Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Labeling of the neurons of origin of zinc-containing pathways by intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite

Intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite result in the formation of zinc-selenium complexes in zinc-containing axonal boutons ("Timm stainable boutons"), and the zinc-selenium precipitate can be rendered visible in histological sections by silver enhancement. In this work we present evidence, in the rat, that zinc-selenium precipitates formed in vivo after intraperitoneal injections of sodium selenite are translocated by colchicine-sensitive retrograde transport to neural perikarya when animals are allowed to survive 12-24 h after the selenite administration. Silver enhancement renders the perikaryal precipitates visible and thus demonstrates the perikarya of all zinc-containing neurons in the CNS simultaneously. Large populations of zinc-containing neurons identified by the method are found in layers II, III, and VI of all neocortical areas, in the superficial and deep layers of the prepyriform areas and, with a high degree of regional differentiation, in the retrosplenial, entorhinal, para- and presubicular cortices, the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex. Zinc-containing cells were absent from the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and septal complex. Labeled zinc-containing cells are absent in non-telencephalic parts of the brain. The findings indicate that the zinc-containing circuitry of the brain mainly serves in telencephalic information processing.     

Involvement of interferon-alpha in the regulation of apoptosis of cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system of aged mice in oxidative stress

The aim of this study was to identify the involvement of interferon-alpha (IA) in controlling apoptosis of cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system (HHACS) in young and aged mice in conditions of hyperoxia. Oxidative stress led to increases in the numbers of cells synthesizing the proapoptotic protein c-fos in the paraventricular nucleus in mice of both age groups. However, the protective actions of IA in stress were more marked at the earlier stage of apoptosis in young mice. Thus, the level of involvement of IA in controlling programmed cell death of hypothalamic cells depends on the age of the animals. In the fascicular zone of the adrenals in young mice, the number of dying cells was significantly greater after administration of IA, but remained at the control level in conditions of hyperoxia alone and in combination with IA. The proportion of apoptotic cells in the adrenals of aged mice was no different from that in young mice and did not change in response to any of the treatments used.Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 125, No. 1, pp. 23–26, January–February, 2004.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.     

Study of the calcification of bovine pericardium: analysis of the implication of lipids and proteoglycans.

A major problem with cardiac bioprosthesis is the calcification of the tissue used in their manufacture, an event which may be promoted by multiple factors. A subcutaneously implanted model was used to determine, by selective extractions of proteoglycans and lipids, the role played by these compounds in the calcification of the bovine pericardial tissue used in the construction of some biological valves. The selective extraction of proteoglycans resulted in a great accumulation of calcium salts in the tissue, which, moreover, had a reduced hydrothermal stability. On the other hand, lipid extraction produced no modification in the stability of the tissue and resulted in a lesser calcium accumulation than in the control group. Proteoglycans and lipids may, therefore, be implicated in mineralization of the pericardial tissue.     

Influence of stimulation of movement-inhibiting areas of the pons on the activity of neurons of the medial region of the medulla oblongata

The reactions of 249 neurons located in the zones of gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the nucleus raphé magnus in response to electrical stimulation of areas of the cuneate nucleus of the midbrain, the medial parabrachial nucleus, and the central raphé nucleus, which inhibit movement, were analyzed in anesthetized white rats. Reactions to stimulation of these areas of the pons were lacking in 40 cells; 25 neurons were excited antidromically; 48 responded with solitary orthodromic action potentials; prolonged inhibition was observed in 72 neurons following the phase of activation; and 64 cells were tonically excited. The functional identification of the two last groups of neurons showed that the inhibition reactions are primarily recorded in cells receiving tactile and mechano-and nociceptive information, while the neurons which tonically discharge upon stimulation apparently participate in the inhibition of the motoneurons of the hind limbs. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 41–48, July, 1993.     

Historical aspects of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists

The need for closer and personal scientific exchange among anatomists, histologists, embryologists, morphologists, anthropologists, veterinarians, dentists, biologists, and zoologists, and professionals of allied health sciences, and their interest in the uniformity of the technological language they all used in teaching and research, led a group of leaders in the field of Anatomy to found the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).     

