检出高级别子宫颈病变的阴道镜活检程序的优化

目的探讨阴道镜下子宫颈活检对高级别子宫颈病变[即子宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅱ级及以上病变(CINⅡ⁺)]检出的价值,并通过基于不同风险条件组合的阴道镜检查实践,进一步优化阴道镜活检程序。方法前瞻性研究2017年4月至2019年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院因子宫颈癌筛查结果异常转诊阴道镜检查的346例患者,在阴道镜下对每例患者的子宫颈实施4个点的定位活检(包括异常图像区域的靶向活检和正常区域的随机活检),用于评估靶向活检和随机活检对检出CINⅡ⁺的价值、多点活检的增量效应。分析基于不同风险条件(包括子宫颈细胞学检查结果、高危型HPV检测结果和阴道镜诊断)的组合后阴道镜下子宫颈活检的效能。结果346例患者的中位年龄为38岁(范围为22~61岁);活检后病理诊断为CINⅡ⁺190例,占54.9%(190/346)。(1)346例患者均进行了靶向活检,靶向活检检出CINⅡ⁺184例(96.8%,184/190),其中53例(27.9%,53/190)是在1级阴道镜异常表现(G1)的区域进行活检检出,131例(68.9%,131/190)是在2级阴道镜异常表现(G2)的区域进行活检检出。即以G2作为阴道镜下活检的阈值,阴道镜检出CINⅡ⁺的敏感度为68.9%(131/190),而以G1为阈值时敏感度升至96.8%(184/190)。对每例行阴道镜检查的患者,在阴道镜诊断为G1或G2时,分别增加2个或1个点的靶向活检可检出所有CINⅡ⁺。(2)346例患者中,270例进行了随机活检,检出CINⅡ⁺6例(3.2%,6/190)。随着阴道镜下异常图像(包括G1、G2)累及象限数的增加,随机活检额外的CINⅡ⁺检出率显著降低(P=0.010)。(3)子宫颈细胞学检查结果≥不除外高级别鳞状上皮内病变的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-H)、HPV 16型阳性和阴道镜诊断为G2是检出CINⅡ⁺的高风险因素(P<0.01)。这3项高风险因素中,仅存在1项高风险因素时,第1个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率为34.0%,第2个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率增加至51.0%(增加了17.0%),2个点活检可检出所有CINⅡ⁺;存在≥2项高风险因素时,第1个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率为90.7%,第2个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率增加至92.6%(增加了1.9%),2个点活检可检出所有CINⅡ⁺;不存在任何1项高风险因素时,第1个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率为8.8%,第2个点和第3个点活检的CINⅡ⁺检出率分别增加至17.6%和23.5%(分别增加了8.8%和5.9%),3个点活检可检出所有CINⅡ⁺。结论在阴道镜检查中,通过靶向活检的多点活检增量效应可提高CINⅡ⁺的检出率,随机活检作为靶向活检的补充,其作用有限。阴道镜检查时可根据子宫颈癌筛查结果与阴道镜诊断的不同风险条件的组合,相应增减活检点数,以优化阴道镜下活检程序,实现个体化的阴道镜检查。     

