CYP1A1突变型基因不吸烟者易患肺癌（OR=4．44，95％CI为2．40～8．32，χ^2=23．843，P=0．000）。GSTM1（-）与吸烟关系的协同分析中也发现，携带GSTM1（-）的吸烟者患肺癌的风险显著增加（OR=7．32，95％CI为3．39～15．50，χ^2=36．708，P=0．000）。结论 CYP1A1突变型和GSTM1（-）是内蒙古地区肺癌的易患因素，二者对肺癌的发生有协同作用，吸烟与肺癌的易感性也有关，CYP1A1突变型、GSTM1（-）与吸烟在肺癌的发生上也有相互促进作用。     

CYP1A1 (Ile462Val), CYP1B1 (Ala119Ser and Val432Leu), GSTM1 (null), and GSTT1 (null) Polymorphisms and Bladder Cancer Risk in a Turkish Population

We aimed to investigate bladder cancer risk with reference to polymorphic variants of cytochrome p450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1B1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, and GSTT1 genes in a case control study. Polymorphismswere examined in 114 bladder cancer patients and 114 age and sex-matched cancer-free subjects. Genotypes weredetermined using allele specific PCR for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes, and by multiplex PCR and melting curveanalysis for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes. Our results revealed a statistically significant increased bladder cancerrisk for GSTT1 null genotype carriers with an odds ratio of 3.06 (95% confidence interval=1.39-6.74, p=0.006).Differences of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and GSTM1 genotype frequencies were not statistically significant betweenpatients and controls. However, the specific combination of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and CYP1B1 codon 119risk allele carriers and specific combination of GSTM1 present, GSTT1 null, and CYP1B1 432 risk allele carriersexhibited increased cancer risk in the combined analysis. We did not observe any association between differentgenotype groups and prognostic tumor characteristics of bladder cancer. Our results indicate that inheritedabsence of GSTT1 gene may be associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, and specific combinations ofGSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms may modify bladder cancer risk in the Turkish population,without any association being observed for CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and bladder cancer risk.     

CYP1A1、GSTM1基因多态性及其联合作用与食管癌的易感性

目的探讨CYP1A1、GSTM1基因多态性及其联合作用与新疆汉族人食管癌易感性的关系。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-连接酶检测反应分析方法检测107例食管癌患者和204例非食管癌患者的CYP1A1(rs1048943、rs4646421和rs4646903)和GSTM1(缺失型和rs2071487)的基因型。结果CYP1A1基因rs1048943位点的等位基因和基因型频率在病例组和对照组之间比较,总体分布差异有统计学意义(χ² =5.52,P=0.019)。与A/A基因型相比,GG+AG基因型可增加食管癌的发病风险(OR=1.79,OR95%CI:1.10~2.92);GSTM1基因缺失型和非缺失型在病例组和对照组中的分布频率分别为68.69%、31.31%和48.39%、51.61%,在两组间的分布差异有统计学意义(χ²=10.55,P=0.001;OR=2.34,OR95%CI:1.40~3.91)。结论CYP1A1基因rs1048943位点多态性和GSTM1基因缺失型与新疆地区汉族人食管癌易感性有相关性。     

RB1CC1 activates the promoter and expression of RB1 in human cancer

RB1‐inducible coiled‐coil 1 (RB1CC1, also known as FIP200) is a tumor suppressor implicated in the regulation of RB1 (retinoblastoma 1) expression. However, the molecular mechanism of RB1 regulation by RB1CC1 has not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear RB1CC1 binds to the RB1 promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with anti‐RB1CC1 antibody. Luciferase assays with RB1 promoter reporter plasmids revealed that RB1CC1 activated the RB1 promoter through the 201 bp upstream GC‐rich region (from the initiation ATG). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blot analysis supported RB1CC1 binding to the GC‐rich region of the RB1 promoter. In addition, the C‐terminus of RB1CC1 was required for nuclear localization and subsequent RB1 promoter activation. Furthermore, the expression levels of RB1CC1 and RB1 significantly correlated with in vivo breast cancer tissues as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. These data indicate that nuclear RB1CC1 directly activates the RB1 promoter to enhance RB1 expression in cancer cells. Evaluation of RB1CC1 in various types of human cancer tissues is expected to provide useful information for clinical practice and future therapeutic strategies. © 2009 UICC     

Polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and prostate cancer risk in Turkish population

