吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效

目的评价吉西他滨联合顺铂（GP方案）治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效与毒副反应。方法对30例经病理和（或）细胞确诊的老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者，采用吉西他滨联合顺铂化疗。吉西他滨1000mg／m^2，静脉点滴，第1，8天各静滴1次；顺铂25mgc／m^2，静脉点滴，第1，2，3天各静滴1次，每28d为一个周期，化疗中记录毒副反应。2个周期为1个疗程。疗程结束后，评定疗效与毒副反应。结果全组完全缓解（CR）0例，部分缓解11例（11／30），总有效率36．67％。最常见的毒副反应为白细胞减少和血小板减少。结论吉西他滨联合顺铂方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者临床疗效较好，毒副反应可耐受，值得推广应用。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂三周方案和四周方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌对骨髓抑制影响的对比研究

目的观察不同剂量、用法的吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌对骨髓抑制的影响情况。方法将45例经病理或细胞学证实的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者分为A、B两组。A组：吉西他滨1000mg／m^2，静脉滴注，第1，8，15天，顺铂每日30mg，第1-4天，静脉滴注，28d为1周期；B组：吉西他滨1250mg／m^2，静脉滴注，第1，8天，用法同前，21d为1周期，连用至少2个周期方可评价。结果白细胞下降B组较A组明显，但P〉0．05，无统计学意义，血小板减少A组也较B组显著，P〈0．05，差异有统计学意义。结论两种方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效大致相等，但B组对骨髓抑制的影响明显减少，更易耐受，值得临床应用推广。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效观察

目的探讨吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析该院经过GP方案（吉西他滨联合顺铂）治疗的68例晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床资料。对68例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者采用吉西他滨1000mg／m2静脉滴注,第1天和第8天,顺铂25mg／m2,静脉滴注,第1—3天,21～28d为一个周期,2个周期后对患者病情进行一次疗效评价。结果68例患者中完全缓解（CR）4例（5．9％）,部分缓解（PR）27例（39．7％）,稳定（SD）33例（48．5％）,进展（PD）4例（5．9％）,总有效率为45．6％（31／68）;鳞癌有效率为46．7％（14／30）,腺癌有效率为52．6％（20／38）。缓解期为（4．6±3．4）个月,1年生存率为44．1％（30／68）。结论吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效好,副作用小,临床上值得推广应用。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的探讨吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺（NSCLC）的疗效及毒性。方法对26例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者予以顺铀80mg／m^2，VD，第1天，吉西他滨800—1000／m^2，VD，第1、8天，21d为一个周期，完成3个周期后评价疗效。结果全组总有效率为38．5％，其中鳞癌为40％，腺癌为36．4％，中位生存期12．1个月，1年生存率为41％。主要毒性反应为骨髓抑制和恶心呕吐，绝大多数患者可以耐受良好。结论吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌是安全、有效的化疗方案，可延长患者生存存期，毒性反应可以耐受。     

紫杉醇联合铂类药物治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的评价紫杉醇联合铂类药物对晚期非小细胞肺癌的客观疗效及毒副作用。方法经病理组织学证实的晚期非小细胞肺癌59例，采用紫杉醇135mg／m^2，静脉滴注，第1天，顺铂80mg／m^2，分3d给药，第2～4天，或卡铂350mg／m^2。静脉滴注，第2天，21天为1个周期，2个周期以上评价疗效及毒副作用。结果全组PR24例，SD23例，PD12例，总有效率为40.7％。主要毒副作用为恶心，呕吐、骨髓抑制、关节肌肉痛等。大部分为Ⅰ～Ⅱ度不良反应，患者耐受良好。结论紫杉醇联合铂类方案是1种对晚期非小细胞肺癌有效的治疗方案，毒副作用轻，值得临床进一步研究应用。     