阴道镜图像、阴道镜直视下活检和LEEP对宫颈上皮内瘤变诊断价值的比较

目的:评价阴道镜异常图像、阴道镜直视下活组织检查和宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)活组织检查在宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)诊断中的价值,比较其差异.方法:对232例经阴道镜拟诊加阴道镜下活检诊断为CIN的患者进一步行LEEP,采用自身对照法,对比研究阴道镜拟诊、阴道镜下活检和LEEP活检病理结果.结果:阴道镜拟诊结果与镜下宫颈活检结果的完全符合率为57.8%(134/232).阴道镜拟诊结果与LEEP活检病理学诊断结果的完全符合率为60.3%(140/232),诊断过度32例(13.8%),诊断不足60例(25.9%).镜下宫颈活检结果与LEEP活检病理学诊断结果的完全符合率为62.9%(146/232),诊断过度28例(12.1%),诊断不足58例(25.0%),两种方法的诊断结果差异有统计学意义(wilcoxon检验,P=0.017).以LEEP活检病理学诊断结果为金标准,阴道镜拟诊CINⅠ有较小的漏诊率(17.5%,20/114)和误诊率(27.1%,32/118),阴道镜拟诊CIN Ⅱ和CIN Ⅲ的误诊率较小,分别为17.9%(30/168)和14.1%(28/198),但漏诊率较高,分别为62.5%(40/64)和58.8%(20/34).结论:阴道镜检查是辅助诊断CIN的有效方法;单独的阴道镜下活检诊断CIN的准确性尚不够理想,阴道镜下活检不能替代LEEP活检;阴道镜下有适应证者在初次治疗时可用LEEP一次完成诊断和治疗.     

意义不明确的不典型鳞状细胞中检测高危型HPV的价值

目的探讨在意义不明确的不典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）中检测HR-HPV,预测宫颈上皮内瘤样病变及浸润癌的诊断价值。方法对宫颈薄层液基细胞学诊断为ASCUS的248例患者分别进行HR-HPV检测、阴道镜下活组织检查。结果在ASCUS患者中,CIN发生率为41.1%（102/248）,高级别CIN（CIN2、CIN3）和浸润癌发生率为9.3%（23/248）;在HR-HPV阳性组CIN检出率为68.1%（92/135）,在HR-HPV阴性组CIN检出率为8.8%（10/113）,两组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=89.330,P〈0.001）。阳性组发生CIN和浸润癌的风险是阴性组的22.037倍[OR（95%CI）=22.037（10.479～46.342）]。HR-HPV检测CIN和浸润癌的敏感度和特异度分别为68.1%和91.2%;阳性预测值和阴性预测分别为90.1%和70.5%。阴道镜拟诊CIN和浸润癌126例,检出率为80.4%（82/102）,其中高级别CIN和浸润癌20例,检出率为87.0%（20/23）;阴道镜检测CIN和浸润癌的敏感度和特异度分别为65.1%和83.6%;阳性预测值和阴性预测分别为80.4%和69.9%,与HR-HPV检测功效相似,关联系数为r=0.833;而阴道镜检测高级别CIN和浸润癌的敏感度和特异度分别为80.0%和98.7%;阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为87.0%和97.8%。结论 HR-HPV阳性的ASCUS患者CIN发生率高,即行阴道镜检查;HR-HPV阴性患者可不行阴道镜检查而不会增加高级别CIN和浸润癌发生风险。     

阴道镜下宫颈活组织检查诊断孕妇宫颈病变的临床研究

目的 探讨阴道镜下官颈活组织检查(活检)诊断孕妇宫颈病变的临床价值和安全性.方法 采用队列研究方法,选择2007年8月1日至2009年2月28日在北京妇产医院产科门诊初次检查的孕13～34周、1年内未进行过宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查(TCT)的孕妇,先进行TCT筛查,对TCT结果异常者,在知情同意后进行阴道镜检查和阴道镜下宫颈活检.结果 (1)TCT:TCT筛查孕妇共计17 828例,其中TCT结果异常1502例,发生率为8.425%.(2)阴道镜检查:204例孕妇进行了阴道镜检查.阴道镜图像满意度为92.6%(189/204),阴道镜拟诊宫颈炎或宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ 125例,CIN Ⅱ25例,CIN Ⅲ或宫颈鳞状细胞癌(SCC)54例.(3)阴道镜下宫颈活检病理结果:204例行阴道镜检查者全部进行了宫颈活检,病理结果为宫颈炎及宫颈湿疣共33例,CIN Ⅰ 95例、CIN Ⅱ28例、CIN Ⅲ36例(包括官颈原位癌13例)、SCC Ⅰ a期12例.(4)符合度:与宫颈活检病理结果比较,阴道镜检查拟诊炎症和CIN Ⅰ 125例,其中113例与宫颈活检病理结果相同,符合率为90.4%(113/125),125例炎症和CIN Ⅰ患者中无一例病理结果为SCC.阴道镜检查拟诊CIN Ⅲ或SCC共54例中,23例活检病理结果为CIN Ⅲ、10例为SCC Ⅰ a期,符合率为61.1%(33/54例).(5)并发症:阴道镜检查及官颈活枪后,8例孕妇因官颈局部压迫止血无效行创面缝合止血,发生率3.9%(8/204),未发生其他与阴道镜检查和宫颈活检相关的不良事件.结论 对1年内未进行宫颈细胞学筛杏的孕妇进行TCT检查是必要的,对TCT结果异常者应进行阴道镜检查,阴道镜检查拟诊官颈炎或CIN Ⅰ者可以随诊,对阴道镜检查拟诊CIN Ⅱ及更高级别宫颈病变的孕妇,应行阴道镜下宫颈活检以明确病理学诊断.     

