5-氮胞苷诱导间质干细胞为心肌细胞的实验研究

分离SD大鼠下肢骨，培养获得骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs），经5-氮胞苷（5-aza）定向诱导24h后t用免疫细胞化学法检测诱导细胞对连接蛋白43和α横纹肌肌动蛋白的表达，用逆转录-聚合酶链反应鉴定心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达情况。结果显示，MSCs经5-aza诱导后，细胞形态不规则；3周后5-aza 10μm组细胞连接蛋白43、α横纹肌肌动蛋白阳性表达；RT-PCR显示细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、α心肌肌动蛋白。提示5-aza可体外诱导MSCs分化为心肌细胞，用于心肌梗死的治疗。     

乳鼠心肌细胞对骨髓基质干细胞分化的影响

目的了解乳鼠心肌细胞对骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)分化的影响。方法将已传一代的骨髓基质干细胞用Hoechst33258预标记。乳鼠心肌细胞经培养2d后再与骨髓基质干细胞共同培养5d,细胞爬片使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,经免疫荧光细胞化学鉴定肌钙蛋白-T的表达。流式细胞仪进行骨髓基质干细胞分选及乳鼠心肌细胞周期测定;提取各类细胞总RNA,行逆转录聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)鉴定肌钙蛋白-T(1Tn-T1)的RNA表达。结果共同培养的MSCS表达肌钙蛋白-T及其RNA,而单独培养的MSCS无Tn-T1及其RNA表达;培养1d后乳鼠心肌细胞周期为G0/G176%,S12%,G2/M12%。结论在共同培养下,骨髓基质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,这种分化不需要细胞与细胞的直接接触。     

犬骨髓间叶干细胞体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:旨在建立骨髓间叶干细胞(MSCs)体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的方法,为心肌疾患的移值修复治疗提供成体干细胞来源.方法:利用Percoll密度梯度法及MSCs黏附贴壁生长特性进行分离培养与扩增骨髓MSCs,并予以鉴定证实.应用5-氮胞苷对培养早期的骨髓MSCs进行定向诱导分化心肌细胞.通过细胞形态学、细胞免疫组化、透射电镜等技术观察分化细胞的肌管,心肌细胞特异性蛋白与细胞特异性超微结构以鉴定诱导分化的效果.结果:利用Percoll密度梯度法与细胞黏附贴壁生长特性,可分离培养与扩增足量骨髓MSCs.应用化学诱导剂5-氮胞苷10～20 μmol/L孵育早期培养的骨髓MSCs4～5周,可见细胞形成肌管;肌细胞特异性蛋白α-肌动蛋白,肌球蛋白以及心肌细胞特异性分子标志肌钙蛋白I免疫组化染色阳性;透射电镜可见肌丝与房性颗粒.结论:骨髓MSCs可在体外5-氮胞苷的诱导下定向转化为具有典型结构的心肌细胞.     

诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的实验研究

目的 观察乳鼠心肌细胞条件培养液、SalB 、5-氮胞苷(5-aza)及SalB联合5-aza体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为心肌样细胞的作用及其机制.方法 分离培养及鉴定大鼠MSCs,培养乳鼠心肌细胞,收集条件培养液对其进行分组诱导:①SalB(终浓度为250 μg/L),②5-aza组(终浓度为10 μg/L),③SalB联合5-aza组(终浓度分别为250 μg/L与10 μmol/L),④乳鼠心肌细胞条件培养液,⑤未加诱导剂的阴性对照组.选取MSCs进行诱导,诱导周期为4 w.倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞的生长情况及形态变化,免疫细胞化学法鉴定心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)表达,实时荧光定量RT-PCR法检测心肌早期基因NKX2.5、GATA-4 mRNA的相对表达量.结果 细胞形态学显示,诱导后的MSCs体积增大,增殖减慢,并出现肌管样结构;免疫细胞化学结果显示,诱导后的MSCs表达心肌特异性蛋白cTnT,与5-aza组相比,SalB组和条件培养液两组蛋白表达较低,SalB联合5-aza组蛋白表达升高;实时荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示除阴性对照组外,其他四组表达心肌分化早期基因,SalB联合5-aza组诱导后的MSCs的心肌早期分化基因表达明显高于其他三组.结论 SalB联合5-aza诱导MSCs表达心肌特异性肌钙蛋白cTnT;上调心肌早期基因NKX2.5、GATA-4mRNA的表达,证实其能够向心肌细胞分化能力;条件培养液不能上调心肌细胞的早期基因和蛋白,不能诱导其分化.     

