气管、支气管损伤的诊疗现状与进展

随着颈部、胸部创伤如钝性伤、锐器伤、爆炸伤以及医源性损伤的增加，气管、支气管损伤的发病率呈增加趋势。气管、支气管损伤临床表现多种多样，病情凶险，常危及生命。早期明确诊断并采取积极有效的手术治疗是降低死亡率、减少并发症、提高治愈率的关键。     

胸部创伤影像学诊断（附84例报告）

目的：探讨胸部平片及CT表现在胸部创伤中的诊断价值。方法：84例胸部创伤均行胸部平片及CT检查，8例胸部重度损伤行床旁片检查。结果：84例均有不同程度的胸廓损伤，16例气胸，23例血胸，19例血气胸，56例肺挫裂伤，14例肺撕裂伤，3例气管及支气管损伤。结论：常规胸部平片特别是近来CR及DR摄片系统应用是胸部创伤的首选方法，同时胸部平片复查病情变化以及危重病人床旁片创片是一种有效的方法，CT扫描尤其是螺旋CT扫描，对肺栓裂伤的早期诊断，气管及支气管损伤以及胸部重度损伤病人是一种更好的方法。为外科手术的成功提供更可靠的诊断依据。     

外伤性支气管断裂的救治

目的探讨严重胸部损伤中支气管损伤的早期诊断和急诊手术治疗方法。方法回顾分析21例支气管损伤的临床特点、损伤部位、早期诊断和急诊手术治疗的方法,其中男性16例,女性5例;平均年龄37岁(18～69岁);主支气管损伤6例,叶支气管损伤15例;临床表现均有呼吸困难、皮下气肿、气胸;常规X线胸片检查,其中典型肺坠落征7例,CT三维重建明确支气管断裂4例。结果 21例均在24h内急诊行剖胸探查术,行支气管修补或吻合术17例(其中1例支气管严重挫裂伤支气管修补术后出现支气管狭窄再次手术切除肺叶),因支气管和肺组织严重挫伤行左上叶切除术3例、右上叶切除术1例。19例术后恢复良好,2例死于严重合并伤。结论伴有支气管损伤的严重胸部创伤患者通常需要急诊手术治疗,早期明确支气管损伤诊断和损伤部位是急诊手术治疗的重要依据。手术应最大限度保护肺功能,尽可能行支气管修补或吻合术,避免肺切除术;但是如果支气管严重挫裂伤、累及长度较长,或者肺组织严重不可逆性损伤、累及范围较广,应果断行肺叶切除术。     

支气管损伤

支气管损伤可发生在重大工交事故，大部为胸部闭合性损伤，常合并其他脏器损伤。有人报告胸部闭合性损伤中，支气管损伤占3～6％，并非少见。胸部闭合伤并发支气管断裂的机制尚不完全明瞭，可能与如下因素有关：（1）胸部突然受暴力撞击，     

气管支气管损伤的外科治疗

气管支气管损伤的外科治疗刘俊峰，王其彰，张毓德，杜喜群，严嘉顺，李文起，平育敏，李保庆，王福顺，曹富民气管支气管损伤属少见外伤，我院于１９７０年１０月～１９９０年１０月共收治各类气管支气管损伤２１例，占同期胸部创伤的２．９／（２１／７１７）。现总结报...     

创伤性支气管破裂9例报告

外份性支气管断裂在胸部创伤中的发生率占3％左右，常见于胸部钝性损伤。支气管断裂早期有时不易确诊，尤其是断裂部位在纵隔内，而纵隔胸膜又来破裂者，此种情况病人无高压气胸的症状。我院自1974～1985年共收治9例，现报告如下。     

胸部创伤诊治中几个重要问题

现代创伤以多发伤的高发生率为特点，胸部创伤则在多发伤中占50％以上，并且是主要死亡原因之一。一些隐匿而具潜在危险的损伤，如钝性心脏大血管损伤和支气管断裂等，常因未得到早期诊断而延误治疗，导致严重后果。笔者结合最近5年来国内外新动态，就胸部创伤中几个令人关注的问题作一评介。     

《四川医学》已分出内科版和外科版

胸部创伤后出现气胸说明肺有损伤，如为张力性气胸伴有血痰、皮下气肿及纵隔气肿，则可能为支气管或气管伤，损伤后出现皮下气肿但无气胸常说明在受伤前胸膜有粘连。少量气胸于穿刺1～2次后即可消失，如穿刺抽气3～4个小对后又有气体存积，     