阴道镜图像对宫颈疾病的诊断价值

目的　评价阴道镜图像对宫颈疾病尤其对宫颈上皮内瘤样病变 (CIN)的诊断价值。方法　 2 0 0 3年 4月至 2 0 0 4年 3月上海市黄浦区中心医院对 2 4 0例患者进行阴道镜检查 ,根据阴道镜图像定位取活组织送病理检查。结果　根据阴道镜拟诊与组织病理学结果进行对照 ,完全符合率是 6 1 2 5 %,包括相差一个级别在内者符合率为 95 %。对CIN诊断敏感性为 84 31 %、特异性 6 2 43%、阳性预测值 37 72 %、阴性预测值 93 6 5 %。结论　阴道镜图像对应阴道镜拟诊与组织病理学有较高的符合率 ,对CIN的诊断价值在于敏感性和阴性预测值高的优点 ,适合作为CIN的筛查方法。     

阴道镜下不同活检方法在高级别子宫颈上皮内病变检出中的作用

目的探讨阴道镜下不同活检方法在HSIL检出中的作用。方法对388例宫颈癌筛查异常的妇女行阴道镜检查,并在阴道镜指引下行四象限点活检+ECC,以病理诊断为金标准。结果阴道镜指引下在子宫颈最异常处的第一块活检检出77.1%(54/70)的HSIL,在病变第二异常处活检额外检出4.3%(3/70)的HSIL,在病变异常处的两块定位活检检出HSIL+的敏感性为81.4%,特异性为96.1%,与筛查异常级别(OR=4.257,95%CI:1.590~11.397,P=0.004)、阴道镜拟诊(OR=27.124,95%CI:12.221~60.199,P=0.000)具有相关性;随机活检额外检出18.6%(13/70)的HSIL,其中6例CIN2,7例CIN3;在筛查低级别异常者中额外检出HSIL 8例,占2.3%(8/344),其中5例CIN2,3例CIN3;在高级别异常者中额外检出HSIL 5例,占11.4%(4/44),其中1例CIN2,4例CIN3,与筛查异常级别(OR=6.833,95%CI:1.702~27.432,P=0.007)具有相关性,ECC无额外HSIL的检出。结论在子宫颈癌筛查异常妇女中,阴道镜下可疑病变部位行阴道镜指引下的2点或以上活检为HSIL检出的主要方法;对于阴道镜下未发现异常的妇女,尤其是对宫颈癌筛查高级别异常的妇女建议行随机活检。     

宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变活检与宫颈锥切术后病理学降级的影响因素分析

目的探讨阴道镜下宫颈活检确诊为宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变（high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, HSIL）并行宫颈锥切患者术后病理学降级的发生率及其影响因素。方法 收集2016年1月至2021年6月于潍坊医学院附属医院宫颈病变中心阴道镜下宫颈活检确诊为HSIL并行宫颈锥切术的患者1 499例为研究对象,其中419例（27.95%, 419/1 499）患者锥切术后发生病理诊断降级【宫颈活检标本诊断为HSIL,锥切术后诊断为低级别鳞状上皮内病变（low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, LSIL）及以下】,包括LSIL1 267例（63.72%）和慢性宫颈炎152例（36.28%）。依据锥切术后病理分级与活检分级是否存在病理学降级分为研究组（病理学降级组）和对照组（无病理学降级组）。比较两组患者的年龄、液基细胞学检查（TCT）、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、阴道镜诊断结果、转化区分型、转化区暴露是否充分、病灶大小、病变是否累及腺体及活检-锥切间隔时间等。结果 （1）研究组年龄【（34.54±8.17）岁...     

260例电子阴道镜下图像特点与宫颈活检病理诊断的关系

目的:探讨电子阴道镜下的宫颈异常表现图像与宫颈活检病理诊断的相互关系。方法:选择2011年9～11月就诊于本院阴道镜门诊的260例患者,以活检病理学诊断结果为标准,对组织病理学结果和阴道镜表现特点进行分析。结果:①电子阴道镜在宫颈疾病诊断中敏感性97.9%,特异性71.2%,阳性预测值89.7%,假阴性率2.1%;②阴道镜下扁平醋白上皮可出现在宫颈炎到CINⅢ的各级宫颈病变中,致密醋白上皮出现于CINⅡ及以上级别的宫颈病变中。二联征中CIN的检出率为77.4%,三联征和醋白上皮+非典型血管中CINⅢ及宫颈癌(ICC)的检出率分别是78.6%和72.4%。③不典型鳞状上皮(ASC)和(或)非典型腺细胞(AGC)出现在各级宫颈病变,在低度鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL)中CINⅠ的检出率为40.9%,在高度鳞状上皮内瘤变(HSIL)(包括HSIL+AGC)中CINⅡ、CINⅢ及ICC的检出率为96.9%。④宫颈表面是否光滑及糜烂程度与宫颈自身病变无关。结论:电子阴道镜是辅助诊断宫颈疾病的可靠而重要的手段,典型的异常阴道镜图像对诊断宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌有重要价值。     

阴道镜检查在宫颈细胞学ASCUS分流管理中的应用

目的探讨电子阴道镜检查在宫颈细胞学意义未明的不典型鳞状细胞(atypical squamous cell of undeter-mined significance,ASCUS)分流管理中的临床应用价值。方法对2006年7月至2008年7月在天津医科大学第二医院门诊行宫颈液基细胞学检查(TCT)结果为ASCUS的471例患者进行电子阴道镜检查,其中203例阴道镜诊断为宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及以上病变者在可疑病变区取活检送病理检查;268例阴道镜检查为正常或慢性宫颈炎者给予阴道用药治疗1~3个疗程,3个月后复查宫颈涂片,4例细胞学仍异常者行阴道镜下取活检送病理检查,余264例细胞学阴性者定期复查宫颈细胞学。结果471例宫颈细胞学AS-CUS患者中,共行活体组织病理学检查207例(43.95%),检出宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CINⅠ~Ⅲ)131例,宫颈癌4例,余264例避免了宫颈活检损伤,随访6~30个月复查宫颈细胞学均未发现异常。结论电子阴道镜结合宫颈细胞学检查可有效检出宫颈细胞学ASCUS中CIN及宫颈癌患者,可作为基层医院对ASCUS进行有...     