Influence of an analog of vasopressin on the reaction of command neurons of defensive behavior of the edible snail during the stimulation of nerves

An increase was found at the level of the command neurons of defensive behavior in the amplitude of summary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recorded in the command neurons in response to nerve stimulation; as were an increase in the probability of the occurrence of an action potential in the reaction, and under certain conditions, a substantial decrease in the rate of habituation during rhythmic (0.1 Hz) nerve stimulation in the presence of a peptide. This last effect was observed when two groups of neurons, the control and those to which the peptide was presented prior to the first stimulation series in the experiment, i. e., without the preceding development of habituation, were compared. The decrease in the rate of habituation affected both the amplitude of the summary EPSP and the probability of the occurrence of an action potential in the reaction. All these changes in the presence of the analog may underlie the increase in spike reactions of the command neurons of defensive behavior, and may thus underlie the initiation or an increase in defensive behavioral reactions. The effects obtained were not long-lived, and took place only in the presence of the peptide in the extracellular milieu.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 754–761, July–August, 1990.     

Analysis of Protein Pool of Neuronal Populations of Cerebellar Cortex in Rodents of Different Species

The protein pool of neuronal population of the cerebellar cortex was studied by interference cytometry in rodents occupying different ecological niches and differing by life style, nutrition habits, and motor activity. In all cell populations protein concentrations in the cytoplasm were higher than in the nucleus in all studied rodents and did not depend on the functional characteristics of neurons. The extreme values of protein content were determined for populations of granular and ganglion cells. High protein concentrations per volume unit of cell structure were detected in functionally different cerebellar neurons of gray rats, characterized by high motor activity and a certain degree of synanthropy, while low values were detected in mole rats, slow-moving underground rodents. Therefore, the specific protein pool of neuronal populations of the cerebellar cortex of rodents can be regarded as adaptation to habitation conditions.     

胫骨髁间棘撕脱性骨折术后再手术原因分析

目的分析胫骨髁间棘撕脱性骨折手术失效原因并总结防治措施。方法对37例胫骨髁间棘撕脱性骨折手术失效再手术的患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,通过体检、X线评估、术中观察明确初次手术失效原因。结果 37例再手术原因不同,其中骨折移位3例,畸形愈合9例,骨不连6例,关节不稳5例,所有患者均有不同程度屈伸膝功能受限。结论充分进行术前评估,精确进行手术操作,合理地选择内固定术,正确的术后康复训练是保证手术成功的关键。     

大学生幽默感现状的调查研究

目的考察大学生幽默感的基本情况。方法采用《大学生幽默感问卷》对278名大学生进行问卷测量。结果大学生的幽默感处在中上水平(幽默感较好的占45.5%,一般的占46.8%);大学生的幽默感不存在性别上的显著差异(F=0.045～4.177,P>0.05);在幽默欣赏维度和幽默感总分存在专业上的显著差异(F=0.233,P<0.05,0.032;P<0.05);在幽默娱乐维度存在年级上的显著差异(F=8.860,P<0.001)。结论大学生的幽默感处在中上水平,且不存在男女生间的显著差异,但在幽默欣赏维度和幽默感总分存在专业上的显著差异,在幽默娱乐维度存在年级上的显著差异。     

Clinical Significance of Levels of Molecular Biological Markers in Zones of Invasive Front-Line of Colorectal Cancer

The role of expression of markers (β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase 9, collagen IV, and laminin) in rimary colorectal adenocarcinomas and their metastases in the liver and lymph nodes of patients with colorectal cancer was studied. High level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in zones of invasive growth of colorectal cancer was associated with high accumulation of β-catenin in cancer cell nuclei in the peripheral zones of 30% studied tumors. The presence of nuclear β-catenin and high content of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the tumor were associated with abnormal accumulation of laminin in the cytoplasm and with the absence of basal membranes containing collagen IV. These changes were characteristic of colorectal cancer with high invasive metastatic potential. It was found that β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase 9, laminin, and collagen IV were important markers for prediction of the clinical course of colorectal cancer. The expression of proteins associated with risk of metastases in the liver was coordinated and most pronounced in zone of invasive front-line of tumors. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 146, No. 11, pp. 552–555, November, 2008     