几种严重胸部创伤的X线诊断

胸部创伤常不只累及一种组织器官,X线上可出现多种表现。我们复习了近年来有关文献,仅就日常医疗工作中容易忽视或认识不足的几种较严重的损伤(气管支气管破裂、胸主动脉破裂、食管破裂和膈肌破裂)作一综述。气管支气管破裂气管支气管破裂可由严重的胸部钝伤引起,高速汽车突然减速为其最主要的原因。产生破裂的机制可能是:(1)气管支气管在胸骨与脊椎之间直接受压;(2)悬垂的     

胸部放射治疗损伤性病变的影像学特点

食管癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、淋巴瘤等胸部肿瘤在我国为常见、高发肿瘤，且发病率呈逐年升高趋势。作为肿瘤治疗的重要手段之一，放射治疗在肿瘤治疗中的地位日益提高，气管、肺、食管、心脏等器官受到的辐射损伤也日益增多，由此导致了不少误诊误治病例的出现。本文简要讨论胸部病变放射治疗所致损伤的病理变化和影像学特点，以期提高对放射损伤的认识，注意早期症状和早期诊断，减少误诊误治病例的发生。     

补体受体1型的结构功能及sCR1基因克隆表达的策略

补体受体1型（Complement receptor type 1,CR1）具有外源性及内源性活性,既可灭活组装于非自身细胞膜上的C3/C5转化酶,也可灭活自身细胞膜上形成的C3/C5转化酶。CR1是唯一既对经典,替代及植物凝集素（MBL）3个补体激活途径的,对C3/C5转化酶拥有衰变加速活性,又有辅助1因子裂解C3b和C4b作用的补体调节蛋白。对补体分子的过度活化具有抑制和调节作用,在防治补体介导的缺血再灌注损伤以及异种器官移植超急性排斥反应等疾病具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要综述CR1的结构功能及生物学活性,sCR1基因的克隆与表达及在创伤、缺血再灌注损伤中的应用研究现状。     

Possibilities and limitations of radiology--CT and MRT in cases of tumors of the uterus and ovary

The author describes the present possibilities of computed tomography (CT) and of magnetic resonance (MR) tomography. MR is superior to CT in the visualisation of carcinomas of the cervix and endometrium, especially in the initial stages, whereas in the diagnosis of the spread of tumours (especially the advanced ones) CT yields results similar to those of MR. In carcinoma of the ovary, however, MR has so far not proved to be definitely superior to CT despite the multiplanar visualisation possibilities it offers. It is in fact inferior to CT especially in clarifying the extent of extrapelvic spread. In posttherapeutic diagnostics MR explores new avenues in respect of delineation between scar and recurrence, as initial investigations have shown.     

闭合性喉气管断裂伤的诊断与治疗

目的 提高对闭合性喉气管断裂伤的诊治水平.方法 报告38例闭合性喉气管断裂伤病例的临床资料,其中急性外伤16例,陈旧性外伤22例.对临床易发生的问题进行分析.结果 38例中16例急性喉外伤在24～48小时之间行手术治疗,22例陈旧性喉外伤因其它原因在32～129天后行手术治疗.35例手术成功拔管,3例因喉气管狭窄手术失败不能拔管,均为陈旧期手术患者.结论 对于急性闭合性喉气管断裂伤应根据其病情轻重程度进行早期处理,尽快恢复喉和气管通气功能,预防后遗症及并发症的发生,提高治愈率.     

Accuracy of digital and film panoramic radiographs for assessment of position and morphology of mandibular third molars and prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of digital and film panoramic radiographs for determining (1) the position and morphology of mandibular third molars before surgical removal and (2) the prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies. METHODS: Three hundred and eighty-eight third mandibular molars were available for examination. Position and morphology of third molars observed on film radiographs and on digital panoramic images from five systems (DenOptix, DigiDent, Digora, Dimax2 and Orthophos Plus) were recorded by two observers and were compared with surgeons' findings at the time of the operation (gold standard). One observer further recorded the prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies on both imaging modalities. RESULTS: Few differences were found between the digital and film-based panoramic systems in the assessment of accuracy of position and morphology of mandibular third molars. The prevalence of dental anomalies and pathologies determined with the two modalities was roughly similar. CONCLUSION: The five digital panoramic systems evaluated in this study were equally as useful for third molar treatment planning and diagnosis of dental anomalies and pathologies as conventional film-based panoramic radiographs.     