高度子宫颈上皮内瘤变患者宫颈锥切前后病理结果分析

目的探讨阴道镜下宫颈活检诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）2/3与锥切标本的病理学结果的一致性。方法回顾性分析182例阴道镜下多点活检结果为CIN2/3行宫颈环形电切术（LEEP）或冷刀锥切术患者的临床病理资料。结果在87例CIN2患者中,LEEP锥切术后病理结果：炎症12例,CIN1 19例,CIN2 48例,CIN3 8例,符合率为55.17%（48/87）;在95例CIN3患者中,冷刀锥切术后病理结果：炎症10例,CIN211例,CIN3 68例,宫颈浸润癌6例,符合率为71.58%（68/95）。结论重度宫颈上皮内瘤变患者的宫颈活检诊断与宫颈锥切术后病理结果存在一定的差异,必要时术前应进行诊断性锥切。     

Human papillomavirus testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

To assess the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and colposcopy in detection of cervical pathology. A series of 389 women referred for colposcopy due to an abnormal Pap smear had cervical swabs analyzed for oncogenic (high-risk [HR]) HPV types using Hybrid Capture II (HC2) assay. Loop electrical excision procedure cone biopsy (88%) or colposcopic biopsy (11%) was used as the gold standard. Of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) smears, 48% were positive for HR HPV, as compared to 76.3% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) smears. HR HPV was detected in 66.7% and 90% of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and CIN2 (or higher), respectively. The sensitivity of the Pap smear using an ASCUS threshold in detecting high-grade CIN was 94.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 91-97%) and that of colposcopy 98.5% (95% CI: 95-99%). The respective specificities were 30% (95% CI: 17-28%) and 35.6% (CI: 29-42%). HC2 test had comparable sensitivity, 90% (95% CI: 85-93%), but higher specificity, 54.3% (95% CI: 47-61%). Combining HC2 test with Pap increased specificity, 66.7% and 41.3% for ASCUS and LSIL cutoff, respectively. The minor-abnormality threshold together with HC2 increased specificity of colposcopy with no changes in sensitivity. High viral load (>100 relative light unit/positive control) was associated with significant disease. HPV DNA testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in the detection of high-grade CIN in women with ASCUS or LSIL smears.     

Postcolposcopy management strategies for women referred with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or human papillomavirus DNA-positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: a two-year prospective study

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare postcolposcopy management strategies for women referred for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) or oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA-positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 or less found at initial colposcopy. STUDY DESIGN: A 2-year prospective follow-up of 1539 women was designed to assess the percentage sensitivity of different postcolposcopy management strategies to detect subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 and percentage referral to repeat colposcopy. RESULTS: HPV testing at 12 months was sensitive (92.2%) for detection of CIN grade 2 or 3 with a referral rate to repeat colposcopy of 55.0%. Repeat semiannual cytology with referral to colposcopy at an ASCUS threshold demonstrated similar sensitivity (88.0%) but with a higher rate of referral to colposcopy (63.6%). Combining cytology and HPV testing did not increase sensitivity and hurt specificity. Baseline viral load and colposcopic impression were not helpful. CONCLUSION: The most efficient test for identifying women with CIN grade 2 or 3 after colposcopy might be an HPV test alone at 12 months.     

Prospective follow-up suggests similar risk of subsequent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or negative colposcopy and directed biopsy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of cumulative cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or 3 according to initial colposcopy and directed biopsy results among women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) or human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). STUDY DESIGN: A 2-year follow-up of 897 cases of LSIL and 1193 cases of HPV DNA positive ASCUS from the ASCUS/LSIL Triage Study was used to simulate American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Consensus Conference recommendations. Women with CIN grade 1 or less were followed up for 2 years by semiannual cytologic examination, with universal exit colposcopy. The clinical end point was a cumulative clinical center histologic diagnosis of CIN grade 2 or 3. RESULTS: The cumulative risk of CIN grade 2 or 3 was equivalent for LSIL (27.6%) and HPV positive ASCUS (26.7%). After excluding the women with a diagnosis of CIN grade 2 or 3 at initial colposcopy and directed biopsy (17.9%), the remaining women were at nearly identical risk for subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 regardless of initial colposcopy result (completely negative colposcopy-11.3%; negative colposcopically directed biopsy-11.7%; and CIN grade 1 biopsy-13.0%). CONCLUSION: LSIL and HPV positive ASCUS are clinically equivalent. Initial colposcopic detection of obviously prevalent CIN grade 2 or 3 reduces risk. However, for the remaining women who have CIN grade 1 or less on colposcopy and directed biopsy, the risk for subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 (whether missed, prevalent, or truly incident) is approximately 12% over 2 years. This risk does not vary meaningfully by initial distinction of histologic CIN grade 1 from negative colposcopy and biopsy.     