Problems of the analysis of altered states of consciousness

It is assumed on the basis of data that have been obtained that altered states of consciousness (ASC) arise during the performance of operator activity under conditions of monotony, when modulating influences in the minute range of fluctuations are experienced in the process. This modulation promotes the attenuation or intensification of the degree of ASC; this is reflected in corresponding shifts in attention and in the quality of operator actions relating to recognition of visual images. These results point to the important role of the modulating system of the brain, and of its infraslow wave manifestations in the activity of consciousness whose content is determined by informational processes. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I.P. Pavlova, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 232–239, March–April, 1993.     

Effects of blockers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism on expression of mRNA of some hypothalamic neuropeptides

The effects of single injections of 2-deoxyglucose or 2-mercaptoacetate on the expression of mRNA of neuropeptide Y, pro-opiomelanocortin, and melanin-concentrating hormone in rat hypothalamus were studied byin situ hybridization in order to elucidate the role of these neuropeptides in the mechanisms of alimentary behavior caused by decreased levels of available fatty acids and glucose. The levels of neuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nuclei neurons are significantly increased under conditions of glucose deficiency, while the synthesis of melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamic neurons is increased in fatty acid deficiency. These data indicate that glyco-and lipodeprivation are different metabolic signals activating various neuropeptide systems responsible for alimentary behavior. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 8, pp. 180–183, August, 2000     

Investigation of the speed of response of a hemodialysis system

Conclusions 1. The response speed of a hemodialysis system depends on the multiplicity of change of the concentration of the low-molecular substance in an equivalent volume of an organism, size of the equivalent volume, velocity of the blood flow, clearance of the dialyzer, and also on the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate and number of periods of recirculation (in a system with recirculation) and velocity of the dialyzate (in a system with discharge). 2. In a system with recirculation with a multiplicity of the change of concentration of 2, 5, and 10, the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate should be selected respectively in limits from 2 to 4, from 5 to 10, and from 7 to 15. With an increase of the flow rate above these values the dialysis time decreases little; with a decrease of the flow rate the dialysis time increases considerably. With a multiplicity of the change of concentration of more than 2 the flow rate of the dialyzate should be realized in 2–3 equal volumes with the same period of recirculation of these volumes through the dialyzer. 3. At a constant velocity of the blood flow and equal flow rate of the dialyzate the ratio of the dialysis time in the system with discharge of the dialyzate to the dialysis time in the system with recirculation is equal to the ratio of clearances of the dialyzers with recirculation and discharge. All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Surgical Apparatus and Instruments, Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 9–14, May–June, 1972.     

甲巯咪唑与糖皮质激素联合治疗甲状腺功能亢进症合并症的效果分析

目的 分析甲巯咪唑与糖皮质激素联合治疗甲状腺功能亢进症合并症的临床效果。方法 收集我院2016年3月~2017年3月收治的130例甲状腺功能亢进症合并症患者作为研究对象,随机分为A组和B组,每组65例,A组采用甲巯咪唑治疗,B组采用甲巯咪唑与糖皮质激素联合治疗。对比两组患者临床疗效以及肝功能情况。结果 B组患者治疗总有效率53.85%高于A组患者的35.38%, 差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后两组患者丙氨酸氮基转氨酶和天门冬氨酸基转氨低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。B组患者治疗后丙氨酸氮基转氨酶和天门冬氨酸基转氨低于A组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 甲巯咪唑与糖皮质激素联合治疗甲状腺功能亢进症合并症效果良好,能促进患者肝功能改善,加速患者恢复,因此可进行临床推广应用。     

Neurobiology of the integrative activity of the brain dynamics of the activational and inhibitory types of synchronization of cortical neurons during the realization of a defensive reflex and of internal inhibition