国产吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期复治非小细胞肺癌21例临床研究

目的评价国产吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期复治非小细胞肺癌的疗效和毒副反应。方法21例有病理或细胞学诊断的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,给予国产吉西他滨0.8g/m2d1,5静脉点滴;顺铂40m g/m2d1-3静脉滴注。21天重复,2周期后评价疗效和毒副反应。结果CR 0例,PR 7例,SD 6例,PD 8例,有效率33.3%。生活质量改善。不良反应主要为骨髓抑制,消化道反应、发热和皮疹。结论国产吉西他滨联合顺铂方案治疗晚期复治非小细胞肺癌,疗效较好,毒副反应能耐受。     

奈达铂联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌

目的评价奈达铂联合长春瑞滨治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效和不良反应。方法对28例初治晚期非小细胞肺癌行奈达铂联合长春瑞滨化疗，方案：奈达铂80mg／m^2静滴d1。长春瑞滨25mg／m^2静注d1、d8，3～4周为一周期，用药4周期。对照组25例，化疗方案为顺铂加长春瑞滨。结果奈达铂组PR11例，有效率（CR＋PR）为39．2％；对照组CR1例、PR8例，有效率40．0％，两组间差异不明显（P〉0．05）；毒性反应白细胞与血小板减少治疗组与对照组无显著性差别（P〉0．05）；消化道反应奈达铂组明显小于顺铂组（P〈0．05）。结论奈达铂联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效与顺铂相当，消化道毒性小于顺铂。奈达铂联合长春瑞滨化疗是治疗晚期小细胞肺癌较为有效的化疗方案之一。     

Gemcitabine方案复治晚期非小细胞肺癌

目的：探讨Gemcitabine(健择）与顺铂联合化疗方案复治常规方案无效晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效及其不良反应。方法：健择与顺铂联合方案复治22例晚期晨小细胞肺癌二周期，健择每周期第1、8、15天静脉滴注1000mg/m^2，顺铂每周期第1天静脉滴注100mg/m^2，结果：可评价疗效22例，8例获得部分缓解（PR），总有效率36％，全组均可评价不良反应，约30％分别发生Ⅲ-Ⅳ度的血红蛋白下降，白细胞下降，血小板下降和恶心／呕吐，其他毒副反应均轻度可耐受，结论：健择与顺铂联合方案复治常规方案无效晚期非小细胞肺癌有一定的疗效，毒副作用可耐受，是复治晚期非小细胞肺癌较理想的治疗方案之一。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌近期疗效观察

目的评价吉西他滨（Gemcitabine）与顺铂联合治疗50例肺癌的疗效及副作用。方法吉西他滨1000mg／m^2静脉滴注，第1、8天各1次，水化顺铂100mg／m^2分别头两天使用，每21天为一周期。结果50例中3例完全缓解（CR），25例部分缓解（PR），总缓解率为56％，50例均出现不同程度的恶心呕吐，脱发40例，均为严重脱发（Ⅱ度），43例出现白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板下降，2例因血小板过低出现皮下瘀血，输注血小板及全血治疗。结论吉西他滨联合顺铂是治疗非小细胞肺癌较理想的治疗方案，副反应较缓和且易耐受，近期疗效满意。     

长春瑞滨联合卡铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的探讨长春瑞滨联合卡铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效和不良反应。方法76例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者被随机分成两组，治疗组：长春瑞滨25mg／m^2第1、8天，卡铂AUC为5第2天；对照组：长春瑞滨25mg／m^2第1、8天，顺铂100mg／m^2第2天，水化。每3周重复。结果治疗组（NC）39例，CR2例、PR12例，总有效率CR＋PR14例（35．89％）；对照组（NP）37例，CR1例、PR12例，总有效率CR＋PR13例（35．13％），两组有效率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。长春瑞滨联合卡铂组恶心和呕吐明显减轻，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。TTP治疗组（NC）和对照组（NP）分别是4．9月和5．5月（P=0．75）。结论长春瑞滨联合卡铂与联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效相似，长春瑞滨联合卡铂组恶心和呕吐明显减轻，改善了患者生活质量。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.