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in many countries. Although the etiology of prostate cancer largely is unknown, both genetic and environmental factors may be involved. Advanced age, androgen metabolism, and heredity-race have been reported to be possible risk factors. On the other hand, several studies indicate that genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes play a role in prostate cancer development. In this study, association of the prostate cancer risk with genotype frequencies of the Phase I (CYP1A1) and Phase II (GSTM1 and GSTT1) biotransformation enzymes was investigated in 321 Turkish individuals (152 prostate cancer patients and 169 age-matched male controls). The presence or absences of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were determined by a PCR-based method. Genotypes of CYP1A1 were determined by MspI-RFLP. The prevalence of GSTM1 null genotype in the cases was 64 percent, compared to 31 percent in the control group, indicating a strong association (OR = 4.08, 95%CI = 2.50-6.69). No association was observed between either GSTT1 null genotype or CYP1A1 polymorphism and prostate cancer incidence. No statistically significant association was observed between smoking status of the patients and any of the polymorphisms studied. In conclusion, results of this study indicate that only the GSTM1 null genotype may play an important role as a risk factor for prostate cancer development in Turkish population.     

Genetic Variation of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 Genes in a South Indian Population

The glutathione S transferase (GST) family of enzymes play a vital role in the phase II biotransformation ofenvironmental carcinogens, pollutants, drugs and other xenobiotics. GSTs are polymorphic and the polymorphismsin GST genes have been associated with cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Moreover, distinct ethnic differenceshave been observed in the type and frequency of GST gene polymorphisms. Hence, the present study was aimed todetermine the frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms in 255 healthy random volunteers fromSouth India. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by PCR and GSTP1 by PCR-RFLP using peripheralblood DNA.The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequencies were found to be 22.4% and 17.6% respectively. TheGSTP1 allelic frequency was 0.78 for the Ile allele and 0.22 for the Val allele and the genotype frequency was 58.4%for Ile/Ile, 38.4% for Ile/Val, and 3.1% for Val/Val. Comparison of the frequencies of GST polymorphisms observedin the present study with other Indian and world populations revealed a distinctive nature of the South Indianpopulation with respect to polymorphims at the GST gene loci. A better understanding of carcinogen metabolizinggene distribution should contribute to risk assessment of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens.     

VEGFR1和MDR1在胃癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨VEGFR1和MDR1在胃癌中的表达及意义.方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测VEGFR1和MDR1在胃癌中的表达及与分化程度的关系;比较VEGFR1和MDR1在胃癌中的表达相关性.结果:VEGFR1在高、中、低度分化胃癌的表达率依次为15/53(28%)、19/43(44%)、37/54(68%); 在低分化胃癌组织中的表达明显高于高分化和中分化胃癌组织(P＜0.05).MDR1在高、中、低度分化胃癌的表达率依次为18/53(34%)、21/43(48%)、41/54(76%); 在低分化胃癌组织中的表达明显高于高分化和中分化胃癌组织 (P＜0.05).结论:VEGFR1和MDR1在胃癌中的表达具有一致性,可能在胃癌的多药耐药中扮演重要角色.     

Multiplex PCR with Confronting Two-pair Primers for CYP1A1 Ile462Val,GSTM1, GSTT1, and NQO1 C609T

Polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) is an effective genotyping method ‍for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in aspects of reducing time and costs for analysis. So far we have ‍established PCR-CTPP conditions for tens of SNPs, including a triplex genotyping (Kawase et al., 2003). In the ‍present study we report a quadruplex PCR-CTPP to genotype simultaneously four functional polymorphisms of ‍carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null and NQO1 C609T, which were ‍reported that they have significant associations with smoking-related cancers. We applied this method for 475 health ‍check-up examinees to demonstrate the performance. Among the subjects, the genotype frequency of CYP1A1 ‍Ile462Val was 56.8% for Ile/Ile, 38.1% for Ile/Val and 5.1% for Val/Val. The null type frequencies of GSTM1 and ‍GSTT1 were 52.8% and 49.9%, respectively. And the genotype frequency of NQO1 C609T was 41.9% for C/C, ‍41.3% for C/T and 16.8% for T/T. Their distributions were similar to those reported for Japanese by other studies. ‍To the best of our awareness, this is the first paper that reports the success in quadruplex PCR-CTPP. The applied ‍polymorphisms are useful ones, which would be adopted not only for research purposes, but also for risk assessment ‍of individuals exposed to carcinogenic substances. This convenient genotyping would be applied for cancer prevention ‍especially in Asian Pacific regions, where expensive genotyping methods are hardly available.