An increase in synchronization of the activational type (coincidence of the presence of impulse activity), and a decrease of the inhibitory type (coincidence of both the presence and absence of impulse activity), in the operation of close-lying neurons were observed in the visual and sensorimotor areas of the new cortex and in the hippocampus of wakeful non-immobilized rabbits in response to the combination of flashes of light with electrodermal stimulation (EDS) of the extremity. An increase in the synchronization of the neurons of the inhibitory type took place in the visual cortex in response to flashes against the background of the conditional inhibitor, i. e., continuous light, and changes in synchronization, similar to the effect of pain reinforcement but significantly weaker, appeared in the sensorimotor cortex and in the hippocampus. An increase in synchronicity of the activational type took place primarily in pairs of neurons with increase in the same direction in the frequency of impulse activity in response to a stimulus, and of the inhibitory type, took place with its decrease. In addition, both kinds of changes in synchronization appeared in a significant portion of the pairs of neurons with changes in the frequency of impulse activity of different directions.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 508–517, May–June, 1990.     

Survey of Immunological Features of the Alpha-Like Proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae

Nearly all Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) strains express a protein which belongs to the so-called alpha-like proteins (Alps), of which Cα, Alp1, Alp2, Alp3, Rib, and Alp4 are known to occur in GBS. The Alps are chimeras which form mosaic structures on the GBS surface. Both N- and C-terminal stretches of the Alps possess immunogenic sites of dissimilar immunological specificity. In this review, we have compiled data dealing with the specificity of the N- and C-terminal immunogenic sites of the Alps. The majority of N-terminal sites show protein specificity while the C-terminal sites show broader cross-reactivity. Molecular serotyping has revealed that antibody-based serotyping has often resulted in erroneous Alp identification, due to persistence of cross-reacting antibodies in antisera for serotyping. Retrospectively, this could be expected on the basis of sequence analysis results. Some of the historical R proteins are in fact Alps. The data included in the review may provide a basis for decisions regarding techniques for the preparation of specific antisera for serotyping of GBS, for use in other approaches in GBS research, and for decision making in the context of GBS vaccine developments.     

Distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing projections in the amygdala of the rat

The present study describes the distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing pathways in the amygdaloid complex of the rat, using the selenium method for simultaneous retrograde labeling of all zinc-containing neurons. With this method, vesicular ionic zinc is precipitated intravitally with selenium compounds and transported retrogradely to the parent neurons, where it can be visualized by silver amplification. Neurons labeled retrogradely with silver-amplified precipitate were observed in all amygdaloid nuclei except for the lateral olfactory tract nucleus, the accessory olfactory tract nucleus and the central nucleus. Very few labeled cell bodies were seen in the anterior amygdaloid area and the medial nucleus. The amygdalo-hippocampal area and the amygdalo-piriform transition area both showed a substantial number of labeled somata throughout their rostrocaudal extent. In the anterior cortical nucleus, very few labeled cell bodies were found in the rostral pole, whereas they were abundant in the caudal quarter of the nucleus. In the posterolateral cortical nucleus, the number of labeled cell bodies increased gradually; there were none in the rostral pole, but most of the neurons in the caudal part were labeled. The posteromedial cortical nucleus contained a great number of labeled somata, but with some variation in the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Considerable numbers of labeled neurons were observed throughout the lateral nucleus. In the basolateral nucleus, a small number of labeled cell bodies was present in the rostral half, but a gradual increase was observed in the caudal direction. Finally, in the basomedial nucleus, very few labeled cell bodies were present in the rostral two-thirds, whilst a considerable number was encountered in the caudal one-third. Possible functional implications of neuronal zinc are considered. The distribution of neurons of origin of zinc-containing projections has been compared with previously described intrinsic connections of the rat amygdala, and tracts that may possibly be zinc-containing are outlined and discussed. It is concluded that in all probability a substantial proportion of the intrinsic connectivity of the rat amygdaloid complex is zinc-containing.The authors thank Ms. M. Sørensen, Mrs. A. Lyhr, Mr. A. Meier and Mrs. K. Wiedemann for excellent technical help.