Science and medicine of canoeing and kayaking

Canoeing and kayaking are upper-body sports that make varying demands on the body, depending on the type of contest and the distance covered. The shorter events (500 m) are primarily anaerobic (2 minutes of exercise), calling for powerful shoulder muscles with a high proportion of fast-twitch fibres. In contrast, 10,000 m events call for aerobic work to be performed by the arms. Such contestants need a high proportion of slow-twitch fibres, and an ability to develop close to 100% of their leg maximum oxygen intake when paddling. In slalom and whitewater contests, the value of physiological testing is somewhat limited, since performance is strongly influenced by experience and the ability to make precisely judged rapid paddling efforts under considerable emotional stress. Paddlers face dangers from their hostile cold water environment; causes of fatalities (drowning, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation and hypothermia) are briefly reviewed. Medical problems include provision of adequate nutrition and a clean water supply, effects of repeated immersion (softening of the skin, blistering, paronychial infections, sinusitis, otitis), varicose veins (secondary to thoracic fixation) and hazards of exposure to fibreglass and polystyrene in the home workshop. Surgical problems include muscle sprains and mechanical injuries (haemotomas, lacerations, contusions, concussion, and fractures).     

经尿道前列腺汽化切割术的并发症及其防治

目的：分析经尿道汽化切割术治疗前列腺增生（BPH）的常见并发症：方法：回顾性分析经尿道前列腺电汽化切割术（TUEVAP）治疗的BPH 325例的并发症,探讨其常见病因和发生率。结果：术后电切综合征（TURS）1例（0.3％）,包膜穿孔尿外渗1例（0.3％）,膀胱爆裂1例（0.3％）,急性心肌梗塞1例（0.3％）,急迫性尿失禁4例（1.2％）,深静脉血栓形成1例（0.3％）,迟发性出血6例（1．9％）,尿道狭窄6例（1．9％）,膀胱颈缩窄3例（0.9％）。结论：TUEVAP是治疗BPH（包括高危BPH）安全而有效的外科治疗方法,只要加强围手术期各环节的处理,可降低并发症发生率。     

阑尾黏液性肿瘤的CT和MRI诊断及良恶性鉴别

【摘要】目的：探讨阑尾黏液性肿瘤的CT及MRI特征,并分析其良、恶性鉴别要点。方法：回顾性分析67例经病理证实的阑尾黏液性肿瘤的临床资料,其中黏液腺癌27例,黏液性囊腺瘤22例,低级别黏液性肿瘤18例。分组对照分析CT及MRI征象并行Logistic回归分析性别、年龄、部位、大小、形态、境界、根蒂和囊壁（厚度、均匀度、光滑度、完整度）、内容物（壁结节、分隔、钙化、囊液、气体）、强化（强度、均匀性、方式）、腹水、淋巴结等因素与良、恶性的相关性。结果：黏液腺癌多表现为长茄子形,最大径6.5cm（2.9～11.2cm）,长径与短径比值平均2.5。27例均囊壁不光整,边界不清,强化不均匀,多伴附壁结节样（n=11）或分隔条絮样强化（n=13）,钙化(n=17)以囊内颗粒状多见（n=14）,部分可见囊壁破裂形成腹腔假性黏液瘤（n=12）及腹腔种植转移（n=8）。黏液性囊腺瘤多为球形,最大径3.5cm（2.2～9.5cm）,长径与短径比值平均1.65,囊壁相对光整,边界相对较清,强化较均匀;钙化（n=17）多为附壁蛋壳样钙化（n=11）,腹水少见。低级别黏液性肿瘤恶性度较低,影像表现介于黏液腺癌与囊腺瘤之间, 1例穿孔但未见腹腔种植转移。Logistic回归分析提示良性组的根蒂和囊壁均匀度、光滑度及其强化均匀性与恶性组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:阑尾黏液性肿瘤病理上分为上述三类,CT、MRI表现有一定特征性,但术前相互鉴别困难;根蒂和囊壁的均匀度、光滑度及强化均匀性等因素对判断良恶性有帮助,由于样本量有限,其他因素的鉴别价值有待进一步研究。