复方丹参滴丸含药血清诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞

目的观察复方丹参滴丸含药血清体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为心肌样细胞的能力。方法采用全骨髓直接贴壁的方法分离培养大鼠MSCs,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表面标记;采用复方丹参滴丸的含药血清体外定向诱导第四代MSCs,应用免疫细胞化学法、原位杂交组织化学法、透射电子显微镜鉴定心肌样细胞。结果大鼠MSCs细胞表面抗原CD90、CD106阳性,CD34、CD45、CD31阴性。经复方丹参滴丸含药血清诱导向心肌样细胞分化后,免疫细胞化学法显示α辅肌动蛋白(α-Actinin)、结蛋白(desmin)强阳性,原位杂交组织化学法显示肌球蛋白重链(MHC)强阳性表达。结论复方丹参滴丸含药血清能促使MSCs分化为心肌样细胞,为中药干预MSCs治疗缺血性心脏病提供干细胞实验依据。     

骨髓间质干细胞体外诱导为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:探讨骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)体外诱导分化为心肌细胞的可行性,为心肌梗死治疗提供理想的细胞材料。方法:分离大鼠下肢骨获取MSCs进行培养;5-氮胞苷(5-aza)诱导24h后继续培养;免疫细胞化学检测细胞对连接蛋白-43和α横纹肌肌动蛋白的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进一步了解心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达。结果:MSCs经5-aza诱导后,细胞形态不规则;诱导后3周10μmol/L 5-aza组细胞连接蛋白-43、α横纹肌肌动蛋白表达阳性。RT-PCR显示10μmol/L 5-aza诱导后3周的细胞可表达心肌肌钙蛋白I、α心肌肌动蛋白。结论:MSCs体外经5-aza诱导后可分化为心肌细胞。     

人脐血间充质干细胞源性心肌细胞的诱导分化研究

目的:探讨体外人脐血间充质干细胞(hMSCs)诱导分化成心肌细胞的可行性和最佳方法。方法:收集健康产妇脐血细胞,分离单个核细胞,从中进一步分离间充质干细胞,传代培养至第三代,应用免疫荧光流式细胞仪标记MSCs特异性抗原CD34,CD44和CD90。5-氮(杂)胞苷(5-aza)诱导分化4周后,免疫组织化学染色和RT-PCR分别检测心肌细胞标志物肌钙蛋白I,GATA4和β-肌球蛋白重链。结果:脐血源性MSCs经5-aza诱导分化后,呈现成纤维细胞样形态和克隆增殖特点。免疫分型与骨髓来源MSCs一致,且免疫组织化学染色和RT-PCR可检测到肌钙蛋白I、GATA4和β-肌球蛋白重链的表达。结论:脐血源性MSCs能够被诱导分化成心肌样细胞,可成为干细胞移植的细胞来源。     

半固体凝胶介质诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化

目的利用半固体凝胶介质诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)向心肌细胞分化,确立一种基于物理特性的心肌细胞诱导分化方法。方法原代分离培养和鉴定BMSCs。以DMEM培养基和低熔点琼脂糖按不同配比配制成6.4%、3.2%、1.6%、0.8%、0.4%和0.2%6种物理密度基质,将BMSCs培养于上述基质。RT-PCR方法检测细胞分化标记基因心肌特异性基因肌球蛋白重链α(α-MHC)和抗小鼠心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的mRNA水平;细胞免疫荧光方法检测cTnT和α-MHC的蛋白质表达情况。结果 RT-PCR结果显示BMSCs中cTnT mRNA表达峰值出现在物理密度为1.6%的培养基质中,而α-MHC的峰值出现在物理密度为3.2%的培养基质中。细胞免疫荧光结果显示BMSCs在不同密度基质中培养时表达cTnT和α-MHC的总体趋势与RT-PCR结果一致。结论利用半固体凝胶介质可实现将BMSCs向心肌细胞诱导分化。     

心肌细胞裂解液对骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化诱导作用的研究

目的通过向骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)培养体系中添加心肌细胞裂解液的方法,体外模拟心肌微环境,观察MSCs向心肌细胞分化的诱导作用,并与诱导分化剂5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)比较。方法分离新生乳鼠的心肌细胞并制成心肌细胞裂解液,自成年大鼠骨髓中分离MSCs,用含有心肌细胞裂解液的培养基(A组)、含有5-aza的培养基(B组)、含有5-aza和心肌细胞裂解液的培养基(c组)以及普通培养基(对照组)培养。观察细胞形态的改变,并通过免疫组化分析分化后细胞表达α-肌动蛋白、心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、连接蛋白43及CD31的情况。结果A、B组的MSCs在培养1周后均形成肌细胞形态,并且均表达α-肌动蛋白和cTnT;A组MSCs分化的肌样细胞所含的肌纤维较B组更丰实,细胞生长趋势也优于B组,并且可以表达CD31;B组MSCs分化的肌样细胞不表达CD31;对照组细胞仅表达α-肌动蛋白。结论心肌细胞裂解液是体外诱导MSCs分化为心肌样细胞的理想条件,优于传统的5-aza,在心肌细胞移植技术中可以用于体外模拟心肌细胞微环境。     