阴道镜下常规活检诊断宫颈上皮内瘤样病变108例分析

目的：通过阴道镜下常规活检，探讨宫颈上皮内瘤样癌变（CIN）的检查率、镜图像特征及诊断价值。方法：回顾分析5年来阴道镜检查834例中108例CIN的阴道镜检结果。结果：834例中CIN发现108例，占12．8％，CIN的异常阴道镜像主要为血管异常及腺口白环、白腺。结论：阴道镜是辅助诊断CIN的重要方法，初次阴道镜检可疑时应进行常规活检。     

Performance of colposcopy in five sub-Saharan African countries

Objective  The performance of colposcopy provided in a screening study in five African countries was evaluated.
Design  Cross-sectional study.
Setting  Burkina Faso, Congo Brazzaville, Guinea Conakry, Mali and Niger.
Population  Women aged 25–59 years.
Methods  A total of 29 294 women participated in a cervical screening study in the five study sites, and newly trained local doctors performed colposcopy and directed biopsies as indicated. Using meta-analytical tools, four measures of colposcopy performance at different thresholds of colposcopic abnormalities were assessed. Sources of heterogeneity were also assessed.
Main outcome measures  Proportions of women receiving biopsies, adequate biopsies and women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Results  Among 28 553 women with satisfactory colposcopy, 3101 had a colposcopic diagnosis of probable low-grade or worse lesions and 1128 probable high-grade or worse lesions. Overall, the measures that reached the set standards were proportion of biopsy taken at colposcopy threshold of probable high-grade or worse lesions (95%, 95% CI 90–100%) and proportion of adequate biopsy samples. The set standards were not met for the proportions of women diagnosed with CIN at different colposcopic abnormality thresholds. Detection of CIN2 or worse lesions increased with increasing colposcopic abnormality.
Conclusions  The performance of colposcopy in some of the African sites studied was comparable to that previously observed in other studies. With appropriate training, monitoring, continuing practice and quality assurance, adequate standards of colposcopy can be attained in sub-Saharan Africa.     

Are Women with Antecedent Low-Grade Cytology and

《Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada》2022,44(10):1054-1060

三阶梯技术在436例宫颈病变中的应用价值探讨

目的:探讨三阶梯技术在宫颈病变诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:对2007年1月至2008年12月在中山大学附属肿瘤医院妇科宫颈病变门诊就诊的436例患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果:细胞学诊断为未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)、不典型鳞状上皮细胞不除外高度上皮内病变(ASC-H)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)、鳞癌细胞(SCC)及不典型腺细胞(AGC),经活检病理确诊宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅱ(CINⅡ)及以上病变的比例分别为30.7%、67.5%、43.3%、89.0%、100.0%、33.3%。ASCUS的病例中50.9%经活检病理诊断为慢性宫颈炎。阴道镜检查为正常、LSIL、HSIL、浸润癌与病理诊断的符合率分别为67.3%、31.4%、79.0%、75.9%。初次阴道镜检查可能低估了32.8%(62/189)的HSIL及42.0%(34/81)的浸润癌。阴道镜下多点活检与锥切术后病理结果符合者150例(76.5%),锥切术后确诊宫颈浸润癌39例。结论:对筛查结果有异常者进行阴道镜检查,可以有效地检出宫颈病变;宫颈锥切术是治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变及进一步排除浸润癌的重要手段。