心肌细胞裂解成分诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化的超微结构观察

目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)在心肌细胞裂解成分作用下超微结构改变,了解心肌细胞裂解成分对MSCs分化的诱导作用。 方法:分离并裂解新生大鼠的心肌细胞;自成年大鼠骨髓中分离MSCs;将分离的MSCs分3组培养:仅用普通培养基培养(对照组);5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)诱导后用普通培养基培养(5-aza诱导组);含有心肌细胞裂解成分的培养基培养(心肌细胞裂解成分培养组)。培养1周,观察细胞形态及超微结构的改变,对培养的细胞进行抗心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)及抗分化决定簇31(CD31)细胞免疫化学染色,并分析各组细胞的增殖情况。 结果:对照组MSCs无明显的肌样细胞或内皮样细胞形成,抗cTnT和抗CD31染色阴性。5-aza诱导组部分MSCs分化为肌样细胞,电镜下可见大量细胞器空化,抗cTnT染色阳性,但细胞增殖缓慢。心肌细胞裂解成分培养组的MSCs分化为肌样细胞,电镜下可见肌丝样结构,抗cTnT染色阳性,细胞增殖旺盛,另见部分MSCs分化为内皮样细胞,形成内皮细胞特有的胞质突起和质膜小泡等超微结构,且抗CD31染色阳性。 结论:含有心肌细胞裂解成分的培养基可以诱导MSCs向心肌样细胞和内皮样细胞方向分化。     

Glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells from stem cells

Recent success with immunosuppression following islet cell transplantation offers hope that a cell transplantation treatment for type 1 (juvenile) diabetes may be possible if sufficient quantities of safe and effective cells can be produced. For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, the two therapeutically essential functions are the ability to monitor blood glucose levels and the production of corresponding and sufficient levels of mature insulin to maintain glycemic control. Stem cells can replicate themselves and produce cells that take on more specialized functions. If a source of stem cells capable of yielding glucose-responsive insulin-producing (GRIP) cells can be identified, then transplantation-based treatment for type 1 diabetes may become widely available. Currently, stem cells from embryonic and adult sources are being investigated for their ability to proliferate and differentiate into cells with GRIP function. Human embryonic pluripotent stem cells, commonly referred to as embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonic germ (EG) cells, have received significant attention owing to their broad capacity to differentiate and ability to proliferate well in culture. Their application to diabetes research is of particular promise, as it has been demonstrated that mouse ES cells are capable of producing cells able to normalize glucose levels of diabetic mice, and human ES cells can differentiate into cells capable of insulin production. Cells with GRIP function have also been derived from stem cells residing in adult organisms, here referred to as endogenous stem cell sources. Independent of source, stem cells capable of producing cells with GRIP function may provide a widely available cell transplantation treatment for type 1 diabetes.     

DC与CIK或LAK联合对结肠癌细胞株SW480杀伤作用的研究

[目的]研究树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞因子诱导或未诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)或淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞(LAK)对结肠癌细胞株SW480的杀伤活性.提供DC联合CIK或LAK治疗结肠癌的实验依据.[方法]取人外周血分离出单个核细胞(PBMNC),诱导生成DC、CIK、LAK细胞;流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后的表型变化;以CIK+DC细胞、CIK细胞、LAK+DC细胞及LAK细胞作为效应细胞,SW480为靶细胞,以15∶1、30∶1、45∶1为效靶比,LDH释放法测定细胞杀伤试验活性;ELISA检测杀伤试验中干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-12、IL-17的分泌水平.[结果]流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后,其表面分子HLA-DR、CD40、CD80和CD86表达分别平均为90.23％、73.68％、85.96％、57.55％,与未经肿瘤抗原冲击DC比较,DC成熟的表面标志分子表达明显增加(P＜0.01).相同效靶比下,CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤作用最强,明显高于其他细胞组(P＜0.01);CIK+ DC细胞组在效靶比为45∶1时,杀伤活性最强(P＜0.01);单独CIK细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于LAK+DC细胞组(P＜0.01);LAK+ DC细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.01).效靶比为45∶1时,各杀伤试验细胞组上清液中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12、IL-17的分泌量,CIK+DC细胞组的IFN-γ、IL-12的分泌量显著高于其他细胞组(P＜0.05);LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组IL-2的分泌量明显高于CIK+DC、单独CIK细胞组(P＜0.05);单独CIK细胞组IFN-γ的分泌量明显高于LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.05).[结论]CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤活性明显强于单独CIK、LAK+ DC组、单独LAK细胞组.其机制可能是,SW480抗原致敏的DC分泌IFN-γ、IL-12等刺激、诱导CIK细胞的活化和增殖,明显增强CIK细胞杀伤SW480的活性.     

Insulin expressing cells from differentiated embryonic stem cells are not beta cells

Aim/hypothesis Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been proposed as a potential source of tissue for transplantation for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. However, studies showing differentiation of beta cells from ES cells are controversial. The aim of this study was to characterise the insulin-expressing cells differentiated in vitro from ES cells and to assess their suitability for the treatment of diabetes.Methods ES cell-derived insulin-expressing cells were characterised by means of immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and functional analyses. Activation of the Insulin I promoter during ES-cell differentiation was assessed in ES-cell lines transfected with a reporter gene. ES cell-derived cultures were transplanted into STZ-treated SCID-beige mice and blood glucose concentrations of diabetic mice were monitored for 3 weeks.Results Insulin-stained cells differentiated from ES cells were devoid of typical beta-cell granules, rarely showed immunoreactivity for C-peptide and were mostly apoptotic. The main producers of proinsulin/insulin in these cultures were neurons and neuronal precursors and a reporter gene under the control of the insulin I promoter was activated in cells with a neuronal phenotype. Insulin was released into the incubation medium but the secretion was not glucose-dependent. When the cultures were transplanted in diabetic mice they formed teratomas and did not reverse the hyperglycaemic state.Conclusions/Interpretation Our studies show that insulin-positive cells in vitro-differentiated from ES cells are not beta cells and suggest that alternative protocols, based on enrichment of ES cell-derived cultures with cells of the endodermal lineage, should be developed to generate true beta cells for the treatment of diabetes.Abbreviations ES Embryonic stem - LIF leukemia inhibitory factor - ITSF insulin-transferrin-selenite-fibronectin.Bleackley and Korbutt laboratories contributed equally to this paper     

树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对胃癌细胞杀伤作用

目的探讨树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对胃癌细胞的杀伤作用。方法采用胃癌患者自身血液中单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),经体外诱导分别扩增出DC和CIK细胞,二者共同培养后,利用MTT法检测DC细胞联合CIK细胞体外杀伤人胃癌细胞株(MNK-45、MNK-28、SG-7901)的活性。结果DC与CIK细胞共培养后得到的细胞群高表达CD3 CD56 ,平均值达到(56.74±7.63)%。通过彼此相互作用诱导出的细胞群体对胃癌细胞株MNK-45、MNK-28、SG-7901有杀伤作用,且杀伤活性随着效靶比的增加而增强。结论DC与CIK细胞共培养后有很强的增殖能力,对胃癌细胞具有杀伤活性,且其杀伤作用与胃癌细胞类型无相关性。     

Endothelial cells as cytotoxic effector cells: cytokine-activated rat islet endothelial cells lyse syngeneic islet cells via nitric oxide

Summary In vivo, each beta cell is located in proximity to at least one capillary islet endothelial cell. Rat aorta and islet endothelial cells can be activated in vitro to express inducible nitric oxide synthase by a cytokine mixture of tumour necrosis factor-α, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-1β and to produce high concentrations of nitric oxide. We have performed co-culture experiments with rat islet endothelial cells together with isolated syngeneic islet cells at low target : effector ratios with or without previous cytokine challenge of endothelial cultures. Co-cultures were always free of exogenous cytokines, which were removed prior to addition of islet cells. We found that pre-activated, in contrast to resident islet endothelial cells, at a target : effector ratio as low as 1 : 1 almost completely lysed syngeneic beta and non-beta cells within 24 h of co-culture. Lysis by pre-activated islet endothelial cells was found to be preceded by DNA damage found in 46 % of islet cells after 8 h of co-culture with pre-activated vs 7 % with resting islet endothelial cells. Lysis was blocked to control levels in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N^G-methyl-L-arginine. With the results presented here, we demonstrate for the first time, that activated endothelial lining cells can express effector cell activity and thus can contribute to local tissue destruction, especially in organs that are densely capillarized such as pancreatic islets. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 150–155] Received: 2 September 1996 and in revised form: 24 October 1996     

Dendritic cells: specialized antigen presenting cells

Renewing interest in cancer immunotherapy reflects the excellent results that have been obtained in animal models and the promising results in early clinical trails with dendritic cell (DC) based approaches. The central role that DCs play in the initiation of an immune response raises the possibility of using them to trigger specific anti-tumor immunity. In addition, deeper knowledge of DC biology will allow better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying allergic and autoimmune diseases as well as tolerance phenomena. These crucial issues were critically reviewed during a workshop organized by the Italian Society for Experimental Hematology in Florence, Italy, on March 18th, 1999. The chairmen have prepared this report for the readers of Haematologica.